Three- and four-dimensional ultrasonography for the structural and functional evaluation of the fetal face

Ultrasonographic examination of the fetal face can provide information that may lead to the diagnosis of anomalies in other organs or systems. Thus, the fetal face represents a “diagnostic window” for fetal diseases and syndromes. Three-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) improves the evaluation of a...

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Published in	American journal of obstetrics and gynecology Vol. 196; no. 1; pp. 16 - 28
Main Authors	Kurjak, Asim, MD, PhD, Azumendi, Guillermo, MD, Andonotopo, Wiku, MD, PhD, Salihagic-Kadic, Aida, MD, PhD
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Philadelphia, PA Elsevier Inc 2007 Elsevier
Subjects	Biological and medical sciences Face - abnormalities Face - diagnostic imaging Face - embryology Facial Expression Female fetal behavior fetal face four-dimensional ultrasound Gynecology. Andrology. Obstetrics Humans Imaging, Three-Dimensional Medical sciences Obstetrics and Gynecology Pregnancy three-dimensional ultrasound Ultrasonography, Prenatal - methods fetal face four-dimensional ultrasound fetal behavior three-dimensional ultrasound Sonography Andrology Gynecology Three-dimensional ultrasound Obstetrics Pregnancy Fetus Behavior Face Ultrasound
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Abstract	Ultrasonographic examination of the fetal face can provide information that may lead to the diagnosis of anomalies in other organs or systems. Thus, the fetal face represents a “diagnostic window” for fetal diseases and syndromes. Three-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) improves the evaluation of anatomic fetal facial anomalies over what is possible by 2-dimensional ultrasonography (2DUS). Four-dimensional ultrasonography (4DUS), by adding the temporal component to the examination, allows visualization of facial expressions that might be useful in the study of fetal behavior and maternal-fetal bonding. In this article, we evaluate the potential of 3D/4DUS for the study of structural and functional development of the fetal face.
AbstractList	Ultrasonographic examination of the fetal face can provide information that may lead to the diagnosis of anomalies in other organs or systems. Thus, the fetal face represents a "diagnostic window" for fetal diseases and syndromes. Three-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) improves the evaluation of anatomic fetal facial anomalies over what is possible by 2-dimensional ultrasonography (2DUS). Four-dimensional ultrasonography (4DUS), by adding the temporal component to the examination, allows visualization of facial expressions that might be useful in the study of fetal behavior and maternal-fetal bonding. In this article, we evaluate the potential of 3D/4DUS for the study of structural and functional development of the fetal face.
Author	Salihagic-Kadic, Aida, MD, PhD Kurjak, Asim, MD, PhD Azumendi, Guillermo, MD Andonotopo, Wiku, MD, PhD
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Keywords	fetal face four-dimensional ultrasound fetal behavior three-dimensional ultrasound Sonography Andrology Gynecology Three-dimensional ultrasound Obstetrics Pregnancy Fetus Behavior Face Ultrasound
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Snippet	Ultrasonographic examination of the fetal face can provide information that may lead to the diagnosis of anomalies in other organs or systems. Thus, the fetal...
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SubjectTerms	Biological and medical sciences Face - abnormalities Face - diagnostic imaging Face - embryology Facial Expression Female fetal behavior fetal face four-dimensional ultrasound Gynecology. Andrology. Obstetrics Humans Imaging, Three-Dimensional Medical sciences Obstetrics and Gynecology Pregnancy three-dimensional ultrasound Ultrasonography, Prenatal - methods
Title	Three- and four-dimensional ultrasonography for the structural and functional evaluation of the fetal face
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