Decontamination of indoor air to reduce the risk of airborne infections: Studies on survival and inactivation of airborne pathogens using an aerobiology chamber
Highlights • We built a test chamber conforming to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's guide on studying pathogens in indoor air. • Bacteria (in soil load) aerosolized into the chamber were uniformly distributed. • A slit-to-agar sampler was used to collect the chamber air for viable bac...
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| Published in | American journal of infection control Vol. 44; no. 10; pp. e177 - e182 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Elsevier Inc
01.10.2016
Mosby-Year Book, Inc |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Highlights • We built a test chamber conforming to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's guide on studying pathogens in indoor air. • Bacteria (in soil load) aerosolized into the chamber were uniformly distributed. • A slit-to-agar sampler was used to collect the chamber air for viable bacteria. • We compared airborne survival of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae under ambient conditions. • Three ultraviolet-HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filter devices reduced airborne bacteria by ≥3 log10 in 45-210 minutes. |
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| AbstractList | Background: Although indoor air can spread many pathogens, information on the airborne survival and inactivation of such pathogens remains sparse. Methods: Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were nebulized separately into an aerobiology chamber (24.0 m^sup 3^). The chamber's relative humidity and air temperature were at 50% ± 5% and 20 °C ± 2 °C, respectively. The air was sampled with a slit-to-agar sampler. Between tests, filtered air purged the chamber of any residual airborne microbes. Results: The challenge in the air varied between 4.2 log^sub 10^ colony forming units (CFU)/m^sup 3^ and 5.0 log10 CFU/m^sup 3^, sufficient to show a ≥3 log^sub 10^ (≥99.9%) reduction in microbial viability in air over a given contact time by the technologies tested. The rates of biologic decay of S aureus and K pneumoniae were 0.0064 ± 0.00015 and 0.0244 ± 0.009 log^sub 10^ CFU/m^sup 3^/min, respectively. Three commercial devices, with ultraviolet light and HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filtration, met the product efficacy criterion in 45-210 minutes; these rates were statistically significant compared with the corresponding rates of biologic decay of the bacteria. One device was also tested with repeated challenges with aerosolized S aureus to simulate ongoing fluctuations in indoor air quality; it could reduce each such recontamination to an undetectable level in approximately 40 minutes. Conclusions: The setup described is suitable for work with all major classes of pathogens and also complies with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's guidelines (2012) for testing air decontamination technologies. BACKGROUNDAlthough indoor air can spread many pathogens, information on the airborne survival and inactivation of such pathogens remains sparse.METHODSStaphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were nebulized separately into an aerobiology chamber (24.0 m3). The chamber's relative humidity and air temperature were at 50% ± 5% and 20°C ± 2°C, respectively. The air was sampled with a slit-to-agar sampler. Between tests, filtered air purged the chamber of any residual airborne microbes.RESULTSThe challenge in the air varied between 4.2 log10 colony forming units (CFU)/m3 and 5.0 log10 CFU/m3, sufficient to show a ≥3 log10 (≥99.9%) reduction in microbial viability in air over a given contact time by the technologies tested. The rates of biologic decay of S aureus and K pneumoniae were 0.0064 ± 0.00015 and 0.0244 ± 0.009 log10 CFU/m3/min, respectively. Three commercial devices, with ultraviolet light and HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filtration, met the product efficacy criterion in 45-210 minutes; these rates were statistically significant compared with the corresponding rates of biologic decay of the bacteria. One device was also tested with repeated challenges with aerosolized S aureus to simulate ongoing fluctuations in indoor air quality; it could reduce each such recontamination to an undetectable level in approximately 40 minutes.CONCLUSIONSThe setup described is suitable for work with all major classes of pathogens and also complies with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's guidelines (2012) for testing air decontamination technologies. Although indoor air can spread many pathogens, information on the airborne survival and inactivation of such pathogens remains sparse. Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were nebulized separately into an aerobiology chamber (24.0 m ). The chamber's relative humidity and air temperature were at 50% ± 5% and 20°C ± 2°C, respectively. The air was sampled with a slit-to-agar sampler. Between tests, filtered air purged the chamber of any residual airborne microbes. The challenge in the air varied between 4.2 log colony forming units (CFU)/m and 5.0 log CFU/m , sufficient to show a ≥3 log (≥99.9%) reduction in microbial viability in air over a given contact time by the technologies tested. The rates of biologic decay of S aureus and K pneumoniae were 0.0064 ± 0.00015 and 0.0244 ± 0.009 log CFU/m /min, respectively. Three commercial devices, with ultraviolet light and HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filtration, met the product efficacy criterion in 45-210 minutes; these rates were statistically significant compared with the corresponding rates of biologic decay of the bacteria. One device was also tested with repeated challenges with aerosolized S aureus to simulate ongoing fluctuations in indoor air quality; it could reduce each such recontamination to an undetectable level in approximately 40 minutes. The setup described is suitable for work with all major classes of pathogens and also complies with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's guidelines (2012) for testing air decontamination technologies. •We built a test chamber conforming to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's guide on studying pathogens in indoor air.•Bacteria (in soil load) aerosolized into the chamber were uniformly distributed.•A slit-to-agar sampler was used to collect the chamber air for viable bacteria.•We compared airborne survival of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae under ambient conditions.•Three ultraviolet-HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filter devices reduced airborne bacteria by ≥3 log10 in 45-210 minutes. Although indoor air can spread many pathogens, information on the airborne survival and inactivation of such pathogens remains sparse. Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were nebulized separately into an aerobiology chamber (24.0 m3). The chamber's relative humidity and air temperature were at 50% ± 5% and 20°C ± 2°C, respectively. The air was sampled with a slit-to-agar sampler. Between tests, filtered air purged the chamber of any residual airborne microbes. The challenge in the air varied between 4.2 log10 colony forming units (CFU)/m3 and 5.0 log10 CFU/m3, sufficient to show a ≥3 log10 (≥99.9%) reduction in microbial viability in air over a given contact time by the technologies tested. The rates of biologic decay of S aureus and K pneumoniae were 0.0064 ± 0.00015 and 0.0244 ± 0.009 log10 CFU/m3/min, respectively. Three commercial devices, with ultraviolet light and HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filtration, met the product efficacy criterion in 45-210 minutes; these rates were statistically significant compared with the corresponding rates of biologic decay of the bacteria. One device was also tested with repeated challenges with aerosolized S aureus to simulate ongoing fluctuations in indoor air quality; it could reduce each such recontamination to an undetectable level in approximately 40 minutes. The setup described is suitable for work with all major classes of pathogens and also complies with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's guidelines (2012) for testing air decontamination technologies. Highlights • We built a test chamber conforming to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's guide on studying pathogens in indoor air. • Bacteria (in soil load) aerosolized into the chamber were uniformly distributed. • A slit-to-agar sampler was used to collect the chamber air for viable bacteria. • We compared airborne survival of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae under ambient conditions. • Three ultraviolet-HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filter devices reduced airborne bacteria by ≥3 log10 in 45-210 minutes. |
| Author | Ijaz, M. Khalid, PhD Kibbee, Richard J., MLT Wright, Kathryn E., PhD Zargar, Bahram, PhD Sattar, Syed A., PhD Rubino, Joseph R., MA |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1098/rsif.2009.0407.focus 10.1128/JCM.00266-14 10.1017/S002217240001158X 10.1016/j.ajic.2012.01.031 10.1016/j.pharma.2012.06.003 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31829136c3 10.1080/10934529.2013.823335 10.1155/2013/493960 10.1086/652648 10.2174/1875040001104010083 10.1016/j.jinf.2010.11.010 10.1016/S0196-6553(99)70037-4 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31828a39c0 |
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| Keywords | Aerobiology air decontamination indoor air quality airborne bacteria airborne pathogens |
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| Snippet | Highlights • We built a test chamber conforming to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's guide on studying pathogens in indoor air. • Bacteria (in soil... •We built a test chamber conforming to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's guide on studying pathogens in indoor air.•Bacteria (in soil load)... Although indoor air can spread many pathogens, information on the airborne survival and inactivation of such pathogens remains sparse. Staphylococcus aureus... Background: Although indoor air can spread many pathogens, information on the airborne survival and inactivation of such pathogens remains sparse. Methods:... BACKGROUNDAlthough indoor air can spread many pathogens, information on the airborne survival and inactivation of such pathogens remains... |
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| SubjectTerms | Aerobiology air decontamination Air filters Air Microbiology Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis Air Pollution, Indoor - prevention & control airborne bacteria airborne pathogens Bacteria - isolation & purification Decontamination - instrumentation Decontamination - methods Disease Transmission, Infectious - prevention & control Filtration - instrumentation Filtration - methods Humans Humidity Indoor air quality Infection Control Infectious Disease Pneumonia Staphylococcus infections Survival analysis Temperature Temperature effects Ultraviolet Rays |
| Title | Decontamination of indoor air to reduce the risk of airborne infections: Studies on survival and inactivation of airborne pathogens using an aerobiology chamber |
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