Incomplete Charge Collection at Inter-Pixel Gap in Low- and High-Flux Cadmium Zinc Telluride Pixel Detectors

The success of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detectors in room-temperature spectroscopic X-ray imaging is now widely accepted. The most common CZT detectors are characterized by enhanced-charge transport properties of electrons, with mobility-lifetime products μeτe > 10 cm /V and μhτh > 10 cm /...

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Published inSensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 22; no. 4; p. 1441
Main Authors Buttacavoli, Antonino, Principato, Fabio, Gerardi, Gaetano, Cascio, Donato, Raso, Giuseppe, Bettelli, Manuele, Zappettini, Andrea, Seller, Paul, Veale, Matthew C, Abbene, Leonardo
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 13.02.2022
MDPI
Subjects
Arrays
Cadmium
Cadmium Compounds - chemistry
Cadmium zinc tellurides
charge sharing
Charge transport
charge-sharing correction
Crystals
CZT detectors
Detectors
Digital electronics
Electrodes
Energy
Energy spectra
Hole mobility
incomplete charge collection
Noise
Nondestructive testing
Photons
Pixels
Radiation
Room temperature
semiconductor pixel detectors
Sensors
Tellurium - chemistry
Transport properties
X ray imagery
X-Rays
Zinc - chemistry
Zinc telluride
Zinc tellurides
United Kingdom
United Kingdom > UK
Canada
Italy
charge-sharing correction
charge sharing
semiconductor pixel detectors
incomplete charge collection
CZT detectors
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Abstract The success of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detectors in room-temperature spectroscopic X-ray imaging is now widely accepted. The most common CZT detectors are characterized by enhanced-charge transport properties of electrons, with mobility-lifetime products μeτe > 10 cm /V and μhτh > 10 cm /V. These materials, typically termed low-flux LF-CZT, are successfully used for thick electron-sensing detectors and in low-flux conditions. Recently, new CZT materials with hole mobility-lifetime product enhancements (μhτh > 10 cm /V and μeτe > 10 cm /V) have been fabricated for high-flux measurements (high-flux HF-CZT detectors). In this work, we will present the performance and charge-sharing properties of sub-millimeter CZT pixel detectors based on LF-CZT and HF-CZT crystals. Experimental results from the measurement of energy spectra after charge-sharing addition (CSA) and from 2D X-ray mapping highlight the better charge-collection properties of HF-CZT detectors near the inter-pixel gaps. The successful mitigation of the effects of incomplete charge collection after CSA was also performed through original charge-sharing correction techniques. These activities exist in the framework of international collaboration on the development of energy-resolved X-ray scanners for medical applications and non-destructive testing in the food industry.
AbstractList The success of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detectors in room-temperature spectroscopic X-ray imaging is now widely accepted. The most common CZT detectors are characterized by enhanced-charge transport properties of electrons, with mobility-lifetime products μeτe > 10 −2 cm 2 /V and μhτh > 10 −5 cm 2 /V. These materials, typically termed low-flux LF-CZT, are successfully used for thick electron-sensing detectors and in low-flux conditions. Recently, new CZT materials with hole mobility-lifetime product enhancements (μhτh > 10 −4 cm 2 /V and μeτe > 10 −3 cm 2 /V) have been fabricated for high-flux measurements (high-flux HF-CZT detectors). In this work, we will present the performance and charge-sharing properties of sub-millimeter CZT pixel detectors based on LF-CZT and HF-CZT crystals. Experimental results from the measurement of energy spectra after charge-sharing addition (CSA) and from 2D X-ray mapping highlight the better charge-collection properties of HF-CZT detectors near the inter-pixel gaps. The successful mitigation of the effects of incomplete charge collection after CSA was also performed through original charge-sharing correction techniques. These activities exist in the framework of international collaboration on the development of energy-resolved X-ray scanners for medical applications and non-destructive testing in the food industry.
The success of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detectors in room-temperature spectroscopic X-ray imaging is now widely accepted. The most common CZT detectors are characterized by enhanced-charge transport properties of electrons, with mobility-lifetime products μeτe > 10[sup.−2] cm[sup.2]/V and μhτh > 10[sup.−5] cm[sup.2]/V. These materials, typically termed low-flux LF-CZT, are successfully used for thick electron-sensing detectors and in low-flux conditions. Recently, new CZT materials with hole mobility-lifetime product enhancements (μhτh > 10[sup.−4] cm[sup.2]/V and μeτe > 10[sup.−3] cm[sup.2]/V) have been fabricated for high-flux measurements (high-flux HF-CZT detectors). In this work, we will present the performance and charge-sharing properties of sub-millimeter CZT pixel detectors based on LF-CZT and HF-CZT crystals. Experimental results from the measurement of energy spectra after charge-sharing addition (CSA) and from 2D X-ray mapping highlight the better charge-collection properties of HF-CZT detectors near the inter-pixel gaps. The successful mitigation of the effects of incomplete charge collection after CSA was also performed through original charge-sharing correction techniques. These activities exist in the framework of international collaboration on the development of energy-resolved X-ray scanners for medical applications and non-destructive testing in the food industry.
The success of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detectors in room-temperature spectroscopic X-ray imaging is now widely accepted. The most common CZT detectors are characterized by enhanced-charge transport properties of electrons, with mobility-lifetime products μeτe > 10−2 cm2/V and μhτh > 10−5 cm2/V. These materials, typically termed low-flux LF-CZT, are successfully used for thick electron-sensing detectors and in low-flux conditions. Recently, new CZT materials with hole mobility-lifetime product enhancements (μhτh > 10−4 cm2/V and μeτe > 10−3 cm2/V) have been fabricated for high-flux measurements (high-flux HF-CZT detectors). In this work, we will present the performance and charge-sharing properties of sub-millimeter CZT pixel detectors based on LF-CZT and HF-CZT crystals. Experimental results from the measurement of energy spectra after charge-sharing addition (CSA) and from 2D X-ray mapping highlight the better charge-collection properties of HF-CZT detectors near the inter-pixel gaps. The successful mitigation of the effects of incomplete charge collection after CSA was also performed through original charge-sharing correction techniques. These activities exist in the framework of international collaboration on the development of energy-resolved X-ray scanners for medical applications and non-destructive testing in the food industry.
The success of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detectors in room-temperature spectroscopic X-ray imaging is now widely accepted. The most common CZT detectors are characterized by enhanced-charge transport properties of electrons, with mobility-lifetime products μeτe > 10 cm /V and μhτh > 10 cm /V. These materials, typically termed low-flux LF-CZT, are successfully used for thick electron-sensing detectors and in low-flux conditions. Recently, new CZT materials with hole mobility-lifetime product enhancements (μhτh > 10 cm /V and μeτe > 10 cm /V) have been fabricated for high-flux measurements (high-flux HF-CZT detectors). In this work, we will present the performance and charge-sharing properties of sub-millimeter CZT pixel detectors based on LF-CZT and HF-CZT crystals. Experimental results from the measurement of energy spectra after charge-sharing addition (CSA) and from 2D X-ray mapping highlight the better charge-collection properties of HF-CZT detectors near the inter-pixel gaps. The successful mitigation of the effects of incomplete charge collection after CSA was also performed through original charge-sharing correction techniques. These activities exist in the framework of international collaboration on the development of energy-resolved X-ray scanners for medical applications and non-destructive testing in the food industry.
Audience Academic
Author Veale, Matthew C
Abbene, Leonardo
Seller, Paul
Zappettini, Andrea
Gerardi, Gaetano
Principato, Fabio
Buttacavoli, Antonino
Bettelli, Manuele
Cascio, Donato
Raso, Giuseppe
AuthorAffiliation 2 IMEM/CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43100 Parma, Italy; manuele.bettelli@imem.cnr.it (M.B.); andrea.zappettini@imem.cnr.it (A.Z.)
1 Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC)—Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale Delle Scienze, Edificio 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy; antonino.buttacavoli@unipa.it (A.B.); fabio.principato@unipa.it (F.P.); gaetano.gerardi@unipa.it (G.G.); donato.cascio@unipa.it (D.C.); giuseppe.raso@unipa.it (G.R.)
3 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UKRI Science & Technology Facilities Council, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK; paul.seller@stfc.ac.uk (P.S.); matthew.veale@stfc.ac.uk (M.C.V.)
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– name: 3 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UKRI Science & Technology Facilities Council, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK; paul.seller@stfc.ac.uk (P.S.); matthew.veale@stfc.ac.uk (M.C.V.)
– name: 1 Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC)—Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale Delle Scienze, Edificio 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy; antonino.buttacavoli@unipa.it (A.B.); fabio.principato@unipa.it (F.P.); gaetano.gerardi@unipa.it (G.G.); donato.cascio@unipa.it (D.C.); giuseppe.raso@unipa.it (G.R.)
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Issue 4
Keywords charge-sharing correction
charge sharing
semiconductor pixel detectors
incomplete charge collection
CZT detectors
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Snippet The success of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detectors in room-temperature spectroscopic X-ray imaging is now widely accepted. The most common CZT detectors are...
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StartPage 1441
SubjectTerms Arrays
Cadmium
Cadmium Compounds - chemistry
Cadmium zinc tellurides
charge sharing
Charge transport
charge-sharing correction
Crystals
CZT detectors
Detectors
Digital electronics
Electrodes
Energy
Energy spectra
Hole mobility
incomplete charge collection
Noise
Nondestructive testing
Photons
Pixels
Radiation
Room temperature
semiconductor pixel detectors
Sensors
Tellurium - chemistry
Transport properties
X ray imagery
X-Rays
Zinc - chemistry
Zinc telluride
Zinc tellurides
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Title Incomplete Charge Collection at Inter-Pixel Gap in Low- and High-Flux Cadmium Zinc Telluride Pixel Detectors
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35214342
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC8875842
https://doaj.org/article/a21d56fa5f754be0aff188ebe05643bd
Volume 22
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