Inside the alkalinity engine: the role of electron donors in the organomineralization potential of sulfate-reducing bacteria
Mineral precipitation in microbial mats may have been the key to their preservation as fossil stromatolites, potentially documenting evidence of the earliest life on Earth. Two factors that contribute to carbonate mineral precipitation are the saturation index (SI) and the presence of nucleation sit...
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| Published in | Geobiology Vol. 10; no. 6; pp. 518 - 530 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.11.2012
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Mineral precipitation in microbial mats may have been the key to their preservation as fossil stromatolites, potentially documenting evidence of the earliest life on Earth. Two factors that contribute to carbonate mineral precipitation are the saturation index (SI) and the presence of nucleation sites. Both of these can be influenced by micro‐organisms, which can either alter SI through their metabolisms, or produce and consume organic substances such as extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that can affect nucleation. It is the balance of individual metabolisms within the mat community that determines the pH and the dissolved inorganic carbon concentration, thereby potentially increasing the alkalinity and consequently the SI. Sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) are an important component of this ‘alkalinity engine.’ The activity of SRB often peaks in layers where CaCO3 precipitates, and mineral precipitation has been demonstrated in SRB cultures; however, the effect of their metabolism on the alkalinity engine and actual contribution to mineral precipitation is the subject of controversy. Here, we show through culture experiments, theoretical calculations, and geochemical modeling studies that the pH, alkalinity, and organomineralization potential will vary depending on the type of electron donor. Specifically, hydrogen and formate can increase the pH, but electron donors like lactate and ethanol, and to a lesser extent glycolate, decrease the pH. The implication of this for the lithification of mats is that the combination of processes supplying electron donors and the utilization of these compounds by SRB may be critical to promoting mineral precipitation. |
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| AbstractList | Mineral precipitation in microbial mats may have been the key to their preservation as fossil stromatolites, potentially documenting evidence of the earliest life on Earth. Two factors that contribute to carbonate mineral precipitation are the saturation index (SI) and the presence of nucleation sites. Both of these can be influenced by micro-organisms, which can either alter SI through their metabolisms, or produce and consume organic substances such as extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that can affect nucleation. It is the balance of individual metabolisms within the mat community that determines the pH and the dissolved inorganic carbon concentration, thereby potentially increasing the alkalinity and consequently the SI. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are an important component of this 'alkalinity engine.' The activity of SRB often peaks in layers where CaCO(3) precipitates, and mineral precipitation has been demonstrated in SRB cultures; however, the effect of their metabolism on the alkalinity engine and actual contribution to mineral precipitation is the subject of controversy. Here, we show through culture experiments, theoretical calculations, and geochemical modeling studies that the pH, alkalinity, and organomineralization potential will vary depending on the type of electron donor. Specifically, hydrogen and formate can increase the pH, but electron donors like lactate and ethanol, and to a lesser extent glycolate, decrease the pH. The implication of this for the lithification of mats is that the combination of processes supplying electron donors and the utilization of these compounds by SRB may be critical to promoting mineral precipitation.Mineral precipitation in microbial mats may have been the key to their preservation as fossil stromatolites, potentially documenting evidence of the earliest life on Earth. Two factors that contribute to carbonate mineral precipitation are the saturation index (SI) and the presence of nucleation sites. Both of these can be influenced by micro-organisms, which can either alter SI through their metabolisms, or produce and consume organic substances such as extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that can affect nucleation. It is the balance of individual metabolisms within the mat community that determines the pH and the dissolved inorganic carbon concentration, thereby potentially increasing the alkalinity and consequently the SI. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are an important component of this 'alkalinity engine.' The activity of SRB often peaks in layers where CaCO(3) precipitates, and mineral precipitation has been demonstrated in SRB cultures; however, the effect of their metabolism on the alkalinity engine and actual contribution to mineral precipitation is the subject of controversy. Here, we show through culture experiments, theoretical calculations, and geochemical modeling studies that the pH, alkalinity, and organomineralization potential will vary depending on the type of electron donor. Specifically, hydrogen and formate can increase the pH, but electron donors like lactate and ethanol, and to a lesser extent glycolate, decrease the pH. The implication of this for the lithification of mats is that the combination of processes supplying electron donors and the utilization of these compounds by SRB may be critical to promoting mineral precipitation. Mineral precipitation in microbial mats may have been the key to their preservation as fossil stromatolites, potentially documenting evidence of the earliest life on Earth. Two factors that contribute to carbonate mineral precipitation are the saturation index (SI) and the presence of nucleation sites. Both of these can be influenced by micro-organisms, which can either alter SI through their metabolisms, or produce and consume organic substances such as extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that can affect nucleation. It is the balance of individual metabolisms within the mat community that determines the pH and the dissolved inorganic carbon concentration, thereby potentially increasing the alkalinity and consequently the SI. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are an important component of this 'alkalinity engine.' The activity of SRB often peaks in layers where CaCO3 precipitates, and mineral precipitation has been demonstrated in SRB cultures; however, the effect of their metabolism on the alkalinity engine and actual contribution to mineral precipitation is the subject of controversy. Here, we show through culture experiments, theoretical calculations, and geochemical modeling studies that the pH, alkalinity, and organomineralization potential will vary depending on the type of electron donor. Specifically, hydrogen and formate can increase the pH, but electron donors like lactate and ethanol, and to a lesser extent glycolate, decrease the pH. The implication of this for the lithification of mats is that the combination of processes supplying electron donors and the utilization of these compounds by SRB may be critical to promoting mineral precipitation. Mineral precipitation in microbial mats may have been the key to their preservation as fossil stromatolites, potentially documenting evidence of the earliest life on Earth. Two factors that contribute to carbonate mineral precipitation are the saturation index (SI) and the presence of nucleation sites. Both of these can be influenced by micro-organisms, which can either alter SI through their metabolisms, or produce and consume organic substances such as extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that can affect nucleation. It is the balance of individual metabolisms within the mat community that determines the pH and the dissolved inorganic carbon concentration, thereby potentially increasing the alkalinity and consequently the SI. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are an important component of this 'alkalinity engine.' The activity of SRB often peaks in layers where CaCO(3) precipitates, and mineral precipitation has been demonstrated in SRB cultures; however, the effect of their metabolism on the alkalinity engine and actual contribution to mineral precipitation is the subject of controversy. Here, we show through culture experiments, theoretical calculations, and geochemical modeling studies that the pH, alkalinity, and organomineralization potential will vary depending on the type of electron donor. Specifically, hydrogen and formate can increase the pH, but electron donors like lactate and ethanol, and to a lesser extent glycolate, decrease the pH. The implication of this for the lithification of mats is that the combination of processes supplying electron donors and the utilization of these compounds by SRB may be critical to promoting mineral precipitation. Mineral precipitation in microbial mats may have been the key to their preservation as fossil stromatolites, potentially documenting evidence of the earliest life on E arth. Two factors that contribute to carbonate mineral precipitation are the saturation index ( SI ) and the presence of nucleation sites. Both of these can be influenced by micro‐organisms, which can either alter SI through their metabolisms, or produce and consume organic substances such as extracellular polymeric substances ( EPS ) that can affect nucleation. It is the balance of individual metabolisms within the mat community that determines the pH and the dissolved inorganic carbon concentration, thereby potentially increasing the alkalinity and consequently the SI . Sulfate‐reducing bacteria ( SRB ) are an important component of this ‘alkalinity engine.’ The activity of SRB often peaks in layers where CaCO 3 precipitates, and mineral precipitation has been demonstrated in SRB cultures; however, the effect of their metabolism on the alkalinity engine and actual contribution to mineral precipitation is the subject of controversy. Here, we show through culture experiments, theoretical calculations, and geochemical modeling studies that the pH , alkalinity, and organomineralization potential will vary depending on the type of electron donor. Specifically, hydrogen and formate can increase the pH , but electron donors like lactate and ethanol, and to a lesser extent glycolate, decrease the pH . The implication of this for the lithification of mats is that the combination of processes supplying electron donors and the utilization of these compounds by SRB may be critical to promoting mineral precipitation. |
| Author | Kading, T. J. Braissant, O. Gallagher, K. L. Visscher, P. T. Dupraz, C. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: K. L. surname: Gallagher fullname: Gallagher, K. L. organization: Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: T. J. surname: Kading fullname: Kading, T. J. organization: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, MA, Falmouth, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: O. surname: Braissant fullname: Braissant, O. organization: Center for Integrative Geosciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: C. surname: Dupraz fullname: Dupraz, C. organization: Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: P. T. surname: Visscher fullname: Visscher, P. T. email: visscher@uconn.edu organization: Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22925453$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationPlace | England |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: England |
| PublicationTitle | Geobiology |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Geobiology |
| PublicationYear | 2012 |
| Publisher | Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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Lyons WB, Long DT, Hines ME, Gaudette HE, Armstrong PB (1984) Calcification of cyanobacterial mats in Solar Lake, Sinai. Geology, 12, 623-626. Cloud P (1965) Significance of the Gunflint (Precambrian) Microflora: photosynthetic oxygen may have had important local effects before becoming a major atmospheric gas. Science, 148, 27-35. Hoehler TM, Bebout BM, Des Marais DJ (2001) The role of microbial mats in the production of reduced gases on the early Earth. Nature, 412, 324-327. Deng S, Dong H, Lv G, Jiang H, Yu SH, Bishop ME (2010) Microbial dolomite precipitation using sulfate reducing and halophilic bacteria: results from Qinghai Lake, Tibetan Plateau, NW China. Chemical Geology, 278, 151-159. Stumm W, Morgan J (1996) Aquatic Chemistry: Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters. Wiley and Sons, New York. Walter LM, Bischof SA, Patterson WP, Lyons TW (1993) Dissolution and recrystallization in modern shelf carbonates: evidence from pore water and solid phase chemistry. 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| SubjectTerms | Bacteria - metabolism Calcium Carbonate - metabolism Chemical Precipitation Environmental Microbiology Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Models, Biological Models, Theoretical Oxidation-Reduction Sulfates - metabolism |
| Title | Inside the alkalinity engine: the role of electron donors in the organomineralization potential of sulfate-reducing bacteria |
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