The Gut–Brain Axis in the Neuropsychological Disease Model of Obesity: A Classical Movie Revised by the Emerging Director “Microbiome”

The worldwide epidemic of obesity has become an important public health issue, with serious psychological and social consequences. Obesity is a multifactorial disorder in which various elements (genetic, host, and environment), play a definite role, even if none of them satisfactorily explains its e...

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Published inNutrients Vol. 11; no. 1; p. 156
Main Authors Niccolai, Elena, Boem, Federico, Russo, Edda, Amedei, Amedeo
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 12.01.2019
MDPI
Subjects
Amygdala
anxiety
appetite
brain
comorbidity
disease models
eating habits
energy
etiology
feeding behavior
Gut-brain axis
homeostasis
intestinal microorganisms
microbiome
Neuropsychology
Obesity
Review
social impact
Western diets
microbiota
gut–brain axis
nervous system
inflammation
obesity
neurological disorders
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN2072-6643
2072-6643
DOI10.3390/nu11010156

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Abstract The worldwide epidemic of obesity has become an important public health issue, with serious psychological and social consequences. Obesity is a multifactorial disorder in which various elements (genetic, host, and environment), play a definite role, even if none of them satisfactorily explains its etiology. A number of neurological comorbidities, such as anxiety and depression, charges the global obesity burden, and evidence suggests the hypothesis that the brain could be the seat of the initial malfunction leading to obesity. The gut microbiome plays an important role in energy homeostasis regulating energy harvesting, fat deposition, as well as feeding behavior and appetite. Dietary patterns, like the Western diet, are known to be a major cause of the obesity epidemic, probably promoting a dysbiotic drift in the gut microbiota. Moreover, the existence of a “gut–brain axis” suggests a role for microbiome on hosts’ behavior according to different modalities, including interaction through the nervous system, and mutual crosstalk with the immune and the endocrine systems. In the perspective of obesity as a real neuropsychological disease and in light of the discussed considerations, this review focuses on the microbiome role as an emerging director in the development of obesity.
AbstractList The worldwide epidemic of obesity has become an important public health issue, with serious psychological and social consequences. Obesity is a multifactorial disorder in which various elements (genetic, host, and environment), play a definite role, even if none of them satisfactorily explains its etiology. A number of neurological comorbidities, such as anxiety and depression, charges the global obesity burden, and evidence suggests the hypothesis that the brain could be the seat of the initial malfunction leading to obesity. The gut microbiome plays an important role in energy homeostasis regulating energy harvesting, fat deposition, as well as feeding behavior and appetite. Dietary patterns, like the Western diet, are known to be a major cause of the obesity epidemic, probably promoting a dysbiotic drift in the gut microbiota. Moreover, the existence of a “gut–brain axis” suggests a role for microbiome on hosts’ behavior according to different modalities, including interaction through the nervous system, and mutual crosstalk with the immune and the endocrine systems. In the perspective of obesity as a real neuropsychological disease and in light of the discussed considerations, this review focuses on the microbiome role as an emerging director in the development of obesity.
The worldwide epidemic of obesity has become an important public health issue, with serious psychological and social consequences. Obesity is a multifactorial disorder in which various elements (genetic, host, and environment), play a definite role, even if none of them satisfactorily explains its etiology. A number of neurological comorbidities, such as anxiety and depression, charges the global obesity burden, and evidence suggests the hypothesis that the brain could be the seat of the initial malfunction leading to obesity. The gut microbiome plays an important role in energy homeostasis regulating energy harvesting, fat deposition, as well as feeding behavior and appetite. Dietary patterns, like the Western diet, are known to be a major cause of the obesity epidemic, probably promoting a dysbiotic drift in the gut microbiota. Moreover, the existence of a "gut⁻brain axis" suggests a role for microbiome on hosts' behavior according to different modalities, including interaction through the nervous system, and mutual crosstalk with the immune and the endocrine systems. In the perspective of obesity as a real neuropsychological disease and in light of the discussed considerations, this review focuses on the microbiome role as an emerging director in the development of obesity.
[...]obese subjects often show neurological comorbidities, such as deficits in memory, learning and executive functions, anxiety and depression, and some evidences support the hypothesis that the brain could be the seat of the initial malfunction leading to obesity [11]. [...]by increasing systemic inflammation, microglial activation and affecting vagal nerve activity, the microbiome can indirectly influence hypothalamic gene expression and promote overeating [12]. In particular, the hypothalamus regulates the homeostatic feeding behavior, while other neural brain regions, such as insular cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and dopaminergic ventral tegmental area, present groups of neurons implicated in the reward-related non-homeostatic control of feeding [20]. Besides the role of orexigenic hormones, like ghrelin [21], and neuropeptides, such as agouti-related protein or neuropeptide Y (activated in hypothalamic neurons during fasting) [22], the food intake is mainly regulated by the energy need from brain, based on its adenosintriphosphate (ATP) disposability [23]. Epidemiological and prospective studies show that obesity increases the risk of mild cognitive impairment [59,60,61,62,63], Alzheimer’s disease and dementia [64,65]. [...]a high BMI is associated with episodic memory deficits [66], altered decision making [67], attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [68,69,70], learning and memory problems [71] both in adults and adolescents [72,73]. [...]the leaky gut allows the translocation of Gram-negative bacteria’s components into the mesenteric lymph nodes and the circulation, boosting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (especially TNF-alpha), via TLR2/4 direct or indirect activation [227,228,229,230], and increasing the production of IgA and IgM [231,232].
The worldwide epidemic of obesity has become an important public health issue, with serious psychological and social consequences. Obesity is a multifactorial disorder in which various elements (genetic, host, and environment), play a definite role, even if none of them satisfactorily explains its etiology. A number of neurological comorbidities, such as anxiety and depression, charges the global obesity burden, and evidence suggests the hypothesis that the brain could be the seat of the initial malfunction leading to obesity. The gut microbiome plays an important role in energy homeostasis regulating energy harvesting, fat deposition, as well as feeding behavior and appetite. Dietary patterns, like the Western diet, are known to be a major cause of the obesity epidemic, probably promoting a dysbiotic drift in the gut microbiota. Moreover, the existence of a "gut⁻brain axis" suggests a role for microbiome on hosts' behavior according to different modalities, including interaction through the nervous system, and mutual crosstalk with the immune and the endocrine systems. In the perspective of obesity as a real neuropsychological disease and in light of the discussed considerations, this review focuses on the microbiome role as an emerging director in the development of obesity.The worldwide epidemic of obesity has become an important public health issue, with serious psychological and social consequences. Obesity is a multifactorial disorder in which various elements (genetic, host, and environment), play a definite role, even if none of them satisfactorily explains its etiology. A number of neurological comorbidities, such as anxiety and depression, charges the global obesity burden, and evidence suggests the hypothesis that the brain could be the seat of the initial malfunction leading to obesity. The gut microbiome plays an important role in energy homeostasis regulating energy harvesting, fat deposition, as well as feeding behavior and appetite. Dietary patterns, like the Western diet, are known to be a major cause of the obesity epidemic, probably promoting a dysbiotic drift in the gut microbiota. Moreover, the existence of a "gut⁻brain axis" suggests a role for microbiome on hosts' behavior according to different modalities, including interaction through the nervous system, and mutual crosstalk with the immune and the endocrine systems. In the perspective of obesity as a real neuropsychological disease and in light of the discussed considerations, this review focuses on the microbiome role as an emerging director in the development of obesity.
Author Niccolai, Elena
Boem, Federico
Amedei, Amedeo
Russo, Edda
AuthorAffiliation 1 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy; federico.boem@gmail.com (F.B.); edda.russo@unifi.it (E.R.)
2 Department of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 1 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy; federico.boem@gmail.com (F.B.); edda.russo@unifi.it (E.R.)
– name: 2 Department of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Elena
  orcidid: 0000-0002-9205-8079
  surname: Niccolai
  fullname: Niccolai, Elena
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  surname: Boem
  fullname: Boem, Federico
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  givenname: Amedeo
  orcidid: 0000-0002-6797-9343
  surname: Amedei
  fullname: Amedei, Amedeo
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30642052$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 1
Keywords microbiota
gut–brain axis
nervous system
inflammation
obesity
neurological disorders
Language English
License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Snippet The worldwide epidemic of obesity has become an important public health issue, with serious psychological and social consequences. Obesity is a multifactorial...
[...]obese subjects often show neurological comorbidities, such as deficits in memory, learning and executive functions, anxiety and depression, and some...
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StartPage 156
SubjectTerms Amygdala
anxiety
appetite
brain
comorbidity
disease models
eating habits
energy
etiology
feeding behavior
Gut-brain axis
homeostasis
intestinal microorganisms
microbiome
Neuropsychology
Obesity
Review
social impact
Western diets
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Title The Gut–Brain Axis in the Neuropsychological Disease Model of Obesity: A Classical Movie Revised by the Emerging Director “Microbiome”
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Volume 11
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