Myocarditis and pericarditis: Case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data

• Published in: Vaccine Vol. 40; no. 10; pp. 1499 - 1511
• Main Authors: Sexson Tejtel, S. Kristen, Munoz, Flor M., Al-Ammouri, Iyad, Savorgnan, Fabio, Guggilla, Rama K., Khuri-Bulos, Najwa, Phillips, Lee, Engler, Renata J.M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier Ltd 01.03.2022; Elsevier Limited
• Subjects: Adjudication; Adverse events; Bacterial infections; Brighton Collaboration; Cardiac arrhythmia; Cardiomyopathy; Case definition; Case reports; Collaboration; Congestive heart failure; Coronaviruses; COVID-19 vaccines; Data collection; Dilated cardiomyopathy; Disease control; Drug dosages; Epidemiology; Etiology; Guidelines; Health surveillance; Heart failure; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immunization; Incidence; Infections; Inflammation; Inflammatory diseases; Ischemia; Literature reviews; Military health care; Myocarditis; Myocarditis - chemically induced; Myocarditis - diagnosis; Myocarditis - epidemiology; Myocardium; Myocytes; Myopericarditis; Necrosis; Pathophysiology; Pericarditis; Pericarditis - diagnosis; Pericarditis - epidemiology; Pericarditis - etiology; Pericardium; Public health; Safety; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Signs and symptoms; Smallpox; Vaccination - adverse effects; Vaccines; Viral infections; Working groups; United States > US; Myocarditis; Pericarditis; Immunization; Myopericarditis; Adverse events; Case definition; Brighton Collaboration; Guidelines
• DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.074
• ISSN: 0264-410X

Myocarditis and/or pericarditis (also known as myopericarditis) are inflammatory diseases involving the myocardium (with non-ischemic myocyte necrosis) and/or the pericardial sac. Myocarditis/pericarditis (MPC) may present with variable clinical signs, symptoms, etiologies and outcomes, including acute heart failure, sudden death, and chronic dilated cardiomyopathy. Possible undiagnosed and/or subclinical acute myocarditis, with undefined potential for delayed manifestations, presents further challenges for diagnosing an acute disease and may go undetected in the setting of infection as well as adverse drug/vaccine reactions. The most common causes of MPC are viral, with non-infectious, drug/vaccine associated hypersensitivity and/or autoimmune causes being less well defined and with potentially different inflammatory mechanisms and treatment responses. Potential cardiac adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) encompass a larger scope of diagnoses such as triggering or exacerbating ischemic cardiac events, cardiomyopathy with potential heart failure, arrhythmias and sudden death. The current published experience does not support a potential causal association with vaccines based on epidemiologic evidence of relative risk increases compared with background unvaccinated incidence. The only evidence supporting a possible causal association of MPC with a vaccine comes from case reports. Hypersensitivity MPC as a drug/vaccine induced cardiac adverse event has long been a concern for post-licensure safety surveillance, as well as safety data submission for licensure. Other cardiac adverse events, such as dilated cardiomyopathy, were also defined in the CDC definitions for adverse events after smallpox vaccination in 2006. In addition, several groups have attempted to develop and improve the definition and adjudication of post-vaccination cardiovascular events. We developed the current case definitions for myocarditis and pericarditis as an AEFI building on experience and lessons learnt, as well as a comprehensive literature review. Considerations of other etiologies and causal relationships are outside the scope of this document.