Demographic and pathogen characteristics of incident bacterial meningitis in infants in South Africa: A cohort study
Bacterial meningitis is a major cause of death, with an approximate case fatality rate of 37% across all age groups in South Africa. This study aimed to describe the demographic and pathogen characteristics of incident meningitis in children aged <1 year in South Africa from 2014 through 2018, du...
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| Published in | PloS one Vol. 19; no. 9; p. e0310528 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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United States
Public Library of Science
25.09.2024
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| Abstract | Bacterial meningitis is a major cause of death, with an approximate case fatality rate of 37% across all age groups in South Africa. This study aimed to describe the demographic and pathogen characteristics of incident meningitis in children aged <1 year in South Africa from 2014 through 2018, during a period when Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) were both included in the expanded program on immunization (EPI).
We conducted a cohort study of routine laboratory data in the National Health Laboratory Service Corporate Data Warehouse, which covers approximately 80% of the South African population. We defined a case of laboratory-confirmed bacterial meningitis as any person aged <1 year with meningitis diagnosed by culture and identification of a pathogen documented as being a common cause of meningitis in CSF. The cause-specific incidence risks were calculated by dividing the number of positive specimens in each age group and year by the corresponding mid-year population for children under 1 year old and those in the post-neonatal period (≥ 28 days to 365 days old). For children under 28 days old, the annual numbers of registered livebirths were used. We used Poisson regression to compare the incidence of meningitis by year.
We identified 3575 (1.5%) cases of culture-confirmed bacterial meningitis from the 232,016 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens tested from 2014-2018. The highest number of cases were recorded in children aged <28 days (1873, 52.4%), male children (1800, 50.4%) as well as in the Gauteng Province (2014, 56.3%). Acinetobacter baumannii (14.9%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.5%), and group B streptococcus (GBS) (10.7%), were the most common pathogens detected. Overall, A. baumannii had the highest incidence risk, occurring at 9.8 per 100,000 persons in children aged <1 year in 2018. Among neonates, A. baumannii peaked at 14.9 per 100,000 livebirths in 2018, while Streptococcus pneumoniae was most common in the post-neonatal period (≥ 28 days to 365 days old), peaking at 9.8 per 100,000 persons in 2014. There was an increase in the annual incidence of most pathogens over the study period.
There was an increasing trend in the annual incidence of bacterial meningitis in infants caused by most pathogens, particularly A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae and GBS. In addition to increased uptake of vaccination, prevention measures to reduce nosocomial and mother-to-child transmission of bacteria could include antenatal screening for GBS in pregnant women, rigorous hygiene in the hospital environment as well as rational antibiotic use. |
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| AbstractList | IntroductionBacterial meningitis is a major cause of death, with an approximate case fatality rate of 37% across all age groups in South Africa. This study aimed to describe the demographic and pathogen characteristics of incident meningitis in children aged <1 year in South Africa from 2014 through 2018, during a period when Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) were both included in the expanded program on immunization (EPI).MethodsWe conducted a cohort study of routine laboratory data in the National Health Laboratory Service Corporate Data Warehouse, which covers approximately 80% of the South African population. We defined a case of laboratory-confirmed bacterial meningitis as any person aged <1 year with meningitis diagnosed by culture and identification of a pathogen documented as being a common cause of meningitis in CSF. The cause-specific incidence risks were calculated by dividing the number of positive specimens in each age group and year by the corresponding mid-year population for children under 1 year old and those in the post-neonatal period (≥ 28 days to 365 days old). For children under 28 days old, the annual numbers of registered livebirths were used. We used Poisson regression to compare the incidence of meningitis by year.ResultsWe identified 3575 (1.5%) cases of culture-confirmed bacterial meningitis from the 232,016 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens tested from 2014–2018. The highest number of cases were recorded in children aged <28 days (1873, 52.4%), male children (1800, 50.4%) as well as in the Gauteng Province (2014, 56.3%). Acinetobacter baumannii (14.9%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.5%), and group B streptococcus (GBS) (10.7%), were the most common pathogens detected. Overall, A. baumannii had the highest incidence risk, occurring at 9.8 per 100,000 persons in children aged <1 year in 2018. Among neonates, A. baumannii peaked at 14.9 per 100,000 livebirths in 2018, while Streptococcus pneumoniae was most common in the post-neonatal period (≥ 28 days to 365 days old), peaking at 9.8 per 100,000 persons in 2014. There was an increase in the annual incidence of most pathogens over the study period.ConclusionThere was an increasing trend in the annual incidence of bacterial meningitis in infants caused by most pathogens, particularly A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae and GBS. In addition to increased uptake of vaccination, prevention measures to reduce nosocomial and mother-to-child transmission of bacteria could include antenatal screening for GBS in pregnant women, rigorous hygiene in the hospital environment as well as rational antibiotic use. Introduction Bacterial meningitis is a major cause of death, with an approximate case fatality rate of 37% across all age groups in South Africa. This study aimed to describe the demographic and pathogen characteristics of incident meningitis in children aged <1 year in South Africa from 2014 through 2018, during a period when Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) were both included in the expanded program on immunization (EPI). Methods We conducted a cohort study of routine laboratory data in the National Health Laboratory Service Corporate Data Warehouse, which covers approximately 80% of the South African population. We defined a case of laboratory-confirmed bacterial meningitis as any person aged <1 year with meningitis diagnosed by culture and identification of a pathogen documented as being a common cause of meningitis in CSF. The cause-specific incidence risks were calculated by dividing the number of positive specimens in each age group and year by the corresponding mid-year population for children under 1 year old and those in the post-neonatal period ([greater than or equal to] 28 days to 365 days old). For children under 28 days old, the annual numbers of registered livebirths were used. We used Poisson regression to compare the incidence of meningitis by year. Results We identified 3575 (1.5%) cases of culture-confirmed bacterial meningitis from the 232,016 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens tested from 2014-2018. The highest number of cases were recorded in children aged <28 days (1873, 52.4%), male children (1800, 50.4%) as well as in the Gauteng Province (2014, 56.3%). Acinetobacter baumannii (14.9%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.5%), and group B streptococcus (GBS) (10.7%), were the most common pathogens detected. Overall, A. baumannii had the highest incidence risk, occurring at 9.8 per 100,000 persons in children aged <1 year in 2018. Among neonates, A. baumannii peaked at 14.9 per 100,000 livebirths in 2018, while Streptococcus pneumoniae was most common in the post-neonatal period ([greater than or equal to] 28 days to 365 days old), peaking at 9.8 per 100,000 persons in 2014. There was an increase in the annual incidence of most pathogens over the study period. Conclusion There was an increasing trend in the annual incidence of bacterial meningitis in infants caused by most pathogens, particularly A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae and GBS. In addition to increased uptake of vaccination, prevention measures to reduce nosocomial and mother-to-child transmission of bacteria could include antenatal screening for GBS in pregnant women, rigorous hygiene in the hospital environment as well as rational antibiotic use. Bacterial meningitis is a major cause of death, with an approximate case fatality rate of 37% across all age groups in South Africa. This study aimed to describe the demographic and pathogen characteristics of incident meningitis in children aged <1 year in South Africa from 2014 through 2018, during a period when Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) were both included in the expanded program on immunization (EPI). We conducted a cohort study of routine laboratory data in the National Health Laboratory Service Corporate Data Warehouse, which covers approximately 80% of the South African population. We defined a case of laboratory-confirmed bacterial meningitis as any person aged <1 year with meningitis diagnosed by culture and identification of a pathogen documented as being a common cause of meningitis in CSF. The cause-specific incidence risks were calculated by dividing the number of positive specimens in each age group and year by the corresponding mid-year population for children under 1 year old and those in the post-neonatal period ([greater than or equal to] 28 days to 365 days old). For children under 28 days old, the annual numbers of registered livebirths were used. We used Poisson regression to compare the incidence of meningitis by year. We identified 3575 (1.5%) cases of culture-confirmed bacterial meningitis from the 232,016 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens tested from 2014-2018. The highest number of cases were recorded in children aged <28 days (1873, 52.4%), male children (1800, 50.4%) as well as in the Gauteng Province (2014, 56.3%). Acinetobacter baumannii (14.9%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.5%), and group B streptococcus (GBS) (10.7%), were the most common pathogens detected. Overall, A. baumannii had the highest incidence risk, occurring at 9.8 per 100,000 persons in children aged <1 year in 2018. Among neonates, A. baumannii peaked at 14.9 per 100,000 livebirths in 2018, while Streptococcus pneumoniae was most common in the post-neonatal period ([greater than or equal to] 28 days to 365 days old), peaking at 9.8 per 100,000 persons in 2014. There was an increase in the annual incidence of most pathogens over the study period. There was an increasing trend in the annual incidence of bacterial meningitis in infants caused by most pathogens, particularly A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae and GBS. In addition to increased uptake of vaccination, prevention measures to reduce nosocomial and mother-to-child transmission of bacteria could include antenatal screening for GBS in pregnant women, rigorous hygiene in the hospital environment as well as rational antibiotic use. Bacterial meningitis is a major cause of death, with an approximate case fatality rate of 37% across all age groups in South Africa. This study aimed to describe the demographic and pathogen characteristics of incident meningitis in children aged <1 year in South Africa from 2014 through 2018, during a period when Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) were both included in the expanded program on immunization (EPI). We conducted a cohort study of routine laboratory data in the National Health Laboratory Service Corporate Data Warehouse, which covers approximately 80% of the South African population. We defined a case of laboratory-confirmed bacterial meningitis as any person aged <1 year with meningitis diagnosed by culture and identification of a pathogen documented as being a common cause of meningitis in CSF. The cause-specific incidence risks were calculated by dividing the number of positive specimens in each age group and year by the corresponding mid-year population for children under 1 year old and those in the post-neonatal period (≥ 28 days to 365 days old). For children under 28 days old, the annual numbers of registered livebirths were used. We used Poisson regression to compare the incidence of meningitis by year. We identified 3575 (1.5%) cases of culture-confirmed bacterial meningitis from the 232,016 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens tested from 2014-2018. The highest number of cases were recorded in children aged <28 days (1873, 52.4%), male children (1800, 50.4%) as well as in the Gauteng Province (2014, 56.3%). Acinetobacter baumannii (14.9%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.5%), and group B streptococcus (GBS) (10.7%), were the most common pathogens detected. Overall, A. baumannii had the highest incidence risk, occurring at 9.8 per 100,000 persons in children aged <1 year in 2018. Among neonates, A. baumannii peaked at 14.9 per 100,000 livebirths in 2018, while Streptococcus pneumoniae was most common in the post-neonatal period (≥ 28 days to 365 days old), peaking at 9.8 per 100,000 persons in 2014. There was an increase in the annual incidence of most pathogens over the study period. There was an increasing trend in the annual incidence of bacterial meningitis in infants caused by most pathogens, particularly A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae and GBS. In addition to increased uptake of vaccination, prevention measures to reduce nosocomial and mother-to-child transmission of bacteria could include antenatal screening for GBS in pregnant women, rigorous hygiene in the hospital environment as well as rational antibiotic use. Introduction Bacterial meningitis is a major cause of death, with an approximate case fatality rate of 37% across all age groups in South Africa. This study aimed to describe the demographic and pathogen characteristics of incident meningitis in children aged <1 year in South Africa from 2014 through 2018, during a period when Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) were both included in the expanded program on immunization (EPI). Methods We conducted a cohort study of routine laboratory data in the National Health Laboratory Service Corporate Data Warehouse, which covers approximately 80% of the South African population. We defined a case of laboratory-confirmed bacterial meningitis as any person aged <1 year with meningitis diagnosed by culture and identification of a pathogen documented as being a common cause of meningitis in CSF. The cause-specific incidence risks were calculated by dividing the number of positive specimens in each age group and year by the corresponding mid-year population for children under 1 year old and those in the post-neonatal period (≥ 28 days to 365 days old). For children under 28 days old, the annual numbers of registered livebirths were used. We used Poisson regression to compare the incidence of meningitis by year. Results We identified 3575 (1.5%) cases of culture-confirmed bacterial meningitis from the 232,016 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens tested from 2014–2018. The highest number of cases were recorded in children aged <28 days (1873, 52.4%), male children (1800, 50.4%) as well as in the Gauteng Province (2014, 56.3%). Acinetobacter baumannii (14.9%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.5%), and group B streptococcus (GBS) (10.7%), were the most common pathogens detected. Overall, A . baumannii had the highest incidence risk, occurring at 9.8 per 100,000 persons in children aged <1 year in 2018. Among neonates, A . baumannii peaked at 14.9 per 100,000 livebirths in 2018, while Streptococcus pneumoniae was most common in the post-neonatal period (≥ 28 days to 365 days old), peaking at 9.8 per 100,000 persons in 2014. There was an increase in the annual incidence of most pathogens over the study period. Conclusion There was an increasing trend in the annual incidence of bacterial meningitis in infants caused by most pathogens, particularly A . baumannii , K . pneumoniae and GBS. In addition to increased uptake of vaccination, prevention measures to reduce nosocomial and mother-to-child transmission of bacteria could include antenatal screening for GBS in pregnant women, rigorous hygiene in the hospital environment as well as rational antibiotic use. Bacterial meningitis is a major cause of death, with an approximate case fatality rate of 37% across all age groups in South Africa. This study aimed to describe the demographic and pathogen characteristics of incident meningitis in children aged <1 year in South Africa from 2014 through 2018, during a period when Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) were both included in the expanded program on immunization (EPI).INTRODUCTIONBacterial meningitis is a major cause of death, with an approximate case fatality rate of 37% across all age groups in South Africa. This study aimed to describe the demographic and pathogen characteristics of incident meningitis in children aged <1 year in South Africa from 2014 through 2018, during a period when Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) were both included in the expanded program on immunization (EPI).We conducted a cohort study of routine laboratory data in the National Health Laboratory Service Corporate Data Warehouse, which covers approximately 80% of the South African population. We defined a case of laboratory-confirmed bacterial meningitis as any person aged <1 year with meningitis diagnosed by culture and identification of a pathogen documented as being a common cause of meningitis in CSF. The cause-specific incidence risks were calculated by dividing the number of positive specimens in each age group and year by the corresponding mid-year population for children under 1 year old and those in the post-neonatal period (≥ 28 days to 365 days old). For children under 28 days old, the annual numbers of registered livebirths were used. We used Poisson regression to compare the incidence of meningitis by year.METHODSWe conducted a cohort study of routine laboratory data in the National Health Laboratory Service Corporate Data Warehouse, which covers approximately 80% of the South African population. We defined a case of laboratory-confirmed bacterial meningitis as any person aged <1 year with meningitis diagnosed by culture and identification of a pathogen documented as being a common cause of meningitis in CSF. The cause-specific incidence risks were calculated by dividing the number of positive specimens in each age group and year by the corresponding mid-year population for children under 1 year old and those in the post-neonatal period (≥ 28 days to 365 days old). For children under 28 days old, the annual numbers of registered livebirths were used. We used Poisson regression to compare the incidence of meningitis by year.We identified 3575 (1.5%) cases of culture-confirmed bacterial meningitis from the 232,016 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens tested from 2014-2018. The highest number of cases were recorded in children aged <28 days (1873, 52.4%), male children (1800, 50.4%) as well as in the Gauteng Province (2014, 56.3%). Acinetobacter baumannii (14.9%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.5%), and group B streptococcus (GBS) (10.7%), were the most common pathogens detected. Overall, A. baumannii had the highest incidence risk, occurring at 9.8 per 100,000 persons in children aged <1 year in 2018. Among neonates, A. baumannii peaked at 14.9 per 100,000 livebirths in 2018, while Streptococcus pneumoniae was most common in the post-neonatal period (≥ 28 days to 365 days old), peaking at 9.8 per 100,000 persons in 2014. There was an increase in the annual incidence of most pathogens over the study period.RESULTSWe identified 3575 (1.5%) cases of culture-confirmed bacterial meningitis from the 232,016 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens tested from 2014-2018. The highest number of cases were recorded in children aged <28 days (1873, 52.4%), male children (1800, 50.4%) as well as in the Gauteng Province (2014, 56.3%). Acinetobacter baumannii (14.9%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.5%), and group B streptococcus (GBS) (10.7%), were the most common pathogens detected. Overall, A. baumannii had the highest incidence risk, occurring at 9.8 per 100,000 persons in children aged <1 year in 2018. Among neonates, A. baumannii peaked at 14.9 per 100,000 livebirths in 2018, while Streptococcus pneumoniae was most common in the post-neonatal period (≥ 28 days to 365 days old), peaking at 9.8 per 100,000 persons in 2014. There was an increase in the annual incidence of most pathogens over the study period.There was an increasing trend in the annual incidence of bacterial meningitis in infants caused by most pathogens, particularly A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae and GBS. In addition to increased uptake of vaccination, prevention measures to reduce nosocomial and mother-to-child transmission of bacteria could include antenatal screening for GBS in pregnant women, rigorous hygiene in the hospital environment as well as rational antibiotic use.CONCLUSIONThere was an increasing trend in the annual incidence of bacterial meningitis in infants caused by most pathogens, particularly A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae and GBS. In addition to increased uptake of vaccination, prevention measures to reduce nosocomial and mother-to-child transmission of bacteria could include antenatal screening for GBS in pregnant women, rigorous hygiene in the hospital environment as well as rational antibiotic use. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Mashau, Rudzani Kiakuvue, Yannick Nkiambi Mall, Sumaya Gottberg, Anne von Meiring, Susan Govender, Nelesh Cohen, Cheryl |
| AuthorAffiliation | 7 Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa 1 School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and biostatistics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 4 Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa 3 Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Disease, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa 5 MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom University of Ottawa, CANADA 6 School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 2 Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa – name: University of Ottawa, CANADA – name: 7 Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa – name: 3 Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Disease, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa – name: 1 School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and biostatistics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa – name: 4 Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa – name: 5 MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom – name: 6 School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Yannick Nkiambi orcidid: 0000-0002-7175-6409 surname: Kiakuvue fullname: Kiakuvue, Yannick Nkiambi organization: School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and biostatistics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa – sequence: 2 givenname: Sumaya surname: Mall fullname: Mall, Sumaya organization: School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and biostatistics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa – sequence: 3 givenname: Nelesh orcidid: 0000-0001-7869-9462 surname: Govender fullname: Govender, Nelesh organization: School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa – sequence: 4 givenname: Anne von surname: Gottberg fullname: Gottberg, Anne von organization: Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa – sequence: 5 givenname: Rudzani surname: Mashau fullname: Mashau, Rudzani organization: Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa – sequence: 6 givenname: Susan surname: Meiring fullname: Meiring, Susan organization: Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa – sequence: 7 givenname: Cheryl orcidid: 0000-0003-0376-2302 surname: Cohen fullname: Cohen, Cheryl organization: Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39321191$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Copyright: © 2024 Kiakuvue et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. COPYRIGHT 2024 Public Library of Science 2024 Kiakuvue et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2024 Kiakuvue et al 2024 Kiakuvue et al 2024 Kiakuvue et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Copyright: © 2024 Kiakuvue et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. – notice: COPYRIGHT 2024 Public Library of Science – notice: 2024 Kiakuvue et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: 2024 Kiakuvue et al 2024 Kiakuvue et al – notice: 2024 Kiakuvue et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
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| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0310528 |
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| References | X Sáez-Llorens (pone.0310528.ref003) 1990; 4 PC Makamba-Mutevedzi (pone.0310528.ref033) 2020 V Quan (pone.0310528.ref018) 2005 S. Meiring (pone.0310528.ref031) 2018 PT Heath (pone.0310528.ref034) 2003 TH Boyles (pone.0310528.ref015) 2013; 28 CH Wong (pone.0310528.ref028) 2021; 111 W. Stevens (pone.0310528.ref041) J. Kleynhans (pone.0310528.ref030) 2019; 37 S. A S (pone.0310528.ref021) 2018 A von Gottberg (pone.0310528.ref017) 2013; 31 X Sáez-Llorens (pone.0310528.ref004) 2003; 361 S Agrawal (pone.0310528.ref010) 2011; 13 A Mengistu (pone.0310528.ref039) 2013; 6 SA Madhi (pone.0310528.ref016) 2012; 30 AJ van der Walt (pone.0310528.ref025) 2020; 116 MB Svendsen (pone.0310528.ref009) 2020; 109 A. von Gottberg (pone.0310528.ref019) 2010; 28 StasSA (pone.0310528.ref026) 2012; P0302 A Dramowski (pone.0310528.ref035) 2016; 94 N Dash (pone.0310528.ref038) 2008; 2 GB Coulson (pone.0310528.ref040) 2007; 13 F Bill (pone.0310528.ref006) 2019 JR Zunt (pone.0310528.ref007) 2018; 17 pone.0310528.ref022 pone.0310528.ref023 JS Furyk (pone.0310528.ref005) 2011; 16 MH Hsu (pone.0310528.ref008) 2018; 9 TC Horan (pone.0310528.ref024) 2008; 36 MC Brouwer (pone.0310528.ref014) 2010; 23 AM Oordt-Speets (pone.0310528.ref013) 2018; 13 AKM Zaidi (pone.0310528.ref037) 2009; 28 RC Mashau (pone.0310528.ref012) 2022; 10 SAE Logan (pone.0310528.ref001) 2008; 336 AG Chapoutot (pone.0310528.ref029) 2016; 144 HR Mount (pone.0310528.ref002) 2017; 96 S Meiring (pone.0310528.ref020) 2017; 32 I Lukšić (pone.0310528.ref011) 2013; 54 E Britz (pone.0310528.ref027) 2016; 11 HA Khan (pone.0310528.ref036) 2017; 7 A von Gottberg (pone.0310528.ref032) 2006; 84 |
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A case-study from South Africa, 2005–2016 publication-title: Vaccine doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.090 contributor: fullname: J. Kleynhans – volume: 7 start-page: 478 issue: 5 year: 2017 ident: pone.0310528.ref036 article-title: Nosocomial infections: Epidemiology, prevention, control and surveillance. publication-title: Asian Pac J Trop Biomed doi: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.019 contributor: fullname: HA Khan – ident: pone.0310528.ref022 |
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| Snippet | Bacterial meningitis is a major cause of death, with an approximate case fatality rate of 37% across all age groups in South Africa. This study aimed to... Introduction Bacterial meningitis is a major cause of death, with an approximate case fatality rate of 37% across all age groups in South Africa. This study... IntroductionBacterial meningitis is a major cause of death, with an approximate case fatality rate of 37% across all age groups in South Africa. This study... Introduction Bacterial meningitis is a major cause of death, with an approximate case fatality rate of 37% across all age groups in South Africa. This study... |
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| SubjectTerms | Acinetobacter baumannii Acinetobacter baumannii - isolation & purification Acinetobacter baumannii - pathogenicity Age Age groups Analysis Bacteria Bacteria, Pathogenic Bacterial meningitis Bacterial pneumonia Biology and Life Sciences Causes of Cerebrospinal fluid Children Cohort Studies Culture Demographic aspects Demographics Demography Diseases Epidemics Etiology Female Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus Vaccines Humans Hygiene Identification and classification Immunization Incidence Infant Infant, Newborn Infants Infants (Newborn) Klebsiella Klebsiella pneumoniae Klebsiella pneumoniae - isolation & purification Klebsiella pneumoniae - pathogenicity Laboratories Male Medicine and Health Sciences Meningitis Meningitis, Bacterial - epidemiology Meningitis, Bacterial - microbiology Neonates Nosocomial infection Pathogens Pediatric research People and places Pneumococcal Vaccines Pneumonia Population Population studies Risk assessment South Africa - epidemiology Statistics Streptococcus infections Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pneumoniae - isolation & purification Streptococcus pneumoniae - pathogenicity Vaccination Vaccines Warehouse stores |
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| Title | Demographic and pathogen characteristics of incident bacterial meningitis in infants in South Africa: A cohort study |
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