The source of the Black Death in fourteenth-century central Eurasia

The origin of the medieval Black Death pandemic ( ad  1346–1353) has been a topic of continuous investigation because of the pandemic’s extensive demographic impact and long-lasting consequences 1 , 2 . Until now, the most debated archaeological evidence potentially associated with the pandemic’s in...

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Published inNature (London) Vol. 606; no. 7915; pp. 718 - 724
Main Authors Spyrou, Maria A., Musralina, Lyazzat, Gnecchi Ruscone, Guido A., Kocher, Arthur, Borbone, Pier-Giorgio, Khartanovich, Valeri I., Buzhilova, Alexandra, Djansugurova, Leyla, Bos, Kirsten I., Kühnert, Denise, Haak, Wolfgang, Slavin, Philip, Krause, Johannes
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published London Nature Publishing Group UK 23.06.2022
Nature Publishing Group
Subjects
14th century
45
45/47
631/181/2474
631/181/27
631/326/421
Archaeology
Archives & records
Bubonic plague
Cemeteries
Death
DNA, Ancient - analysis
DNA, Bacterial - analysis
Epidemics
Genomes
History, Medieval
Humanities and Social Sciences
Humans
Infectious diseases
Inscriptions
Kyrgyzstan - epidemiology
Life Sciences
Mortality
multidisciplinary
Pandemics
Pandemics - history
Pathogens
Phylogeny
Plague - epidemiology
Plague - history
Plague - microbiology
Plasmids
Science
Science (multidisciplinary)
Tombstones
Yersinia pestis - classification
Yersinia pestis - pathogenicity
Kyrgyzstan
Eurasia
Lake Issyk-Kul
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0028-0836
1476-4687
1476-4687
DOI10.1038/s41586-022-04800-3

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Abstract The origin of the medieval Black Death pandemic ( ad  1346–1353) has been a topic of continuous investigation because of the pandemic’s extensive demographic impact and long-lasting consequences 1 , 2 . Until now, the most debated archaeological evidence potentially associated with the pandemic’s initiation derives from cemeteries located near Lake Issyk-Kul of modern-day Kyrgyzstan 1 , 3 – 9 . These sites are thought to have housed victims of a fourteenth-century epidemic as tombstone inscriptions directly dated to 1338–1339 state ‘pestilence’ as the cause of death for the buried individuals 9 . Here we report ancient DNA data from seven individuals exhumed from two of these cemeteries, Kara-Djigach and Burana. Our synthesis of archaeological, historical and ancient genomic data shows a clear involvement of the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis in this epidemic event. Two reconstructed ancient Y. pestis genomes represent a single strain and are identified as the most recent common ancestor of a major diversification commonly associated with the pandemic’s emergence, here dated to the first half of the fourteenth century. Comparisons with present-day diversity from Y. pestis reservoirs in the extended Tian Shan region support a local emergence of the recovered ancient strain. Through multiple lines of evidence, our data support an early fourteenth-century source of the second plague pandemic in central Eurasia.
AbstractList The origin of the medieval Black Death pandemic (AD 1346-1353) has been a topic of continuous investigation because of the pandemic's extensive demographic impact and long-lasting consequences1,2. Until now, the most debated archaeological evidence potentially associated with the pandemic's initiation derives from cemeteries located near Lake Issyk-Kul of modern-day Kyrgyzstan1,3-9. These sites are thought to have housed victims of a fourteenth-century epidemic as tombstone inscriptions directly dated to 1338-1339 state 'pestilence' as the cause of death for the buried individuals9. Here we report ancient DNA data from seven individuals exhumed from two of these cemeteries, Kara-Djigach and Burana. Our synthesis of archaeological, historical and ancient genomic data shows a clear involvement of the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis in this epidemic event. Two reconstructed ancient Y. pestis genomes represent a single strain and are identified as the most recent common ancestor of a major diversification commonly associated with the pandemic's emergence, here dated to the first half of the fourteenth century. Comparisons with present-day diversity from Y. pestis reservoirs in the extended Tian Shan region support a local emergence of the recovered ancient strain. Through multiple lines of evidence, our data support an early fourteenth-century source of the second plague pandemic in central Eurasia.The origin of the medieval Black Death pandemic (AD 1346-1353) has been a topic of continuous investigation because of the pandemic's extensive demographic impact and long-lasting consequences1,2. Until now, the most debated archaeological evidence potentially associated with the pandemic's initiation derives from cemeteries located near Lake Issyk-Kul of modern-day Kyrgyzstan1,3-9. These sites are thought to have housed victims of a fourteenth-century epidemic as tombstone inscriptions directly dated to 1338-1339 state 'pestilence' as the cause of death for the buried individuals9. Here we report ancient DNA data from seven individuals exhumed from two of these cemeteries, Kara-Djigach and Burana. Our synthesis of archaeological, historical and ancient genomic data shows a clear involvement of the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis in this epidemic event. Two reconstructed ancient Y. pestis genomes represent a single strain and are identified as the most recent common ancestor of a major diversification commonly associated with the pandemic's emergence, here dated to the first half of the fourteenth century. Comparisons with present-day diversity from Y. pestis reservoirs in the extended Tian Shan region support a local emergence of the recovered ancient strain. Through multiple lines of evidence, our data support an early fourteenth-century source of the second plague pandemic in central Eurasia.
The origin of the medieval Black Death pandemic (ad 1346-1353) has been a topic of continuous investigation because of the pandemic's extensive demographic impact and long-lasting consequences1,2. Until now, the most debated archaeological evidence potentially associated with the pandemic's initiation derives from cemeteries located near Lake Issyk-Kul of modern-day Kyrgyzstan1,3-9. These sites are thought to have housed victims of a fourteenth-century epidemic as tombstone inscriptions directly dated to 1338-1339 state 'pestilence' as the cause of death for the buried individuals9. Here we report ancient DNA data from seven individuals exhumed from two of these cemeteries, Kara-Djigach and Burana. Our synthesis of archaeological, historical and ancient genomic data shows a clear involvement ofthe plague bacterium Yersinia pestis in this epidemic event. Two reconstructed ancient Y. pestis genomes represent a single strain and are identified as the most recent common ancestor of a major diversification commonly associated with the pandemic's emergence, here dated to the first half of the fourteenth century. Comparisons with present-day diversity from Y. pestis reservoirs in the extended Tian Shan region support a local emergence ofthe recovered ancient strain. Through multiple lines of evidence, our data support an early fourteenth-century source ofthe second plague pandemic in central Eurasia.
The origin of the medieval Black Death pandemic ( ad  1346–1353) has been a topic of continuous investigation because of the pandemic’s extensive demographic impact and long-lasting consequences 1 , 2 . Until now, the most debated archaeological evidence potentially associated with the pandemic’s initiation derives from cemeteries located near Lake Issyk-Kul of modern-day Kyrgyzstan 1 , 3 – 9 . These sites are thought to have housed victims of a fourteenth-century epidemic as tombstone inscriptions directly dated to 1338–1339 state ‘pestilence’ as the cause of death for the buried individuals 9 . Here we report ancient DNA data from seven individuals exhumed from two of these cemeteries, Kara-Djigach and Burana. Our synthesis of archaeological, historical and ancient genomic data shows a clear involvement of the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis in this epidemic event. Two reconstructed ancient Y. pestis genomes represent a single strain and are identified as the most recent common ancestor of a major diversification commonly associated with the pandemic’s emergence, here dated to the first half of the fourteenth century. Comparisons with present-day diversity from Y. pestis reservoirs in the extended Tian Shan region support a local emergence of the recovered ancient strain. Through multiple lines of evidence, our data support an early fourteenth-century source of the second plague pandemic in central Eurasia.
The origin of the medieval Black Death pandemic ( ad  1346–1353) has been a topic of continuous investigation because of the pandemic’s extensive demographic impact and long-lasting consequences 1,2 . Until now, the most debated archaeological evidence potentially associated with the pandemic’s initiation derives from cemeteries located near Lake Issyk-Kul of modern-day Kyrgyzstan 1,3–9 . These sites are thought to have housed victims of a fourteenth-century epidemic as tombstone inscriptions directly dated to 1338–1339 state ‘pestilence’ as the cause of death for the buried individuals 9 . Here we report ancient DNA data from seven individuals exhumed from two of these cemeteries, Kara-Djigach and Burana. Our synthesis of archaeological, historical and ancient genomic data shows a clear involvement of the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis in this epidemic event. Two reconstructed ancient Y. pestis genomes represent a single strain and are identified as the most recent common ancestor of a major diversification commonly associated with the pandemic’s emergence, here dated to the first half of the fourteenth century. Comparisons with present-day diversity from Y. pestis reservoirs in the extended Tian Shan region support a local emergence of the recovered ancient strain. Through multiple lines of evidence, our data support an early fourteenth-century source of the second plague pandemic in central Eurasia.
The origin of the medieval Black Death pandemic (AD 1346-1353) has been a topic of continuous investigation because of the pandemic's extensive demographic impact and long-lasting consequences . Until now, the most debated archaeological evidence potentially associated with the pandemic's initiation derives from cemeteries located near Lake Issyk-Kul of modern-day Kyrgyzstan . These sites are thought to have housed victims of a fourteenth-century epidemic as tombstone inscriptions directly dated to 1338-1339 state 'pestilence' as the cause of death for the buried individuals . Here we report ancient DNA data from seven individuals exhumed from two of these cemeteries, Kara-Djigach and Burana. Our synthesis of archaeological, historical and ancient genomic data shows a clear involvement of the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis in this epidemic event. Two reconstructed ancient Y. pestis genomes represent a single strain and are identified as the most recent common ancestor of a major diversification commonly associated with the pandemic's emergence, here dated to the first half of the fourteenth century. Comparisons with present-day diversity from Y. pestis reservoirs in the extended Tian Shan region support a local emergence of the recovered ancient strain. Through multiple lines of evidence, our data support an early fourteenth-century source of the second plague pandemic in central Eurasia.
Author Spyrou, Maria A.
Khartanovich, Valeri I.
Gnecchi Ruscone, Guido A.
Haak, Wolfgang
Slavin, Philip
Kühnert, Denise
Krause, Johannes
Bos, Kirsten I.
Borbone, Pier-Giorgio
Djansugurova, Leyla
Kocher, Arthur
Musralina, Lyazzat
Buzhilova, Alexandra
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  organization: Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
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  surname: Musralina
  fullname: Musralina, Lyazzat
  organization: Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Laboratory of Population Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Kazakh National University by al-Farabi
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  surname: Kocher
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  organization: Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Transmission, Infection, Diversification & Evolution Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
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  organization: Department of Civilisations and Forms of Knowledge, University of Pisa
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  givenname: Valeri I.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-5533-0686
  surname: Khartanovich
  fullname: Khartanovich, Valeri I.
  organization: Department of Physical Anthropology, Kunstkamera, Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences
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  givenname: Alexandra
  orcidid: 0000-0001-6398-2177
  surname: Buzhilova
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  organization: Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University
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  surname: Djansugurova
  fullname: Djansugurova, Leyla
  organization: Laboratory of Population Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Physiology
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  givenname: Kirsten I.
  orcidid: 0000-0003-2937-3006
  surname: Bos
  fullname: Bos, Kirsten I.
  organization: Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
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  orcidid: 0000-0002-5657-018X
  surname: Kühnert
  fullname: Kühnert, Denise
  organization: Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Transmission, Infection, Diversification & Evolution Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC)
– sequence: 11
  givenname: Wolfgang
  orcidid: 0000-0003-2475-2007
  surname: Haak
  fullname: Haak, Wolfgang
  organization: Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
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  givenname: Philip
  orcidid: 0000-0002-6460-145X
  surname: Slavin
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  email: philip.slavin@stir.ac.uk
  organization: Division of History, Heritage and Politics, University of Stirling
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  givenname: Johannes
  orcidid: 0000-0001-9144-3920
  surname: Krause
  fullname: Krause, Johannes
  email: krause@eva.mpg.de
  organization: Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
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ContentType Journal Article
Copyright The Author(s) 2022
2022. The Author(s).
Copyright Nature Publishing Group Jun 23, 2022
Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Copyright_xml – notice: The Author(s) 2022
– notice: 2022. The Author(s).
– notice: Copyright Nature Publishing Group Jun 23, 2022
– notice: Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
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Snippet The origin of the medieval Black Death pandemic ( ad  1346–1353) has been a topic of continuous investigation because of the pandemic’s extensive demographic...
The origin of the medieval Black Death pandemic (AD 1346-1353) has been a topic of continuous investigation because of the pandemic's extensive demographic...
The origin of the medieval Black Death pandemic (ad 1346-1353) has been a topic of continuous investigation because of the pandemic's extensive demographic...
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StartPage 718
SubjectTerms 14th century
45
45/47
631/181/2474
631/181/27
631/326/421
Archaeology
Archives & records
Bubonic plague
Cemeteries
Death
DNA, Ancient - analysis
DNA, Bacterial - analysis
Epidemics
Genomes
History, Medieval
Humanities and Social Sciences
Humans
Infectious diseases
Inscriptions
Kyrgyzstan - epidemiology
Life Sciences
Mortality
multidisciplinary
Pandemics
Pandemics - history
Pathogens
Phylogeny
Plague - epidemiology
Plague - history
Plague - microbiology
Plasmids
Science
Science (multidisciplinary)
Tombstones
Yersinia pestis - classification
Yersinia pestis - pathogenicity
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Title The source of the Black Death in fourteenth-century central Eurasia
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