Hearing silence: non-neutral evolution at synonymous sites in mammals

Contrary to the neutral theory, silent mutations can be under natural selection. This is often seen in organisms from large populations, but the authors present evidence that it also occurs in mammals, because synonymous mutations affect mRNA stability and splicing. Key Points Synonymous mutations i...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Published in	Nature reviews. Genetics Vol. 7; no. 2; pp. 98 - 108
Main Authors	Chamary, J. V., Parmley, Joanna L., Hurst, Laurence D.
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.02.2006 Nature Publishing Group
Subjects	Agriculture Animal Genetics and Genomics Animals Biological and medical sciences Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Cancer Research Evolution, Molecular Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gene Function Gene Silencing Genetics of eukaryotes. Biological and molecular evolution Human Genetics Humans Mammals - genetics Mutation review-article Selection, Genetic Molecular evolution Vertebrata Hearing Mammalia
Online Access	Get full text

Cover

Loading…

Abstract	Contrary to the neutral theory, silent mutations can be under natural selection. This is often seen in organisms from large populations, but the authors present evidence that it also occurs in mammals, because synonymous mutations affect mRNA stability and splicing. Key Points Synonymous mutations in mammals are often assumed to be free from natural selection, not only because such mutations do not alter the encoded protein, but also because neutral theory predicts that when population sizes are small, as they are in mammals, selection should be too weak to act on changes that have relatively small effects on fitness. Recent evidence indicates that synonymous sites in mammals are not always neutrally evolving and numerous examples of disease-associated synonymous mutations now exist. Selection might act on synonymous codon usage to maximize the efficiency of translation, to promote mRNA stability and/or to improve splicing efficiency. In mammals, there is good support for the latter two models, but less for the first possibility. Although non-neutral evolution at synonymous sites means that the genomic mutation rate has been underestimated, it is unlikely to be a source of error that exceeds the uncertainties inherent in the other parameters that are used to estimate the mutation rate. As synonymous sites can be subject to purifying selection, a high K a / K s ratio cannot be assumed to indicate positive selection on a protein. Preliminary studies indicate that the method might be misleading as often as it is correct. Knowing why some synonymous sites are functional allows us to better understand how codon choice might be manipulated to increase the efficacy of transgene expression, especially when transgenes have most of their introns removed. Although the assumption of the neutral theory of molecular evolution — that some classes of mutation have too small an effect on fitness to be affected by natural selection — seems intuitively reasonable, over the past few decades the theory has been in retreat. At least in species with large populations, even synonymous mutations in exons are not neutral. By contrast, in mammals, neutrality of these mutations is still commonly assumed. However, new evidence indicates that even some synonymous mutations are subject to constraint, often because they affect splicing and/or mRNA stability. This has implications for understanding disease, optimizing transgene design, detecting positive selection and estimating the mutation rate.
AbstractList	Although the assumption of the neutral theory of molecular evolution - that some classes of mutation have too small an effect on fitness to be affected by natural selection - seems intuitively reasonable, over the past few decades the theory has been in retreat. At least in species with large populations, even synonymous mutations in exons are not neutral. By contrast, in mammals, neutrality of these mutations is still commonly assumed. However, new evidence indicates that even some synonymous mutations are subject to constraint, often because they affect splicing and/or mRNA stability. This has implications for understanding disease, optimizing transgene design, detecting positive selection and estimating the mutation rate.Although the assumption of the neutral theory of molecular evolution - that some classes of mutation have too small an effect on fitness to be affected by natural selection - seems intuitively reasonable, over the past few decades the theory has been in retreat. At least in species with large populations, even synonymous mutations in exons are not neutral. By contrast, in mammals, neutrality of these mutations is still commonly assumed. However, new evidence indicates that even some synonymous mutations are subject to constraint, often because they affect splicing and/or mRNA stability. This has implications for understanding disease, optimizing transgene design, detecting positive selection and estimating the mutation rate. Contrary to the neutral theory, silent mutations can be under natural selection. This is often seen in organisms from large populations, but the authors present evidence that it also occurs in mammals, because synonymous mutations affect mRNA stability and splicing. Key Points Synonymous mutations in mammals are often assumed to be free from natural selection, not only because such mutations do not alter the encoded protein, but also because neutral theory predicts that when population sizes are small, as they are in mammals, selection should be too weak to act on changes that have relatively small effects on fitness. Recent evidence indicates that synonymous sites in mammals are not always neutrally evolving and numerous examples of disease-associated synonymous mutations now exist. Selection might act on synonymous codon usage to maximize the efficiency of translation, to promote mRNA stability and/or to improve splicing efficiency. In mammals, there is good support for the latter two models, but less for the first possibility. Although non-neutral evolution at synonymous sites means that the genomic mutation rate has been underestimated, it is unlikely to be a source of error that exceeds the uncertainties inherent in the other parameters that are used to estimate the mutation rate. As synonymous sites can be subject to purifying selection, a high K a / K s ratio cannot be assumed to indicate positive selection on a protein. Preliminary studies indicate that the method might be misleading as often as it is correct. Knowing why some synonymous sites are functional allows us to better understand how codon choice might be manipulated to increase the efficacy of transgene expression, especially when transgenes have most of their introns removed. Although the assumption of the neutral theory of molecular evolution — that some classes of mutation have too small an effect on fitness to be affected by natural selection — seems intuitively reasonable, over the past few decades the theory has been in retreat. At least in species with large populations, even synonymous mutations in exons are not neutral. By contrast, in mammals, neutrality of these mutations is still commonly assumed. However, new evidence indicates that even some synonymous mutations are subject to constraint, often because they affect splicing and/or mRNA stability. This has implications for understanding disease, optimizing transgene design, detecting positive selection and estimating the mutation rate. Although the assumption of the neutral theory of molecular evolution - that some classes of mutation have too small an effect on fitness to be affected by natural selection - seems intuitively reasonable, over the past few decades the theory has been in retreat. At least in species with large populations, even synonymous mutations in exons are not neutral. By contrast, in mammals, neutrality of these mutations is still commonly assumed. However, new evidence indicates that even some synonymous mutations are subject to constraint, often because they affect splicing and/or mRNA stability. This has implications for understanding disease, optimizing transgene design, detecting positive selection and estimating the mutation rate.
Audience	Academic
Author	Hurst, Laurence D. Chamary, J. V. Parmley, Joanna L.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: J. V. surname: Chamary fullname: Chamary, J. V. email: j.v.chamary@unil.ch organization: Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Génopode building – sequence: 2 givenname: Joanna L. surname: Parmley fullname: Parmley, Joanna L. organization: Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath – sequence: 3 givenname: Laurence D. surname: Hurst fullname: Hurst, Laurence D. email: l.d.hurst@bath.ac.uk organization: Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath
BackLink	http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=17671634$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16418745$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark	eNqF0ltvFCEUAGBiauxF4z8wExOrPkyF4Tq-NU21TZqYeHkmwMKWhmG2wBj338tmx9ZdHwwPkPBxDhzOMTiIY7QAvETwDEEsPsS0RJzDJ-AIEY5aCBk5eFhTdgiOc76DEDHE8TNwiBhBghN6BC6vrEo-Lpvsg43Gfmxq5DbaqSQVGvtzDFPxY2xUafK6bq2HccoVF5sbH5tBDYMK-Tl46upkX8zzCfjx6fL7xVV78-Xz9cX5TWsoJKVVve56rRFxrqOOYmE0RFAzorVjTi16Dgm3VFNinVCOLFinUE8J6RcaI0bxCTjdxl2l8X6yucjBZ2NDUNHWe0kOmWCMi_9CxGHNhbsKX-_Bu3FKsT5Cdh3mFHZ4E-1si5YqWOmjG2t1TB0LO3hTf8LV4slzJISgCAtUD7zfOVBNsb_KUk05y-tvX3ft6V_21qpQbvNc9rwLX81XnfRgF3KV_KDSWv75zArezEBlo4JLKhqfHx1nHDFMqmu3zqQx52SdNL6oTb76LB8kgnLTVHJuqurf7vmHkP_Id1uZV5umsumxmvv0Nwv41bE
CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2407_12_57 crossref_primary_10_1002_pro_2071 crossref_primary_10_1105_tpc_111_092759 crossref_primary_10_1177_17448069251327805 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msae224 crossref_primary_10_1080_1828051X_2018_1448307 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evy120 crossref_primary_10_1093_nar_gkp792 crossref_primary_10_12998_wjcc_v11_i25_5947 crossref_primary_10_1002_ece3_1249 crossref_primary_10_1038_nature13151 crossref_primary_10_1158_0008_5472_CAN_07_2377 crossref_primary_10_1038_sj_hdy_6801052 crossref_primary_10_5808_GI_2018_16_4_e28 crossref_primary_10_1002_humu_20366 crossref_primary_10_7717_peerj_4953 crossref_primary_10_1534_genetics_112_147900 crossref_primary_10_1534_genetics_107_080663 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msr162 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbabio_2006_03_023 crossref_primary_10_1088_1742_6596_1073_3_032069 crossref_primary_10_1039_C3MB70617F crossref_primary_10_1101_gr_6406307 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pbio_0040180 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00239_018_9828_x crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evv087 crossref_primary_10_1093_hmg_ddl182 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_meegid_2019_103934 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12864_019_5921_9 crossref_primary_10_3168_jds_2009_2630 crossref_primary_10_1038_nrg3722 crossref_primary_10_1093_treephys_tpt054 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0111638 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00239_010_9346_y crossref_primary_10_3389_fcvm_2021_630471 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_019_50389_5 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0096039 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00239_011_9457_0 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msab099 crossref_primary_10_3892_ol_2016_4993 crossref_primary_10_1042_BST20130095 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_abb_2012_01_004 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_omtn_2021_08_007 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evv191 crossref_primary_10_1134_S0026893319060098 crossref_primary_10_1101_gr_070268_107 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0063373 crossref_primary_10_2174_1574893614666190227151013 crossref_primary_10_1038_msb_2011_14 crossref_primary_10_1038_nrg1896 crossref_primary_10_1266_ggs_14_00079 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_virusres_2022_198949 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pbio_0040087 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00239_013_9560_5 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gene_2019_02_006 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_physrep_2013_03_005 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pcbi_1005531 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tree_2010_06_007 crossref_primary_10_1038_nrg2506 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0095034 crossref_primary_10_4236_jbm_2023_112004 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cell_2013_05_049 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gene_2014_01_053 crossref_primary_10_1534_genetics_112_140178 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0002189 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00239_007_9008_x crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1420_9101_2011_02368_x crossref_primary_10_1128_JVI_02415_07 crossref_primary_10_3390_v13091800 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13277_014_2176_6 crossref_primary_10_1111_jeb_14068 crossref_primary_10_1186_1742_4682_11_2 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_018_25138_9 crossref_primary_10_1080_15476286_2015_1071762 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijporl_2010_06_002 crossref_primary_10_1038_s42003_022_03003_w crossref_primary_10_1186_s12881_014_0143_0 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msu302 crossref_primary_10_1186_1475_2867_13_58 crossref_primary_10_1534_genetics_112_143677 crossref_primary_10_1517_14712598_7_9_1387 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biocel_2015_03_011 crossref_primary_10_1038_cti_2015_41 crossref_primary_10_3390_genes14040799 crossref_primary_10_1002_ece3_1041 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evy040 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evy047 crossref_primary_10_1128_MCB_01283_12 crossref_primary_10_1002_pro_4576 crossref_primary_10_1111_jth_12002 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_018_33897_8 crossref_primary_10_1097_CND_0000000000000097 crossref_primary_10_7314_APJCP_2015_16_9_4103 crossref_primary_10_1245_s10434_014_3876_2 crossref_primary_10_2478_ats_2021_0001 crossref_primary_10_1534_g3_114_015099 crossref_primary_10_1093_g3journal_jkab333 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_virusres_2020_198248 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00239_016_9753_9 crossref_primary_10_1111_hae_12562 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00239_015_9719_3 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_mss109 crossref_primary_10_3390_genes11080903 crossref_primary_10_1186_1745_6150_9_16 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbagen_2009_07_025 crossref_primary_10_1676_19_00120 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_genom_090810_183115 crossref_primary_10_1093_nar_gku811 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msu409 crossref_primary_10_1534_genetics_109_108209 crossref_primary_10_3390_genes5020254 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msac081 crossref_primary_10_1186_1752_0509_3_27 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pntd_0005344 crossref_primary_10_1155_2017_5930918 crossref_primary_10_18632_oncotarget_14341 crossref_primary_10_1534_g3_118_200185 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_025_57179_w crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0028889 crossref_primary_10_1101_gr_094151_109 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0081912 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13059_014_0549_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_actatropica_2013_08_005 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijporl_2009_02_009 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ygeno_2018_04_003 crossref_primary_10_5713_ajas_2011_11489 crossref_primary_10_1080_10495398_2017_1304950 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msz063 crossref_primary_10_1093_bib_bbz047 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0132545 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nantod_2009_07_004 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0056642 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jmb_2008_08_012 crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2148_9_89 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms24054943 crossref_primary_10_1098_rspb_2007_0337 crossref_primary_10_4137_EBO_S10362 crossref_primary_10_1266_ggs_85_359 crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2164_7_67 crossref_primary_10_5924_abgri_42_65 crossref_primary_10_3390_life6010009 crossref_primary_10_1038_s12276_021_00604_z crossref_primary_10_1186_1479_5876_9_87 crossref_primary_10_1093_nar_gkq009 crossref_primary_10_3109_19396368_2014_979513 crossref_primary_10_3389_fendo_2023_1170957 crossref_primary_10_1111_dmcn_12781 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12885_021_08131_w crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgen_1003995 crossref_primary_10_1158_2326_6066_CIR_22_0926 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12033_017_0030_y crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mito_2013_12_005 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pcbi_1002755 crossref_primary_10_23868_gc120321 crossref_primary_10_26508_lsa_201900398 crossref_primary_10_1038_ncomms6876 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gene_2013_05_039 crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2148_11_286 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12864_016_3440_5 crossref_primary_10_1089_ped_2011_0095 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_1518976113 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msp260 crossref_primary_10_1039_c004796c crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msz048 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpurol_2020_07_001 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00439_022_02478_1 crossref_primary_10_1111_mec_12114 crossref_primary_10_1093_nargab_lqac039 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pcbi_1002507 crossref_primary_10_1534_genetics_110_124073 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pcbi_1011581 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgen_1000592 crossref_primary_10_1021_bi3001159 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evv242 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mito_2019_12_001 crossref_primary_10_3389_fgene_2019_01405 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_1719375115 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_017_00141_2 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bulcan_2017_02_005 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msq123 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gene_2017_12_011 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0003569 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msz299 crossref_primary_10_1111_mec_13313 crossref_primary_10_1142_S0218339007002039 crossref_primary_10_1155_2015_387913 crossref_primary_10_3109_10715762_2012_702899 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpls_2021_579675 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11250_009_9516_3 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0025457 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_oraloncology_2012_03_012 crossref_primary_10_1093_bib_bbn049 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nbt_2011_03_007 crossref_primary_10_1534_genetics_106_063628 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evs082 crossref_primary_10_1099_vir_0_040311_0 crossref_primary_10_1002_ajmg_b_32128 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1558_5646_2008_00560_x crossref_primary_10_1111_jeb_14212 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evt058 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gpb_2022_07_006 crossref_primary_10_1093_dnares_dsu017 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msz263 crossref_primary_10_12688_f1000research_72896_3 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11250_019_02030_w crossref_primary_10_12688_f1000research_72896_4 crossref_primary_10_12688_f1000research_72896_1 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msp001 crossref_primary_10_12688_f1000research_72896_2 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11033_011_1081_y crossref_primary_10_1007_s00239_005_0233_x crossref_primary_10_1126_science_1254449 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgen_1000459 crossref_primary_10_1534_g3_119_401023 crossref_primary_10_3389_fgene_2023_1164593 crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2164_9_626 crossref_primary_10_1101_gr_086462_108 crossref_primary_10_1021_ac8009017 crossref_primary_10_4103_jcrt_jcrt_1479_22 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pcbi_1000344 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gene_2011_04_004 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evs073 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evu253 crossref_primary_10_1261_rna_047324_114 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_virusres_2007_05_020 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_0801692105 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_024_52660_4 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msy184 crossref_primary_10_1038_nrclinonc_2017_121 crossref_primary_10_1093_nar_gkp1040 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1365_294X_2009_04518_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gene_2015_01_066 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evae194 crossref_primary_10_1534_genetics_107_082792 crossref_primary_10_1101_gr_133546_111 crossref_primary_10_5808_GI_2017_15_4_123 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cell_2008_05_042 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msp109 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_4172123 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_brainresbull_2010_04_009 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biochi_2011_07_008 crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2148_10_310 crossref_primary_10_1093_dnares_dsw019 crossref_primary_10_1093_nar_gku646 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgen_1000281 crossref_primary_10_1038_hdy_2016_108 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msz248 crossref_primary_10_1093_europace_eur007 crossref_primary_10_1186_gb_2009_10_1_r10 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cub_2018_04_069 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_parkreldis_2012_07_016 crossref_primary_10_18632_oncotarget_14075 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biochi_2011_07_018 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_1810022115 crossref_primary_10_1186_gb_2009_10_11_r133 crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2018_02626 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evw132 crossref_primary_10_1093_nar_gku1313 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evx105 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bej_2009_12_021 crossref_primary_10_3389_fped_2022_813758 crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2148_12_8 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msq320 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1744_313X_2010_00943_x crossref_primary_10_1200_JCO_2010_31_9327 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msx197 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msy047 crossref_primary_10_1534_g3_119_400242 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msp324 crossref_primary_10_1093_bioinformatics_bty261 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evt093 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41586_022_04823_w crossref_primary_10_1093_ve_veaa098 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00439_011_1028_3 crossref_primary_10_3343_alm_2015_35_1_118 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00239_019_09921_4 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0013431 crossref_primary_10_1101_gr_076992_108 crossref_primary_10_1093_dnares_dsv027 crossref_primary_10_1101_gr_204669_116 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jgg_2019_12_001 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msp219 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1399_0039_2011_01801_x crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgen_1003527 crossref_primary_10_1111_pcmr_12413 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgen_1000256 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00438_014_0937_y crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_1007888107 crossref_primary_10_1093_hmg_ddv346 crossref_primary_10_2337_db07_1633 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pcbi_1000664 crossref_primary_10_3390_genes13040611 crossref_primary_10_1038_srep42169 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_genom_082908_150001 crossref_primary_10_1038_nrg2899 crossref_primary_10_1093_bioinformatics_btm176 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msn272 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0003746 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbrc_2006_03_108 crossref_primary_10_3390_genes14010148 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13059_014_0542_8 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_celrep_2014_08_012 crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2148_13_164 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jcf_2015_02_002 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12859_017_1793_7 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_020_17162_z crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ajhg_2020_05_011 crossref_primary_10_1038_d41586_022_01091_6 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evr057 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evs027 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gene_2012_01_017 crossref_primary_10_1093_bioinformatics_btu803 crossref_primary_10_3389_fmolb_2023_1218518 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11262_025_02148_0 crossref_primary_10_1093_dnares_dss011 crossref_primary_10_1002_biot_201000332 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ntt_2012_06_004 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgen_1000634 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgen_1002813 crossref_primary_10_18632_oncotarget_8963 crossref_primary_10_1186_gb_2013_14_5_r49 crossref_primary_10_1242_jeb_171595 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0220629 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_018_34404_9 crossref_primary_10_1038_nrg3051 crossref_primary_10_1089_gtmb_2015_0289 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00239_005_0273_2 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11692_007_9010_7 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12870_022_03655_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mito_2017_06_004 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_1304227110 crossref_primary_10_1101_cshperspect_a032706 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_livsci_2015_01_012 crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2105_14_S15_S1 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msw185 crossref_primary_10_1097_MD_0000000000005317 crossref_primary_10_1534_genetics_107_085563 crossref_primary_10_1093_sysbio_syx058 crossref_primary_10_1002_mgg3_1413 crossref_primary_10_1039_C5TB01753J crossref_primary_10_1016_j_hazadv_2022_100097 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_ecolsys_39_110707_173342 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbabio_2008_09_003 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0093416 crossref_primary_10_2217_14622416_8_6_527 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jmb_2011_05_031 crossref_primary_10_1111_adb_12072 crossref_primary_10_1186_gb_2007_8_3_r35 crossref_primary_10_1002_jgm_3009 crossref_primary_10_3390_genes13061060 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gde_2016_09_002 crossref_primary_10_71336_jabs_967 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1365_294X_2008_03954_x crossref_primary_10_1186_gb_2007_8_8_r158 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msn232 crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2156_10_76 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00239_017_9806_8 crossref_primary_10_1038_nrg2067 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0048541 crossref_primary_10_1038_s42003_024_06848_5 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12038_007_0104_2 crossref_primary_10_1002_biot_201000327 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12881_020_01121_y crossref_primary_10_18632_oncotarget_22738 crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2407_8_52 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_angen_2020_200104 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msl021 crossref_primary_10_1161_ATVBAHA_108_178384 crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2148_9_260 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaci_2014_12_1939 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_virol_2013_01_005 crossref_primary_10_1111_mec_14462 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1365_3040_2012_02544_x crossref_primary_10_1038_nrg2056 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCBB_2012_120 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jmb_2006_02_067 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jmb_2018_02_009 crossref_primary_10_1097_FPC_0000000000000155 crossref_primary_10_1111_mec_12282 crossref_primary_10_1111_mec_12281 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_yfrne_2017_07_003 crossref_primary_10_1101_gr_245522_118 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1752_8062_2010_00236_x crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0124471 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msu079 crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2148_8_333 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0002947 crossref_primary_10_1002_ajmg_a_63823 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ymgme_2007_06_001 crossref_primary_10_1038_nrm_2017_91 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2022117118 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ygeno_2009_02_004 crossref_primary_10_1101_cshperspect_a041453 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11033_009_9810_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_csbj_2021_12_025 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11033_007_9066_6 crossref_primary_10_1101_gr_071548_107 crossref_primary_10_4137_EBO_S22911 crossref_primary_10_1105_tpc_110_074229 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCBB_2012_88 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11033_010_0342_5 crossref_primary_10_1002_ajmg_b_31131 crossref_primary_10_1002_humu_20839 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10164_019_00593_7 crossref_primary_10_1093_nar_gkab1159 crossref_primary_10_1534_genetics_109_103556 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10658_023_02641_y crossref_primary_10_1016_j_molcel_2006_05_008 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgen_1000548 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgen_1002603 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msm210 crossref_primary_10_1126_sciadv_abl9812 crossref_primary_10_1086_513473 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00239_009_9222_9 crossref_primary_10_3390_genes14020292 crossref_primary_10_1515_bmc_2011_050 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evr076 crossref_primary_10_1093_nar_gku342 crossref_primary_10_7314_APJCP_2015_16_3_1051 crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2148_8_232 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpeds_2014_02_021 crossref_primary_10_1002_jmv_25057 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_indcrop_2020_112861 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msm104 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msm100 crossref_primary_10_1126_science_1145720 crossref_primary_10_1099_jgv_0_001406 crossref_primary_10_1111_evo_14196 crossref_primary_10_1038_srep43534 crossref_primary_10_1142_S021972001550002X crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evac016 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10681_017_1859_7 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evs035 crossref_primary_10_1534_g3_114_011262 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10539_013_9423_x crossref_primary_10_1038_nrg_2017_75 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msv272 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msw121 crossref_primary_10_1534_g3_113_005769 crossref_primary_10_1002_humu_24321 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gene_2021_145462 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ygeno_2016_01_008 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41388_018_0520_9 crossref_primary_10_1080_07357907_2021_1916520 crossref_primary_10_3382_ps_2010_00888 crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2148_7_176 crossref_primary_10_1093_nar_gkm447 crossref_primary_10_1128_JVI_01859_13 crossref_primary_10_1266_ggs_90_133 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1365_294X_2009_04447_x crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evz056 crossref_primary_10_1186_gb_2014_15_1_r3 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evaa046 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msv003 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msu270 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evaa044 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms161023545 crossref_primary_10_1038_nrg1838 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_biochem_071320_112701 crossref_primary_10_1093_bfgp_elp022 crossref_primary_10_1111_jeb_12614 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_genom_090413_025621 crossref_primary_10_1074_jbc_M115_684035 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_meatsci_2020_108314 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jmb_2023_168384 crossref_primary_10_1098_rstb_2018_0294 crossref_primary_10_1093_nar_gks1205 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evp030 crossref_primary_10_7717_peerj_642 crossref_primary_10_1002_pmic_201000229 crossref_primary_10_1111_1755_0998_12602 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evac115 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msv137 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msx315 crossref_primary_10_7717_peerj_3692 crossref_primary_10_1182_blood_2011_04_348888 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_omtm_2017_01_002 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12265_011_9259_1 crossref_primary_10_1039_C3MT00132F crossref_primary_10_1007_s12022_017_9487_2 crossref_primary_10_1093_bioinformatics_btt308 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msv251 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_021_88225_4 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12881_019_0926_4 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_exer_2013_11_009 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1365_294X_2012_05669_x crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2148_13_102 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evp001 crossref_primary_10_1534_g3_115_019877 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mrfmmm_2018_12_002 crossref_primary_10_2217_14622416_8_8_1075 crossref_primary_10_1002_arch_21750 crossref_primary_10_1093_nar_gkz831 crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2164_14_268 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0022613 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0063403 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ygeno_2016_04_004 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gene_2013_01_033 crossref_primary_10_1155_2010_343569 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ygeno_2019_07_023 crossref_primary_10_1676_19_13 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1420_9101_2007_01398_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_molcel_2012_05_039 crossref_primary_10_1002_bip_22681 crossref_primary_10_1093_nar_gkv128 crossref_primary_10_1186_1745_6150_6_48 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13059_017_1337_5 crossref_primary_10_1002_bies_080092 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11802_021_4739_7 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_1310398110 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgen_1006799 crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2164_8_372 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_smallrumres_2012_01_004 crossref_primary_10_1093_hmg_ddq201 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msv208 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0020660 crossref_primary_10_1111_mec_15159 crossref_primary_10_1158_1055_9965_EPI_07_2753 crossref_primary_10_1093_nar_gkw268 crossref_primary_10_1101_gr_108753_110 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13277_015_3447_6 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgen_1006024 crossref_primary_10_1002_1873_3468_13046 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12886_015_0008_0 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_020_73748_z crossref_primary_10_1007_s00265_015_1887_z crossref_primary_10_1093_bioinformatics_btu797 crossref_primary_10_1093_hmg_ddaa151 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11295_018_1297_2 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_017_02809_1 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_020_78260_y crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_genet_111212_133526 crossref_primary_10_1002_bies_20592 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12862_015_0352_y crossref_primary_10_3389_fmicb_2021_633946 crossref_primary_10_1128_JVI_01500_08 crossref_primary_10_1101_gr_118638_110 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_mss184 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0263606 crossref_primary_10_4295_audiology_61_129 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijbiomac_2023_123835 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00239_022_10064_2 crossref_primary_10_1098_rspb_2016_1016 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evr129 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_021_24364_6 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_msab270 crossref_primary_10_7554_eLife_27344 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ceca_2018_01_002 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1601_6343_2010_01488_x crossref_primary_10_1186_1756_0500_5_212 crossref_primary_10_3109_08039488_2012_700731 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vetimm_2025_110911 crossref_primary_10_1261_rna_044115_113 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0006698 crossref_primary_10_1534_genetics_110_118000 crossref_primary_10_1002_ajh_21654 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cell_2018_08_057 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_febslet_2011_05_001 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbagrm_2016_03_014 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pbio_2000779 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgen_1008304 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_018_36349_5 crossref_primary_10_1093_gbe_evr112 crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2148_14_96 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgen_1006489 crossref_primary_10_1002_bit_26183 crossref_primary_10_1101_gr_6661308 crossref_primary_10_1177_117693430700300004 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_exer_2013_04_019 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chom_2012_11_002 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11756_021_00887_7 crossref_primary_10_1111_jse_12127 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgen_1005391 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0147619 crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2148_8_186 crossref_primary_10_1111_hae_13107 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0144473 crossref_primary_10_1038_471582a crossref_primary_10_1007_s11033_011_0694_5 crossref_primary_10_1098_rsbl_2009_0155 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12859_021_04172_x crossref_primary_10_1038_sj_ejhg_5201714 crossref_primary_10_1111_nph_18966 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbapap_2009_02_014 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_preteyeres_2022_101159 crossref_primary_10_1534_genetics_111_128355 crossref_primary_10_1038_ng_3991 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00239_006_0207_7 crossref_primary_10_1093_molbev_mst131
Cites_doi	10.1136/jmg.35.6.456 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00384-3 10.1002/bies.950180812 10.1126/science.1073774 10.1038/325728a0 10.1534/genetics.104.026351 10.1016/j.gene.2004.11.035 10.1101/gr.606402 10.1093/nar/gkh834 10.1007/PL00013151 10.1212/WNL.61.10.1432 10.1007/s00239-001-0011-3 10.1093/jhered/92.6.481 10.1073/pnas.96.14.7871 10.1093/molbev/msi232 10.1093/nar/8.9.1893 10.1093/genetics/144.3.1297 10.1038/labinvest.3700164 10.1002/humu.20026 10.1093/molbev/msi218 10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00226-7 10.1073/pnas.201392198 10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00638-2 10.1038/nrg1327 10.1038/ng1103 10.1016/S0168-9525(02)02722-1 10.1007/s00239-005-0055-x 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020268 10.1038/267275a0 10.1016/j.tig.2004.08.014 10.1073/pnas.0404957101 10.1534/genetics.167.1.543 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003860 10.1093/molbev/msj035 10.1007/PL00006223 10.1073/pnas.78.9.5739 10.1093/genetics/156.1.297 10.1007/BF02103136 10.1002/humu.20087 10.1038/nrg775 10.1038/35057062 10.1038/41024 10.1093/genetics/162.4.1837 10.1093/genetics/153.3.1395 10.1101/gr.1597404 10.1016/j.cell.2004.11.010 10.1038/ng1392 10.1093/genetics/159.2.907 10.1016/j.tig.2005.09.002 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2004.00358.x 10.1212/01.WNL.0000158475.12907.D6 10.1007/BF00166595 10.1016/0022-2836(87)90230-0 10.1016/S0168-9525(02)00002-1 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201098 10.1126/science.164.3881.788 10.1016/S0959-437X(98)80038-5 10.1086/378134 10.1093/genetics/152.2.675 10.1006/mpev.1997.0411 10.1126/science.4001930 10.1002/ajmg.a.20633 10.1093/molbev/msi135 10.1093/molbev/msh087 10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00482-0 10.1016/S0960-9822(99)80361-3 10.1006/jmbi.1996.0528 10.1016/S0968-0004(00)01549-8 10.1006/jmbi.1998.1921 10.1101/gr.641103 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003858 10.1093/molbev/msj053 10.1093/nar/27.7.1578 10.1160/TH04-09-0633 10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02173-9 10.1073/pnas.2233252100 10.1093/hmg/ddi226 10.1007/s002390010219 10.1093/genetics/162.4.1805 10.1093/nar/gkg699 10.1073/pnas.0500436102 10.1093/genetics/163.1.239 10.1093/hmg/ddi038 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030042 10.1073/pnas.0502288102 10.1098/rstb.1995.0108 10.1093/genetics/159.3.1191 10.1038/337283a0 10.1073/pnas.0501213102 10.1186/gb-2005-6-9-r75 10.1126/science.1086763 10.1006/tpbi.1996.0007 10.1093/hmg/ddh273 10.1016/S0168-9525(01)02281-8 10.1038/nrm1497 10.1182/blood.V98.2.436 10.1081/HEM-120040257 10.1038/35080577 10.1093/genetics/138.1.191 10.1098/rspb.2005.3217 10.1128/JVI.70.7.4646-4654.1996 10.1007/s00239-003-2519-1 10.1038/217624a0 10.1093/genetics/155.2.909 10.1016/S0168-9525(01)02344-7 10.1101/gr.1152803 10.1093/hmg/ddg055 10.1007/PL00006211 10.1126/science.290.5490.331 10.1016/S0959-437X(02)00353-2 10.1093/nar/gki242 10.1038/ng1129 10.1038/nbt0596-610 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003975 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003766 10.1093/hmg/ddg251 10.1016/j.tig.2005.03.001 10.1093/genetics/152.2.661 10.1089/10665270360688101 10.1007/BF00160235 10.1086/318206 10.1101/gr.944903 10.1002/pro.5560050814 10.1126/science.168.3934.1009 10.1093/molbev/msh191 10.1128/MCB.24.24.10505-10514.2004 10.1093/molbev/msh070 10.1093/genetics/159.2.623
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	Springer Nature Limited 2006 2006 INIST-CNRS COPYRIGHT 2006 Nature Publishing Group Copyright Nature Publishing Group Feb 2006
Copyright_xml	– notice: Springer Nature Limited 2006 – notice: 2006 INIST-CNRS – notice: COPYRIGHT 2006 Nature Publishing Group – notice: Copyright Nature Publishing Group Feb 2006
DBID	AAYXX CITATION IQODW CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM ISR 3V. 7QP 7QR 7RV 7TK 7TM 7X7 7XB 88A 88E 8AO 8C1 8FD 8FE 8FH 8FI 8FJ 8FK ABUWG AFKRA AZQEC BBNVY BENPR BHPHI CCPQU DWQXO FR3 FYUFA GHDGH GNUQQ HCIFZ K9. KB0 LK8 M0S M1P M7P NAPCQ P64 PHGZM PHGZT PJZUB PKEHL PPXIY PQEST PQGLB PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS RC3 7X8
DOI	10.1038/nrg1770
DatabaseName	CrossRef Pascal-Francis Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed Gale In Context: Science ProQuest Central (Corporate) Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts Chemoreception Abstracts Nursing & Allied Health Database Neurosciences Abstracts Nucleic Acids Abstracts Health & Medical Collection ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016) Biology Database (Alumni Edition) Medical Database (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Pharma Collection Public Health Database Technology Research Database ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest Natural Science Collection Hospital Premium Collection Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest Central UK/Ireland ProQuest Central Essentials Biological Science Collection ProQuest Central Natural Science Collection ProQuest One ProQuest Central Korea Engineering Research Database Health Research Premium Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Central Student SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition) Biological Sciences Health & Medical Collection (Alumni) PML(ProQuest Medical Library) Biological Science Database Nursing & Allied Health Premium Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China Genetics Abstracts MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitle	CrossRef MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) ProQuest Central Student Technology Research Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Central Essentials Nucleic Acids Abstracts ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest One Community College ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest Natural Science Collection ProQuest Pharma Collection ProQuest Central China ProQuest Biology Journals (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection Genetics Abstracts Health Research Premium Collection Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition) Natural Science Collection ProQuest Central Korea Health & Medical Research Collection Biological Science Collection Chemoreception Abstracts ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni) ProQuest Public Health ProQuest Biological Science Collection ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source ProQuest Hospital Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) Biological Science Database ProQuest SciTech Collection Neurosciences Abstracts ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni) Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts Nursing & Allied Health Premium ProQuest Health & Medical Complete ProQuest Medical Library ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source (Alumni) Engineering Research Database ProQuest One Academic Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest Central (Alumni) MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList	MEDLINE - Academic ProQuest Central Student Genetics Abstracts MEDLINE
Database_xml	– sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: EIF name: MEDLINE url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 3 dbid: BENPR name: ProQuest Central url: https://www.proquest.com/central sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod	fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Agriculture Biology
EISSN	1471-0064
EndPage	108
ExternalDocumentID	996167621 A188851381 16418745 17671634 10_1038_nrg1770
Genre	Comparative Study Review Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Journal Article
GroupedDBID	--- -DZ .55 0R~ 123 29M 36B 39C 3V. 4.4 53G 70F 7RV 7X7 88A 88E 8AO 8C1 8FE 8FH 8FI 8FJ 8R4 8R5 AAEEF AARCD AAWYQ AAYZH AAZLF ABAWZ ABDBF ABJNI ABLJU ABUWG ACGFS ACIWK ACPRK ACUHS ADBBV AENEX AFBBN AFFNX AFKRA AFSHS AGAYW AGHTU AHBCP AHMBA AHOSX AHSBF AIBTJ ALFFA ALIPV ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ARMCB ASPBG AVWKF AXYYD AZFZN B0M BBNVY BENPR BHPHI BKEYQ BKKNO BPHCQ BVXVI CCPQU CS3 DB5 DU5 EAD EAP EBS EE. EJD EMB EMK EMOBN EPL ESX EX3 EXGXG F5P FEDTE FQGFK FSGXE FYUFA HCIFZ HMCUK HVGLF HZ~ IAO IGS IHR IHW INH INR ISR ITC LK8 M0L M1P M7P N9A NAPCQ NNMJJ O9- ODYON PQQKQ PROAC PSQYO Q2X RIG RNR RNS RNT RNTTT SHXYY SIXXV SNYQT SOJ SV3 TAOOD TBHMF TDRGL TSG TUS UKHRP WOW X7M ~8M AAYXX ABFSG ACSTC AEZWR AFANA AFHIU AHWEU AIXLP ALPWD ATHPR CITATION NFIDA PHGZM PHGZT IQODW PJZUB PPXIY PQGLB CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM PMFND 7QP 7QR 7TK 7TM 7XB 8FD 8FK AZQEC DWQXO FR3 GNUQQ K9. P64 PKEHL PQEST PQUKI PRINS RC3 7X8
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c504t-a9b29bb14ff25f538cb010b64bbf6fad97047e5b54ef8af4d62a195449db31653
IEDL.DBID	7X7
ISSN	1471-0056
IngestDate	Fri Jul 11 04:29:33 EDT 2025 Fri Jul 11 14:25:10 EDT 2025 Fri Jul 25 09:11:25 EDT 2025 Tue Jun 10 21:27:58 EDT 2025 Fri Jun 27 03:34:58 EDT 2025 Thu May 22 20:59:47 EDT 2025 Wed Feb 19 01:42:32 EST 2025 Mon Jul 21 09:16:11 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 23:11:29 EDT 2025 Tue Jul 01 02:36:49 EDT 2025 Fri Feb 21 02:38:00 EST 2025
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Issue	2
Keywords	Molecular evolution Vertebrata Hearing Mammalia
Language	English
License	http://www.springer.com/tdm CC BY 4.0
LinkModel	DirectLink
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c504t-a9b29bb14ff25f538cb010b64bbf6fad97047e5b54ef8af4d62a195449db31653
Notes	ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 14 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-1 ObjectType-Review-3
PMID	16418745
PQID	223750238
PQPubID	44267
PageCount	11
ParticipantIDs	proquest_miscellaneous_70686678 proquest_miscellaneous_17070432 proquest_journals_223750238 gale_infotracacademiconefile_A188851381 gale_incontextgauss_ISR_A188851381 gale_healthsolutions_A188851381 pubmed_primary_16418745 pascalfrancis_primary_17671634 crossref_citationtrail_10_1038_nrg1770 crossref_primary_10_1038_nrg1770 springer_journals_10_1038_nrg1770
ProviderPackageCode	CITATION AAYXX
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	2006-02-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2006-02-01
PublicationDate_xml	– month: 02 year: 2006 text: 2006-02-01 day: 01
PublicationDecade	2000
PublicationPlace	London
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: London – name: England
PublicationTitle	Nature reviews. Genetics
PublicationTitleAbbrev	Nat Rev Genet
PublicationTitleAlternate	Nat Rev Genet
PublicationYear	2006
Publisher	Nature Publishing Group UK Nature Publishing Group
Publisher_xml	– name: Nature Publishing Group UK – name: Nature Publishing Group
References	S Aretz (BFnrg1770_CR119) 2004; 24 WJ Netzer (BFnrg1770_CR108) 1997; 388 W Seffens (BFnrg1770_CR84) 1999; 27 D Casane (BFnrg1770_CR51) 1997; 45 Y Lavner (BFnrg1770_CR63) 2005; 345 MJ Lercher (BFnrg1770_CR75) 2003; 12 P Cortazzo (BFnrg1770_CR105) 2002; 293 PD Keightley (BFnrg1770_CR21) 2005; 3 LD Hurst (BFnrg1770_CR98) 2001; 17 A Eyre-Walker (BFnrg1770_CR26) 2001; 2 G Piganeau (BFnrg1770_CR117) 2002; 54 I Hellmann (BFnrg1770_CR56) 2003; 13 G Bernardi (BFnrg1770_CR25) 1985; 228 JB Plotkin (BFnrg1770_CR109) 2004; 101 JH Gillespie (BFnrg1770_CR13) 1991 B Buchroithner (BFnrg1770_CR126) 2004; 84 M dos Reis (BFnrg1770_CR70) 2004; 32 M Kimura (BFnrg1770_CR2) 1968; 217 P Green (BFnrg1770_CR47) 2003; 33 J Duan (BFnrg1770_CR81) 2003; 12 A Eyre-Walker (BFnrg1770_CR24) 1991; 33 Z Wang (BFnrg1770_CR93) 2004; 119 J Lu (BFnrg1770_CR62) 2005; 102 JV Chamary (BFnrg1770_CR78) 2005; 6 JM Comeron (BFnrg1770_CR66) 2004; 167 F Capon (BFnrg1770_CR82) 2004; 13 DB Carlini (BFnrg1770_CR111) 2001; 159 I Fernandez-Cadenas (BFnrg1770_CR129) 2003; 61 BA Wicklow (BFnrg1770_CR124) 2004; 127A A Eyre-Walker (BFnrg1770_CR27) 1999; 152 MA Huynen (BFnrg1770_CR87) 1992; 34 WG Fairbrother (BFnrg1770_CR92) 2002; 297 R Nielsen (BFnrg1770_CR11) 1997; 7 SI Wright (BFnrg1770_CR20) 2004; 21 E Willie (BFnrg1770_CR95) 2004; 20 JP Levy (BFnrg1770_CR72) 1996; 14 E Buratti (BFnrg1770_CR79) 2004; 24 M Kreitman (BFnrg1770_CR1) 1996; 18 TA Thanaraj (BFnrg1770_CR106) 1996; 5 N Galtier (BFnrg1770_CR34) 2003; 19 BFnrg1770_CR61 Y Xing (BFnrg1770_CR36) 2005; 102 ST Eskesen (BFnrg1770_CR91) 2004; 167 M O'Driscoll (BFnrg1770_CR120) 2003; 33 CL Harteveld (BFnrg1770_CR123) 2004; 28 S Kanaya (BFnrg1770_CR68) 2001; 53 YZ Du (BFnrg1770_CR127) 1998; 35 SK Pond (BFnrg1770_CR37) 2005; 22 AO Urrutia (BFnrg1770_CR40) 2003; 13 B Cohen (BFnrg1770_CR85) 2003; 10 MJ Lercher (BFnrg1770_CR50) 2004; 14 T Mizuguchi (BFnrg1770_CR130) 2004; 36 R Grantham (BFnrg1770_CR114) 1980; 8 BP Cusack (BFnrg1770_CR103) 2005; 22 H Flusser (BFnrg1770_CR122) 2005; 64 S Karlin (BFnrg1770_CR38) 1996; 262 FC Chen (BFnrg1770_CR59) 2001; 92 JV Chamary (BFnrg1770_CR96) 2005; 21 BJ Blencowe (BFnrg1770_CR94) 2000; 25 FC Chen (BFnrg1770_CR58) 2001; 68 R Schroeder (BFnrg1770_CR86) 2004; 5 L Duret (BFnrg1770_CR29) 2002; 162 M Bulmer (BFnrg1770_CR64) 1987; 325 J Majewski (BFnrg1770_CR53) 2002; 12 IJ Purvis (BFnrg1770_CR104) 1987; 193 MJ Lercher (BFnrg1770_CR28) 2002; 162 J Denecke (BFnrg1770_CR118) 2004; 23 BFnrg1770_CR132 TI Orban (BFnrg1770_CR99) 2001; 17 F Rodriguez-Trelles (BFnrg1770_CR12) 2001; 98 DB Carlini (BFnrg1770_CR112) 2005; 22 PD Keightley (BFnrg1770_CR5) 2000; 290 J Duan (BFnrg1770_CR88) 2003; 57 M Kimura (BFnrg1770_CR15) 1977; 267 J Meunier (BFnrg1770_CR33) 2004; 21 NGC Smith (BFnrg1770_CR60) 1998; 47 H Akashi (BFnrg1770_CR18) 1998; 8 ES Lander (BFnrg1770_CR69) 2001; 409 F Ishibashi (BFnrg1770_CR121) 2001; 98 T Ohta (BFnrg1770_CR10) 1995; 40 L Cartegni (BFnrg1770_CR89) 2002; 3 AO Urrutia (BFnrg1770_CR39) 2001; 159 NG Smith (BFnrg1770_CR83) 1999; 153 RC Lewontin (BFnrg1770_CR7) 1974 L Duret (BFnrg1770_CR43) 2001; 18 WG Fairbrother (BFnrg1770_CR101) 2004; 2 KH Wolfe (BFnrg1770_CR3) 1989; 337 AE Vinogradov (BFnrg1770_CR44) 2001; 276 G Matassi (BFnrg1770_CR49) 1999; 9 F Pagani (BFnrg1770_CR100) 2005; 102 PM Sharp (BFnrg1770_CR65) 2005; 33 PD Keightley (BFnrg1770_CR54) 2003; 100 H Akashi (BFnrg1770_CR115) 1996; 144 AE Vinogradov (BFnrg1770_CR31) 2003; 31 L Duret (BFnrg1770_CR19) 2002; 12 K Iida (BFnrg1770_CR35) 2000; 261 AE Vinogradov (BFnrg1770_CR30) 2001; 18 M Semon (BFnrg1770_CR76) 2005; 14 NGC Smith (BFnrg1770_CR4) 1999; 152 PM Sharp (BFnrg1770_CR23) 1995; 349 B Hoopengardner (BFnrg1770_CR131) 2003; 301 SA Shabalina (BFnrg1770_CR6) 2001; 17 S Subramanian (BFnrg1770_CR57) 2003; 13 GV Kryukov (BFnrg1770_CR116) 2005; 14 T Miyata (BFnrg1770_CR45) 1981; 78 N Galtier (BFnrg1770_CR32) 2001; 159 JL King (BFnrg1770_CR14) 1969; 164 D Kaufmann (BFnrg1770_CR67) 2004; 12 AL Hughes (BFnrg1770_CR41) 1997; 45 LD Hurst (BFnrg1770_CR110) 2002; 18 T Ikemura (BFnrg1770_CR17) 1985; 2 T Ohta (BFnrg1770_CR9) 1996; 49 M Woolfit (BFnrg1770_CR22) 2005; 272 S Zolotukhin (BFnrg1770_CR73) 1996; 70 BFnrg1770_CR97 BFnrg1770_CR102 P Amati-Bonneau (BFnrg1770_CR128) 2005; 67 JH Gillespie (BFnrg1770_CR8) 2000; 155 RM Adkins (BFnrg1770_CR113) 2001; 18 LX Shen (BFnrg1770_CR80) 1999; 96 B Clarke (BFnrg1770_CR16) 1970; 168 F Pagani (BFnrg1770_CR90) 2004; 5 M Oresic (BFnrg1770_CR107) 1998; 281 CH Kim (BFnrg1770_CR74) 1997; 199 CD Bustamante (BFnrg1770_CR46) 2002; 19 JV Chamary (BFnrg1770_CR55) 2004; 21 AE Vinogradov (BFnrg1770_CR77) 2005; 21 RW DeBry (BFnrg1770_CR42) 1994; 138 DB Carlini (BFnrg1770_CR71) 2003; 163 J Majewski (BFnrg1770_CR48) 2003; 73 JL Xie (BFnrg1770_CR125) 2005; 93 MW Nachman (BFnrg1770_CR52) 2000; 156
References_xml	– volume: 35 start-page: 456 year: 1998 ident: BFnrg1770_CR127 publication-title: J. Med. Genet. doi: 10.1136/jmg.35.6.456 – volume: 199 start-page: 293 year: 1997 ident: BFnrg1770_CR74 publication-title: Gene doi: 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00384-3 – volume: 18 start-page: 678 year: 1996 ident: BFnrg1770_CR1 publication-title: Bioessays doi: 10.1002/bies.950180812 – volume: 297 start-page: 1007 year: 2002 ident: BFnrg1770_CR92 publication-title: Science doi: 10.1126/science.1073774 – volume: 325 start-page: 728 year: 1987 ident: BFnrg1770_CR64 publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/325728a0 – volume: 167 start-page: 1293 year: 2004 ident: BFnrg1770_CR66 publication-title: Genetics doi: 10.1534/genetics.104.026351 – volume-title: The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change year: 1974 ident: BFnrg1770_CR7 – volume: 345 start-page: 127 year: 2005 ident: BFnrg1770_CR63 publication-title: Gene doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.11.035 – volume: 12 start-page: 1827 year: 2002 ident: BFnrg1770_CR53 publication-title: Genome Res. doi: 10.1101/gr.606402 – volume: 32 start-page: 5036 year: 2004 ident: BFnrg1770_CR70 publication-title: Nucleic Acids Res. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkh834 – volume: 47 start-page: 493 year: 1998 ident: BFnrg1770_CR60 publication-title: J. Mol. Evol. doi: 10.1007/PL00013151 – volume: 61 start-page: 1432 year: 2003 ident: BFnrg1770_CR129 publication-title: Neurology doi: 10.1212/WNL.61.10.1432 – volume: 54 start-page: 129 year: 2002 ident: BFnrg1770_CR117 publication-title: J. Mol. Evol. doi: 10.1007/s00239-001-0011-3 – volume: 92 start-page: 481 year: 2001 ident: BFnrg1770_CR59 publication-title: J. Hered. doi: 10.1093/jhered/92.6.481 – volume: 96 start-page: 7871 year: 1999 ident: BFnrg1770_CR80 publication-title: Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.14.7871 – volume: 22 start-page: 2375 year: 2005 ident: BFnrg1770_CR37 publication-title: Mol. Biol. Evol. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msi232 – volume: 8 start-page: 1893 year: 1980 ident: BFnrg1770_CR114 publication-title: Nucleic Acids Res. doi: 10.1093/nar/8.9.1893 – volume: 144 start-page: 1297 year: 1996 ident: BFnrg1770_CR115 publication-title: Genetics doi: 10.1093/genetics/144.3.1297 – volume: 84 start-page: 1279 year: 2004 ident: BFnrg1770_CR126 publication-title: Lab. Invest. doi: 10.1038/labinvest.3700164 – volume: 23 start-page: 477 year: 2004 ident: BFnrg1770_CR118 publication-title: Hum. Mut. doi: 10.1002/humu.20026 – volume: 22 start-page: 2198 year: 2005 ident: BFnrg1770_CR103 publication-title: Mol. Biol. Evol. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msi218 – volume: 293 start-page: 537 year: 2002 ident: BFnrg1770_CR105 publication-title: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. doi: 10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00226-7 – volume: 98 start-page: 11405 year: 2001 ident: BFnrg1770_CR12 publication-title: Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA doi: 10.1073/pnas.201392198 – volume: 276 start-page: 143 year: 2001 ident: BFnrg1770_CR44 publication-title: Gene doi: 10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00638-2 – volume: 5 start-page: 389 year: 2004 ident: BFnrg1770_CR90 publication-title: Nature Rev. Genet. doi: 10.1038/nrg1327 – volume: 33 start-page: 514 year: 2003 ident: BFnrg1770_CR47 publication-title: Nature Genet. doi: 10.1038/ng1103 – volume: 18 start-page: 486 year: 2002 ident: BFnrg1770_CR110 publication-title: Trends Genet. doi: 10.1016/S0168-9525(02)02722-1 – ident: BFnrg1770_CR102 doi: 10.1007/s00239-005-0055-x – volume: 2 start-page: e268 year: 2004 ident: BFnrg1770_CR101 publication-title: PLoS Biol. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020268 – volume: 267 start-page: 275 year: 1977 ident: BFnrg1770_CR15 publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/267275a0 – volume: 20 start-page: 534 year: 2004 ident: BFnrg1770_CR95 publication-title: Trends Genet. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2004.08.014 – volume: 101 start-page: 12588 year: 2004 ident: BFnrg1770_CR109 publication-title: Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA doi: 10.1073/pnas.0404957101 – volume: 167 start-page: 543 year: 2004 ident: BFnrg1770_CR91 publication-title: Genetics doi: 10.1534/genetics.167.1.543 – volume: 18 start-page: 777 year: 2001 ident: BFnrg1770_CR113 publication-title: Mol. Biol. Evol. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003860 – ident: BFnrg1770_CR97 doi: 10.1093/molbev/msj035 – volume: 45 start-page: 216 year: 1997 ident: BFnrg1770_CR51 publication-title: J. Mol. Evol. doi: 10.1007/PL00006223 – volume-title: The Causes of Molecular Evolution year: 1991 ident: BFnrg1770_CR13 – volume: 78 start-page: 5739 year: 1981 ident: BFnrg1770_CR45 publication-title: Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.9.5739 – volume: 156 start-page: 297 year: 2000 ident: BFnrg1770_CR52 publication-title: Genetics doi: 10.1093/genetics/156.1.297 – volume: 33 start-page: 442 year: 1991 ident: BFnrg1770_CR24 publication-title: J. Mol. Evol. doi: 10.1007/BF02103136 – volume: 24 start-page: 370 year: 2004 ident: BFnrg1770_CR119 publication-title: Hum. Mut. doi: 10.1002/humu.20087 – volume: 3 start-page: 285 year: 2002 ident: BFnrg1770_CR89 publication-title: Nature Rev. Genet. doi: 10.1038/nrg775 – volume: 409 start-page: 860 year: 2001 ident: BFnrg1770_CR69 publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/35057062 – volume: 388 start-page: 343 year: 1997 ident: BFnrg1770_CR108 publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/41024 – volume: 162 start-page: 1837 year: 2002 ident: BFnrg1770_CR29 publication-title: Genetics doi: 10.1093/genetics/162.4.1837 – volume: 153 start-page: 1395 year: 1999 ident: BFnrg1770_CR83 publication-title: Genetics doi: 10.1093/genetics/153.3.1395 – volume: 14 start-page: 1002 year: 2004 ident: BFnrg1770_CR50 publication-title: Genome Res. doi: 10.1101/gr.1597404 – volume: 119 start-page: 831 year: 2004 ident: BFnrg1770_CR93 publication-title: Cell doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2004.11.010 – volume: 36 start-page: 855 year: 2004 ident: BFnrg1770_CR130 publication-title: Nature Genet. doi: 10.1038/ng1392 – volume: 159 start-page: 907 year: 2001 ident: BFnrg1770_CR32 publication-title: Genetics doi: 10.1093/genetics/159.2.907 – volume: 21 start-page: 639 year: 2005 ident: BFnrg1770_CR77 publication-title: Trends Genet. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2005.09.002 – volume: 67 start-page: 102 year: 2005 ident: BFnrg1770_CR128 publication-title: Clin. Genet. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2004.00358.x – volume: 64 start-page: 1426 year: 2005 ident: BFnrg1770_CR122 publication-title: Neurology doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000158475.12907.D6 – volume: 40 start-page: 56 year: 1995 ident: BFnrg1770_CR10 publication-title: J. Mol. Evol. doi: 10.1007/BF00166595 – volume: 193 start-page: 413 year: 1987 ident: BFnrg1770_CR104 publication-title: J. Mol. Biol. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(87)90230-0 – volume: 19 start-page: 65 year: 2003 ident: BFnrg1770_CR34 publication-title: Trends Genet. doi: 10.1016/S0168-9525(02)00002-1 – volume: 12 start-page: 139 year: 2004 ident: BFnrg1770_CR67 publication-title: Eur. J. Hum. Genet. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201098 – volume: 164 start-page: 788 year: 1969 ident: BFnrg1770_CR14 publication-title: Science doi: 10.1126/science.164.3881.788 – volume: 8 start-page: 688 year: 1998 ident: BFnrg1770_CR18 publication-title: Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. doi: 10.1016/S0959-437X(98)80038-5 – volume: 73 start-page: 688 year: 2003 ident: BFnrg1770_CR48 publication-title: Am. J. Hum. Genet. doi: 10.1086/378134 – volume: 152 start-page: 675 year: 1999 ident: BFnrg1770_CR27 publication-title: Genetics doi: 10.1093/genetics/152.2.675 – volume: 7 start-page: 346 year: 1997 ident: BFnrg1770_CR11 publication-title: Mol. Phyl. Evol. doi: 10.1006/mpev.1997.0411 – volume: 228 start-page: 953 year: 1985 ident: BFnrg1770_CR25 publication-title: Science doi: 10.1126/science.4001930 – volume: 127A start-page: 158 year: 2004 ident: BFnrg1770_CR124 publication-title: Am. J. Med. Genet. Part A doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20633 – volume: 22 start-page: 1403 year: 2005 ident: BFnrg1770_CR112 publication-title: Mol. Biol. Evol. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msi135 – volume: 21 start-page: 1014 year: 2004 ident: BFnrg1770_CR55 publication-title: Mol. Biol. Evol. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msh087 – volume: 261 start-page: 93 year: 2000 ident: BFnrg1770_CR35 publication-title: Gene doi: 10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00482-0 – volume: 9 start-page: 786 year: 1999 ident: BFnrg1770_CR49 publication-title: Curr. Biol. doi: 10.1016/S0960-9822(99)80361-3 – volume: 262 start-page: 459 year: 1996 ident: BFnrg1770_CR38 publication-title: J. Mol. Biol. doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1996.0528 – volume: 25 start-page: 106 year: 2000 ident: BFnrg1770_CR94 publication-title: Trends Biochem. Sci. doi: 10.1016/S0968-0004(00)01549-8 – volume: 281 start-page: 31 year: 1998 ident: BFnrg1770_CR107 publication-title: J. Mol. Biol. doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1998.1921 – volume: 13 start-page: 2260 year: 2003 ident: BFnrg1770_CR40 publication-title: Genome Res. doi: 10.1101/gr.641103 – volume: 18 start-page: 757 year: 2001 ident: BFnrg1770_CR43 publication-title: Mol. Biol. Evol. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003858 – ident: BFnrg1770_CR132 doi: 10.1093/molbev/msj053 – volume: 27 start-page: 1578 year: 1999 ident: BFnrg1770_CR84 publication-title: Nucleic Acids Res. doi: 10.1093/nar/27.7.1578 – volume: 93 start-page: 897 year: 2005 ident: BFnrg1770_CR125 publication-title: Thromb. Haemost. doi: 10.1160/TH04-09-0633 – volume: 17 start-page: 62 year: 2001 ident: BFnrg1770_CR98 publication-title: Trends Genet. doi: 10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02173-9 – volume: 100 start-page: 13402 year: 2003 ident: BFnrg1770_CR54 publication-title: Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA doi: 10.1073/pnas.2233252100 – volume: 14 start-page: 2221 year: 2005 ident: BFnrg1770_CR116 publication-title: Hum. Mol. Genet. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddi226 – volume: 53 start-page: 290 year: 2001 ident: BFnrg1770_CR68 publication-title: J. Mol. Evol. doi: 10.1007/s002390010219 – volume: 162 start-page: 1805 year: 2002 ident: BFnrg1770_CR28 publication-title: Genetics doi: 10.1093/genetics/162.4.1805 – volume: 31 start-page: 5212 year: 2003 ident: BFnrg1770_CR31 publication-title: Nucleic Acids Res. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkg699 – volume: 102 start-page: 4063 year: 2005 ident: BFnrg1770_CR62 publication-title: Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA doi: 10.1073/pnas.0500436102 – volume: 163 start-page: 239 year: 2003 ident: BFnrg1770_CR71 publication-title: Genetics doi: 10.1093/genetics/163.1.239 – volume: 14 start-page: 421 year: 2005 ident: BFnrg1770_CR76 publication-title: Hum. Mol. Genet. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddi038 – volume: 3 start-page: e42 year: 2005 ident: BFnrg1770_CR21 publication-title: PLoS Biol. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030042 – volume: 102 start-page: 6368 year: 2005 ident: BFnrg1770_CR100 publication-title: Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA doi: 10.1073/pnas.0502288102 – volume: 349 start-page: 241 year: 1995 ident: BFnrg1770_CR23 publication-title: Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B doi: 10.1098/rstb.1995.0108 – volume: 159 start-page: 1191 year: 2001 ident: BFnrg1770_CR39 publication-title: Genetics doi: 10.1093/genetics/159.3.1191 – volume: 337 start-page: 283 year: 1989 ident: BFnrg1770_CR3 publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/337283a0 – volume: 102 start-page: 13526 year: 2005 ident: BFnrg1770_CR36 publication-title: Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA doi: 10.1073/pnas.0501213102 – volume: 6 start-page: R75 year: 2005 ident: BFnrg1770_CR78 publication-title: Genome Biol. doi: 10.1186/gb-2005-6-9-r75 – volume: 301 start-page: 832 year: 2003 ident: BFnrg1770_CR131 publication-title: Science doi: 10.1126/science.1086763 – volume: 49 start-page: 128 year: 1996 ident: BFnrg1770_CR9 publication-title: Theor. Pop. Biol. doi: 10.1006/tpbi.1996.0007 – volume: 13 start-page: 2361 year: 2004 ident: BFnrg1770_CR82 publication-title: Hum. Mol. Genet. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddh273 – volume: 17 start-page: 252 year: 2001 ident: BFnrg1770_CR99 publication-title: Trends Genet. doi: 10.1016/S0168-9525(01)02281-8 – volume: 5 start-page: 908 year: 2004 ident: BFnrg1770_CR86 publication-title: Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. doi: 10.1038/nrm1497 – volume: 98 start-page: 436 year: 2001 ident: BFnrg1770_CR121 publication-title: Blood doi: 10.1182/blood.V98.2.436 – volume: 28 start-page: 255 year: 2004 ident: BFnrg1770_CR123 publication-title: Hemoglobin doi: 10.1081/HEM-120040257 – volume: 2 start-page: 549 year: 2001 ident: BFnrg1770_CR26 publication-title: Nature Rev. Genet. doi: 10.1038/35080577 – volume: 138 start-page: 191 year: 1994 ident: BFnrg1770_CR42 publication-title: Genetics doi: 10.1093/genetics/138.1.191 – volume: 272 start-page: 2277 year: 2005 ident: BFnrg1770_CR22 publication-title: Proc. Biol. Sci. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3217 – volume: 70 start-page: 4646 year: 1996 ident: BFnrg1770_CR73 publication-title: J. Virol. doi: 10.1128/JVI.70.7.4646-4654.1996 – volume: 57 start-page: 694 year: 2003 ident: BFnrg1770_CR88 publication-title: J. Mol. Evol. doi: 10.1007/s00239-003-2519-1 – volume: 217 start-page: 624 year: 1968 ident: BFnrg1770_CR2 publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/217624a0 – volume: 155 start-page: 909 year: 2000 ident: BFnrg1770_CR8 publication-title: Genetics doi: 10.1093/genetics/155.2.909 – volume: 17 start-page: 373 year: 2001 ident: BFnrg1770_CR6 publication-title: Trends Genet. doi: 10.1016/S0168-9525(01)02344-7 – volume: 13 start-page: 838 year: 2003 ident: BFnrg1770_CR57 publication-title: Genome Res. doi: 10.1101/gr.1152803 – volume: 12 start-page: 205 year: 2003 ident: BFnrg1770_CR81 publication-title: Hum. Mol. Genet. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddg055 – volume: 45 start-page: 125 year: 1997 ident: BFnrg1770_CR41 publication-title: J. Mol. Evol. doi: 10.1007/PL00006211 – volume: 290 start-page: 331 year: 2000 ident: BFnrg1770_CR5 publication-title: Science doi: 10.1126/science.290.5490.331 – volume: 12 start-page: 640 year: 2002 ident: BFnrg1770_CR19 publication-title: Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. doi: 10.1016/S0959-437X(02)00353-2 – volume: 33 start-page: 1141 year: 2005 ident: BFnrg1770_CR65 publication-title: Nucleic Acids Res. doi: 10.1093/nar/gki242 – volume: 33 start-page: 497 year: 2003 ident: BFnrg1770_CR120 publication-title: Nature Genet. doi: 10.1038/ng1129 – volume: 14 start-page: 610 year: 1996 ident: BFnrg1770_CR72 publication-title: Nature Biotechnol. doi: 10.1038/nbt0596-610 – volume: 19 start-page: 110 year: 2002 ident: BFnrg1770_CR46 publication-title: Mol. Biol. Evol. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003975 – volume: 18 start-page: 2195 year: 2001 ident: BFnrg1770_CR30 publication-title: Mol. Biol. Evol. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003766 – ident: BFnrg1770_CR61 – volume: 12 start-page: 2411 year: 2003 ident: BFnrg1770_CR75 publication-title: Hum. Mol. Genet. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddg251 – volume: 21 start-page: 256 year: 2005 ident: BFnrg1770_CR96 publication-title: Trends Genet. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2005.03.001 – volume: 152 start-page: 661 year: 1999 ident: BFnrg1770_CR4 publication-title: Genetics doi: 10.1093/genetics/152.2.661 – volume: 10 start-page: 419 year: 2003 ident: BFnrg1770_CR85 publication-title: J. Comp. Biol. doi: 10.1089/10665270360688101 – volume: 34 start-page: 280 year: 1992 ident: BFnrg1770_CR87 publication-title: J. Mol. Evol. doi: 10.1007/BF00160235 – volume: 68 start-page: 444 year: 2001 ident: BFnrg1770_CR58 publication-title: Am. J. Hum. Genet. doi: 10.1086/318206 – volume: 13 start-page: 831 year: 2003 ident: BFnrg1770_CR56 publication-title: Genome Res. doi: 10.1101/gr.944903 – volume: 5 start-page: 1594 year: 1996 ident: BFnrg1770_CR106 publication-title: Protein Sci. doi: 10.1002/pro.5560050814 – volume: 168 start-page: 1009 year: 1970 ident: BFnrg1770_CR16 publication-title: Science doi: 10.1126/science.168.3934.1009 – volume: 2 start-page: 13 year: 1985 ident: BFnrg1770_CR17 publication-title: Mol. Biol. Evol. – volume: 21 start-page: 1719 year: 2004 ident: BFnrg1770_CR20 publication-title: Mol. Biol. Evol. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msh191 – volume: 24 start-page: 10505 year: 2004 ident: BFnrg1770_CR79 publication-title: Mol. Cell. Biol. doi: 10.1128/MCB.24.24.10505-10514.2004 – volume: 21 start-page: 984 year: 2004 ident: BFnrg1770_CR33 publication-title: Mol. Biol. Evol. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msh070 – volume: 159 start-page: 623 year: 2001 ident: BFnrg1770_CR111 publication-title: Genetics doi: 10.1093/genetics/159.2.623
SSID	ssj0016173
Score	2.4325113
SecondaryResourceType	review_article
Snippet	Contrary to the neutral theory, silent mutations can be under natural selection. This is often seen in organisms from large populations, but the authors... Although the assumption of the neutral theory of molecular evolution - that some classes of mutation have too small an effect on fitness to be affected by... Although the assumption of the neutral theory of molecular evolution-that some classes of mutation have too small an effect on fitness to be affected by...
SourceID	proquest gale pubmed pascalfrancis crossref springer
SourceType	Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source Publisher
StartPage	98
SubjectTerms	Agriculture Animal Genetics and Genomics Animals Biological and medical sciences Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Cancer Research Evolution, Molecular Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gene Function Gene Silencing Genetics of eukaryotes. Biological and molecular evolution Human Genetics Humans Mammals - genetics Mutation review-article Selection, Genetic
Title	Hearing silence: non-neutral evolution at synonymous sites in mammals
URI	https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/nrg1770 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16418745 https://www.proquest.com/docview/223750238 https://www.proquest.com/docview/17070432 https://www.proquest.com/docview/70686678
Volume	7
hasFullText	1
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link	http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3db9MwED_BJiQkNPE5skExCMFTtLqxnYQXNKZOBYkJDSb1LTqn9jSJZmVpkfbfc5c4KWXAS15ykZ3z-T7su_sBvMbcI1qNDWoABShDG6OxNrZkHzDzXpbIBc6fT8zkTH2a6mnIzalDWmWnExtFPbss-Yz8gMwYGTcyMO8XP2IGjeLL1YCgcRu2uXMZC3U67eMt9tyb_HrSvzG3vGxrZrkj-EF1dS5TBij-zRgFlXxvgTWxx7e4Fn9zPG9cmja26Pg-7AQnUhy2q_4AbrnqIdxpYSWvH8F4QuJLH4r6oikpeicoxo8rt-JTDeF-BmkTuBT1dRf-C_7TWlxUYo7zOQnlYzg7Hn87msQBLiEu9VAtY8ztKLdWKu9H2pMiKy0FW9Yoa73xOMvToUqdtlo5n6FXMzNC7vem8plNpNHJE9iiMd1TEKkpSe8YZzPM6b205NVYmWBOXByaMo_gTce3ogy9xBnS4nvR3GknWREYHIHoCRdt-4ybJC-Y8UVb99lvuOJQUnCuJXkUEbxqKLhdRcX5MOe4quvi49fTDaK3gchf0lRKDOUF9EPc4WqDcrCxxOuJpYaix0RFsN-teRF2dF308kfz7d_SVuT7FawcrRN9T_pTJaN_U6RckEPuQQS7rSitxzaK0RF1BC872VqP_QfH9v47v3242x4TccrNM9haXq3cc3KclnbQbA96ZkdyANsfxidfTn8Bu1oZhQ
linkProvider	ProQuest
linkToHtml	http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtR3ZbtNAcFQVIZAQ4sYU2gVxPFmN7fXaRkKoKq0SejxAK_XNzDq7VaXGSesElI_iH5nx2g6hwFufPatdzz27cwC8xswi6hjrqQEUoPS0j0prX5N9wNTaoEAucD44VP1j-fkkPlmBn20tDKdVtjqxVtTDccF35Jtkxsi4kYH5OLnweWgUP662EzQcV-yZ-Q-K2KoPg09E3jdhuLtztN33m6ECfhH35NTHTIeZ1oG0NowtiXuhKSTRSmptlcVhlvRkYmIdS2NTtHKoQuSuaDIb6ihQPCSCNP4NGZFkcmH6dpdRwpFCnc9P-t7nFpuuRpc7kG-Wl6dBwgORfzN-jQm4M8GKyGHdHI2_ObpXHmlr27d7D-42TqvYclx2H1ZM-QBuujGW84ew0yfE0EJRndUlTO9FOS790sz4FkWY7w13C5yKat5eNwjGbCXOSjHC0YiE4BEcXwsmH8Mq7WmegkhUQXpOGZ1iRt8DTV6UDiLMCIs9VWQevG3xlhdN73IeoXGe12_oUZo3CPZAdIAT167jKsgGIz53daadgOdbQZqS-0kejAevaghuj1Fy_s0pzqoqH3z9sgT0rgGyYzpKgU05A_0Qd9RaglxfIvHiYImiaDWSHqy1NM8bDVLlHb_TebuvJPr8noOlITrRetLXMgr_DZFwARC5Ix48cay02FtJnsYYe_Cy5a3F3n9g7Nl_z7cBt_pHB_v5_uBwbw1uuysqTvd5DqvTy5l5QU7bVK_XoiLg23XL5i8t71RN
linkToPdf	http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtR1rb9Mw8DQNgZDQxJtssBnE41PUJnGcBAmhaVvVMpgQMGnfsnNqT5NoWpYW1J_Gv-MucVrKgG_7nLPs3PvsewA8x8wi6hjrqQEUoHS1j0prX5N9wNTaoEAucP5wpPrH8t1JfLIGP9taGE6rbHViraiH44LvyDtkxsi4kYHpWJcV8XG_93byzecBUvzQ2k7TaDjk0Mx_UPRWvRnsE6lfhGHv4Mte33cDBvwi7sqpj5kOM60DaW0YWxL9QlN4opXU2iqLwyzpysTEOpbGpmjlUIXIHdJkNtRRoHhgBGn_a0mUpCxi6d4iu4Sjhjq3n3S_z-02m3pd7kbeKS_OgoSHI_9mCJ05uDXBikhjm5kaf3N6Lz3Y1nawdxs2nAMrdhuOuwNrprwL15uRlvN7cNAnxNBCUZ3X5UyvRTku_dLM-EZFmO-O0wVORTVvrx4EY7YS56UY4WhEAnEfjq8Ekw9gnfY0j0AkqiCdp4xOMaPvgSaPSgcRZoTFrioyD162eMsL18ecx2l8zev39CjNHYI9EAvASdO64zLIDiM-b2pOF8Ke7wZpSq4oeTMePKshuFVGyVx3hrOqygefP60AvXJAdkxHKdCVNtAPcXetFcjtFRIvD5Yoilwj6cFWS_PcaZMqX_A-nXfxldQAv-1gaYhOtJ50t4zCf0MkXAxErokHDxtWWu6tJE9mjD142vLWcu8_MLb53_PtwA2Syvz94OhwC242t1Wc-fMY1qcXM_OE_Lep3q4lRcDpVYvmLw7qWIM
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hearing+silence%3A+non-neutral+evolution+at+synonymous+sites+in+mammals&rft.jtitle=Nature+reviews.+Genetics&rft.au=Parmley%2C+Joanna+L&rft.au=Chamary%2C+J.+V&rft.au=Hurst%2C+Laurence+D&rft.date=2006-02-01&rft.pub=Nature+Publishing+Group&rft.issn=1471-0056&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=98&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnrg1770&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=A188851381
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1471-0056&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1471-0056&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1471-0056&client=summon