Moving from research ON, to research WITH and FOR Indigenous communities: A critical reflection on community-based participatory research

Research projects conducted on Indigenous communities have largely been developed within a dominant Western research paradigm that values the researcher as knowledge holder and the community members as passive subjects. The consequences of such research have been marginalizing for Indigenous people...

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Published inThe Canadian geographer Vol. 56; no. 2; pp. 195 - 210
Main Authors Koster, Rhonda, Baccar, Kirstine, Lemelin, R. Harvey
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Malden, USA Blackwell Publishing Inc 01.06.2012
Canadian Association of Geographers
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0008-3658
1541-0064
DOI10.1111/j.1541-0064.2012.00428.x

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Abstract Research projects conducted on Indigenous communities have largely been developed within a dominant Western research paradigm that values the researcher as knowledge holder and the community members as passive subjects. The consequences of such research have been marginalizing for Indigenous people globally, leading to calls for the decolonization of research through the development of Indigenous research paradigms. Based on a reflexive analysis of a five‐year partnership focused on developing capacity for tourism development in Lake Helen First Nation (Red Rock Indian Band), we offer a way of understanding the connection between Indigenous research paradigms and the western construct of community‐based participatory research as a philosophical and methodological approach to geography. Our analysis shows that researchers should continue to move away from methods that perpetuate the traditional ways of working ON Indigenous communities to methods that allow us to work WITH and FOR them, based on an ethic that respects and values the community as a full partner in the co‐creation of the research question and process, and shares in the acquisition, analysis, and dissemination of knowledge. Our reflection also shows that when research is conducted on a community, the main beneficiary is the researcher, when conducted with, both parties receive benefit, while research for the community may result in benefits mainly for the community. We further contend that any research conducted within a community, regardless of its purpose and methodology, should follow the general principles of Indigenous paradigms, and respect the community by engaging in active communication with them, seeking their permission not only to conduct and publish the research but also with respect to giving results of the research back in ways that adhere to community protocols and practices. Évoluer de la recherche SUR vers la recherche AVEC et POUR les collectivités autochtones : Une réflexion critique sur la recherche participative axée sur la communauté  Les travaux de recherche réalisés sur des collectivités autochtones s’inscrivent dans une large mesure dans le cadre du paradigme dominant et occidental de recherche qui reconnaît la valeur du chercheur en tant que détenteur du savoir, alors que les membres de la collectivité sont considérés comme des sujets passifs. Les pistes de recherche qui en découlent et les résultats obtenus ont pour effet de marginaliser les populations autochtones partout sur la planète. Ce constat est à l’origine d’une mobilisation en faveur de la décolonisation de la recherche qui passe par l’élaboration de paradigmes autochtones de recherche. Nous effectuons une analyse réflexive d’un partenariat mis sur pied il y a cinq ans afin de renforcer les capacités du secteur du tourisme au sein de la collectivité. Le but de cette analyse est de comprendre le lien entre les paradigmes autochtones de recherche et le concept occidental de la recherche participative axée sur la communauté, et de faire émerger une approche philosophique et méthodologique en géographie. Il en ressort que les chercheurs devraient résolument renoncer aux méthodes qui perpétuent les approches traditionnelles qui se penchent SUR les collectivités autochtones et avoir recours plutôt à des méthodes collaboratives POUR et AVEC elles. Ces méthodes s’appuient sur un code d’éthique qui respecte et valorise la collectivité comme un partenaire à part entière dans la définition conjointe de la question et du processus de recherche, ainsi que dans l’acquisition et la diffusion des connaissances. Nous soutenons en outre que les travaux de recherche effectués au sein d’une collectivité, indépendamment de leur objet et méthodologie, devraient se conformer aux principes généraux des paradigmes autochtones. Ils devraient par ailleurs gagner le respect de ces collectivités en assurant une communication active et en agissant avec leur permission, non seulement pour mener à bien la recherche, mais aussi pour publier les résultats de recherche et leur en faire profiter conformément aux exigences protocolaires et aux pratiques propres à la collectivité.
AbstractList Research projects conducted on Indigenous communities have largely been developed within a dominant Western research paradigm that values the researcher as knowledge holder and the community members as passive subjects. The consequences of such research have been marginalizing for Indigenous people globally, leading to calls for the decolonization of research through the development of Indigenous research paradigms. Based on a reflexive analysis of a five-year partnership focused on developing capacity for tourism development in Lake Helen First Nation (Red Rock Indian Band), we offer a way of understanding the connection between Indigenous research paradigms and the western construct of community-based participatory research as a philosophical and methodological approach to geography. Our analysis shows that researchers should continue to move away from methods that perpetuate the traditional ways of working ON Indigenous communities to methods that allow us to work WITH and FOR them, based on an ethic that respects and values the community as a full partner in the co-creation of the research question and process, and shares in the acquisition, analysis, and dissemination of knowledge. Our reflection also shows that when research is conducted on a community, the main beneficiary is the researcher, when conducted with, both parties receive benefit, while research for the community may result in benefits mainly for the community. We further contend that any research conducted within a community, regardless of its purpose and methodology, should follow the general principles of Indigenous paradigms, and respect the community by engaging in active communication with them, seeking their permission not only to conduct and publish the research but also with respect to giving results of the research back in ways that adhere to community protocols and practices. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Research projects conducted on Indigenous communities have largely been developed within a dominant Western research paradigm that values the researcher as knowledge holder and the community members as passive subjects. The consequences of such research have been marginalizing for Indigenous people globally, leading to calls for the decolonization of research through the development of Indigenous research paradigms. Based on a reflexive analysis of a five‐year partnership focused on developing capacity for tourism development in Lake Helen First Nation (Red Rock Indian Band), we offer a way of understanding the connection between Indigenous research paradigms and the western construct of community‐based participatory research as a philosophical and methodological approach to geography. Our analysis shows that researchers should continue to move away from methods that perpetuate the traditional ways of working ON Indigenous communities to methods that allow us to work WITH and FOR them, based on an ethic that respects and values the community as a full partner in the co‐creation of the research question and process, and shares in the acquisition, analysis, and dissemination of knowledge. Our reflection also shows that when research is conducted on a community, the main beneficiary is the researcher, when conducted with, both parties receive benefit, while research for the community may result in benefits mainly for the community. We further contend that any research conducted within a community, regardless of its purpose and methodology, should follow the general principles of Indigenous paradigms, and respect the community by engaging in active communication with them, seeking their permission not only to conduct and publish the research but also with respect to giving results of the research back in ways that adhere to community protocols and practices.
Research projects conducted on Indigenous communities have largely been developed within a dominant Western research paradigm that values the researcher as knowledge holder and the community members as passive subjects. The consequences of such research have been marginalizing for Indigenous people globally, leading to calls for the decolonization of research through the development of Indigenous research paradigms. Based on a reflexive analysis of a five‐year partnership focused on developing capacity for tourism development in Lake Helen First Nation (Red Rock Indian Band), we offer a way of understanding the connection between Indigenous research paradigms and the western construct of community‐based participatory research as a philosophical and methodological approach to geography. Our analysis shows that researchers should continue to move away from methods that perpetuate the traditional ways of working ON Indigenous communities to methods that allow us to work WITH and FOR them, based on an ethic that respects and values the community as a full partner in the co‐creation of the research question and process, and shares in the acquisition, analysis, and dissemination of knowledge. Our reflection also shows that when research is conducted on a community, the main beneficiary is the researcher, when conducted with, both parties receive benefit, while research for the community may result in benefits mainly for the community. We further contend that any research conducted within a community, regardless of its purpose and methodology, should follow the general principles of Indigenous paradigms, and respect the community by engaging in active communication with them, seeking their permission not only to conduct and publish the research but also with respect to giving results of the research back in ways that adhere to community protocols and practices. Reprinted by permission of The Canadian Association of Geographers
Research projects conducted on Indigenous communities have largely been developed within a dominant Western research paradigm that values the researcher as knowledge holder and the community members as passive subjects. The consequences of such research have been marginalizing for Indigenous people globally, leading to calls for the decolonization of research through the development of Indigenous research paradigms. Based on a reflexive analysis of a five‐year partnership focused on developing capacity for tourism development in Lake Helen First Nation (Red Rock Indian Band), we offer a way of understanding the connection between Indigenous research paradigms and the western construct of community‐based participatory research as a philosophical and methodological approach to geography. Our analysis shows that researchers should continue to move away from methods that perpetuate the traditional ways of working ON Indigenous communities to methods that allow us to work WITH and FOR them, based on an ethic that respects and values the community as a full partner in the co‐creation of the research question and process, and shares in the acquisition, analysis, and dissemination of knowledge. Our reflection also shows that when research is conducted on a community, the main beneficiary is the researcher, when conducted with, both parties receive benefit, while research for the community may result in benefits mainly for the community. We further contend that any research conducted within a community, regardless of its purpose and methodology, should follow the general principles of Indigenous paradigms, and respect the community by engaging in active communication with them, seeking their permission not only to conduct and publish the research but also with respect to giving results of the research back in ways that adhere to community protocols and practices. Évoluer de la recherche SUR vers la recherche AVEC et POUR les collectivités autochtones : Une réflexion critique sur la recherche participative axée sur la communauté  Les travaux de recherche réalisés sur des collectivités autochtones s’inscrivent dans une large mesure dans le cadre du paradigme dominant et occidental de recherche qui reconnaît la valeur du chercheur en tant que détenteur du savoir, alors que les membres de la collectivité sont considérés comme des sujets passifs. Les pistes de recherche qui en découlent et les résultats obtenus ont pour effet de marginaliser les populations autochtones partout sur la planète. Ce constat est à l’origine d’une mobilisation en faveur de la décolonisation de la recherche qui passe par l’élaboration de paradigmes autochtones de recherche. Nous effectuons une analyse réflexive d’un partenariat mis sur pied il y a cinq ans afin de renforcer les capacités du secteur du tourisme au sein de la collectivité. Le but de cette analyse est de comprendre le lien entre les paradigmes autochtones de recherche et le concept occidental de la recherche participative axée sur la communauté, et de faire émerger une approche philosophique et méthodologique en géographie. Il en ressort que les chercheurs devraient résolument renoncer aux méthodes qui perpétuent les approches traditionnelles qui se penchent SUR les collectivités autochtones et avoir recours plutôt à des méthodes collaboratives POUR et AVEC elles. Ces méthodes s’appuient sur un code d’éthique qui respecte et valorise la collectivité comme un partenaire à part entière dans la définition conjointe de la question et du processus de recherche, ainsi que dans l’acquisition et la diffusion des connaissances. Nous soutenons en outre que les travaux de recherche effectués au sein d’une collectivité, indépendamment de leur objet et méthodologie, devraient se conformer aux principes généraux des paradigmes autochtones. Ils devraient par ailleurs gagner le respect de ces collectivités en assurant une communication active et en agissant avec leur permission, non seulement pour mener à bien la recherche, mais aussi pour publier les résultats de recherche et leur en faire profiter conformément aux exigences protocolaires et aux pratiques propres à la collectivité.
Audience Academic
Author Koster, Rhonda
Baccar, Kirstine
Lemelin, R. Harvey
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Rhonda
  surname: Koster
  fullname: Koster, Rhonda
  organization: School of Outdoor Recreation, Parks and Tourism, Lakehead University
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Kirstine
  surname: Baccar
  fullname: Baccar, Kirstine
  organization: Economic Development, Nishnawbe Aski Nation, Thunder Bay
– sequence: 3
  givenname: R. Harvey
  surname: Lemelin
  fullname: Lemelin, R. Harvey
  organization: School of Outdoor Recreation, Parks and Tourism, Lakehead University
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References Lykes, M. B., M. Terre Blanche, and B. Hamber. 2003. Narrating survival and change in Guatemala and South Africa: The politics of representation and a liberatory community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology 31: 79-90.
Cain, K. J., C. M. Davison, and E. J. Stewart. 2009. Preliminary field-work: Methodological reflections from northern Canadian research. Qualitative Research 9(4): 489-513.
Dupuis, S. 1999. Naked truths: Towards a reflexive methodology in leisure research. Leisure Sciences 21: 43-64.
McGregor, D., W. Bayha, and D. Simmons. 2010. "Our responsibility to keep the land alive": Voices of northern Indigenous researchers. Pimatziwin: A Journal of Aboriginal and Indigenous Community Health 8(1): 101-123.
CIHR (Canadian Institutes of Health Research), NSERC (Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada), and SSHRC (Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada). 2010. Tri-Council policy statement: Ethical conduct for research involving humans . Ottawa, ON : CIHR. http://www.pre.ethics.gc.ca/pdf/eng/tcps2/TCPS_2_FINAL_Web.pdf.
Hertz, R., ed. 1997. Reflexivity and voice . London , UK : Sage.
de Leeuw, S., E. Cameron, and M. L. Greenwood. 2012. Participatory and community-based research, Indigenous geographies, and the spaces of friendship: A critical engagement. The Canadian Geographer 56(2): 180-194.
Louis, R. 2007. Can you hear us now? Voices from the margin: Using Indigenous methodologies in geographic research. Geographical Research 45(2): 130-139.
Schnarch, B. 2004. Ownership, control, access, and possession (OCAP) or self-determination applied to research: A critical analysis of contemporary First Nations research and some options for First Nations communities . Ottawa, ON : First Nations Centre, National Aboriginal Health Organization. http://www.research.utoronto.ca/ethics/pdf/human/nonspecific/OCAP%20principles.pdf.
Koster, R. L., and R. H. Lemelin. 2009. Appreciative inquiry in rural tourism. Tourism Geographies 11(2): 256-269.
Chataway, C. 1997. An examination of the constraints on mutual inquiry in a participatory action research project. Journal of Social Issues 53(4): 747-765.
Fletcher, C. 2003. Community-based participatory research relationships with Aboriginal communities in Canada: An overview of the context and process. Pimatziwin: A Journal of Aboriginal and Indigenous Community Health 1(1): 27-62.
Deloria, V. 1991. Commentary: Research, redskins, and reality. The American Indian Quarterly XV: 457-468.
Castleden, H., T. Garvin, and Huu-ay-aht First Nation. 2008. Modifying photovoice for community-based participatory Indigenous research. Social Science and Medicine 66(6): 1393-1405.
Kovach, M.. 2009. Indigenous methodologies: Characteristics, conversations, and contexts . Toronto, ON : University of Toronto Press.
Inter Tribal Health Authority. 2005. Research protocol: Working together for healthy nations . Nanaimo , BC : ITHA. http://www.turtleisland.org/healing/itharesearch.pdf.
Lather, P. 1986. Research as praxis. Harvard Educational Review 56: 256-277.
Lassiter, L. E. 2005. Collaborative ethnography and public anthropology. Current Anthropology 46(1): 83-106.
Huntington, H. P. 2006. Who are the "authors" when traditional knowledge is documented? Artic 59(3): iii-iv.
ITK (Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami) and NRI (Nunavut Research Institute). 2007. Negotiating research relationships with Inuit communities: A guide for researchers , ed. S. Nickels, J. Shirley, and G. Laidler (now Ljubicic). Ottawa, ON and Iqaluit, NU : ITK and NRI.
Kurelek, C. 1992. Anthropological participatory research among the Innu of Labrador. Native Studies Review 8: 75-97.
Steinhauer, E. 2002. Thoughts on an Indigenous research methodology. Canadian Journal of Native Education 26: 69-81. Quoted in R. Louis, Can you hear us now? Voices from the margin: Using Indigenous methodologies in geographic research. Geographical Research 45(2), 2007: 130-139, 133.
Hollinshead, K., and T. B. Jamal. 2001. Delving into discourse: Excavating the inbuilt power-logic(s) of tourism. Tourism Analysis 6(1): 63-73.
Castleden, H., V. Sloan Morgan, and A. Neimanis. 2010. Researchers' perspectives on collective/community co-authorship in community-based participatory Indigenous research. Journal of Empirical Research on Health Research Ethics 5(4): 23-32.
Lemelin, R. H., R. L. Koster, I. Woznicka, K. Metansinine, and H. Pelletier. 2009. Voyages to Kitchi Gami: the Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area and regional tourism opportunities in Canada's first national marine conservation area. Tourism in Marine Environments 6(2/3): 101-118.
St. Denis, V. 1992. Community-based participatory research: Aspects of the concept relevant for practice. Native Studies Review 8: 51-74.
Assembly of First Nations. 2009. Ethics in First Nations Research . Ottawa, ON : Assembly of First Nations Environmental Stewardship Unit. http://www.afn.ca/uploads/files/rp-research_ethics_final.pdf.
Henderson, K. A. 1991. Dimensions of choice: A qualitative approach to recreation, parks, and leisure research . Stage College, PA : Venture Publishing.
MacBeth, D. 2001. On "Reflexivity" in Qualitative Research: Two Readings, and a Third. Qualitative Inquiry 7(1): 35-68.
Wilson, S. 2008. Research is ceremony: Indigenous research methods . Halifax, NS : Fernwood Publishers.
Johnson, J., and B. Murton. 2007. Re/placing native science: Indigenous voices in contemporary constructions of nature. Geographical Research 45(2): 121-129.
Lykes, M. B. 1997. Activist participatory research among the Maya of Guatemala: Constructing meanings from situated knowledge. Journal of Social Issues 53(4): 725-746.
Castleden, H., V. Sloan Morgan, and C. Lamb. 2012. "I spent the first year drinking tea": Exploring Canadian university researchers' perspectives on community-based participatory research involving Indigenous peoples. The Canadian Geographer 56(2): 160-179.
Patton, M. Q. 2002. Qualitative research and evaluation methods . 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications.
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References_xml – reference: Cain, K. J., C. M. Davison, and E. J. Stewart. 2009. Preliminary field-work: Methodological reflections from northern Canadian research. Qualitative Research 9(4): 489-513.
– reference: Chataway, C. 1997. An examination of the constraints on mutual inquiry in a participatory action research project. Journal of Social Issues 53(4): 747-765.
– reference: McGregor, D., W. Bayha, and D. Simmons. 2010. "Our responsibility to keep the land alive": Voices of northern Indigenous researchers. Pimatziwin: A Journal of Aboriginal and Indigenous Community Health 8(1): 101-123.
– reference: Lassiter, L. E. 2005. Collaborative ethnography and public anthropology. Current Anthropology 46(1): 83-106.
– reference: Lykes, M. B., M. Terre Blanche, and B. Hamber. 2003. Narrating survival and change in Guatemala and South Africa: The politics of representation and a liberatory community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology 31: 79-90.
– reference: Schnarch, B. 2004. Ownership, control, access, and possession (OCAP) or self-determination applied to research: A critical analysis of contemporary First Nations research and some options for First Nations communities . Ottawa, ON : First Nations Centre, National Aboriginal Health Organization. http://www.research.utoronto.ca/ethics/pdf/human/nonspecific/OCAP%20principles.pdf.
– reference: Fletcher, C. 2003. Community-based participatory research relationships with Aboriginal communities in Canada: An overview of the context and process. Pimatziwin: A Journal of Aboriginal and Indigenous Community Health 1(1): 27-62.
– reference: Steinhauer, E. 2002. Thoughts on an Indigenous research methodology. Canadian Journal of Native Education 26: 69-81. Quoted in R. Louis, Can you hear us now? Voices from the margin: Using Indigenous methodologies in geographic research. Geographical Research 45(2), 2007: 130-139, 133.
– reference: St. Denis, V. 1992. Community-based participatory research: Aspects of the concept relevant for practice. Native Studies Review 8: 51-74.
– reference: Wilson, S. 2008. Research is ceremony: Indigenous research methods . Halifax, NS : Fernwood Publishers.
– reference: Johnson, J., and B. Murton. 2007. Re/placing native science: Indigenous voices in contemporary constructions of nature. Geographical Research 45(2): 121-129.
– reference: Lemelin, R. H., R. L. Koster, I. Woznicka, K. Metansinine, and H. Pelletier. 2009. Voyages to Kitchi Gami: the Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area and regional tourism opportunities in Canada's first national marine conservation area. Tourism in Marine Environments 6(2/3): 101-118.
– reference: Castleden, H., T. Garvin, and Huu-ay-aht First Nation. 2008. Modifying photovoice for community-based participatory Indigenous research. Social Science and Medicine 66(6): 1393-1405.
– reference: Lykes, M. B. 1997. Activist participatory research among the Maya of Guatemala: Constructing meanings from situated knowledge. Journal of Social Issues 53(4): 725-746.
– reference: Castleden, H., V. Sloan Morgan, and A. Neimanis. 2010. Researchers' perspectives on collective/community co-authorship in community-based participatory Indigenous research. Journal of Empirical Research on Health Research Ethics 5(4): 23-32.
– reference: Hertz, R., ed. 1997. Reflexivity and voice . London , UK : Sage.
– reference: Hollinshead, K., and T. B. Jamal. 2001. Delving into discourse: Excavating the inbuilt power-logic(s) of tourism. Tourism Analysis 6(1): 63-73.
– reference: Kovach, M.. 2009. Indigenous methodologies: Characteristics, conversations, and contexts . Toronto, ON : University of Toronto Press.
– reference: ITK (Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami) and NRI (Nunavut Research Institute). 2007. Negotiating research relationships with Inuit communities: A guide for researchers , ed. S. Nickels, J. Shirley, and G. Laidler (now Ljubicic). Ottawa, ON and Iqaluit, NU : ITK and NRI.
– reference: Louis, R. 2007. Can you hear us now? Voices from the margin: Using Indigenous methodologies in geographic research. Geographical Research 45(2): 130-139.
– reference: Lather, P. 1986. Research as praxis. Harvard Educational Review 56: 256-277.
– reference: Koster, R. L., and R. H. Lemelin. 2009. Appreciative inquiry in rural tourism. Tourism Geographies 11(2): 256-269.
– reference: Kurelek, C. 1992. Anthropological participatory research among the Innu of Labrador. Native Studies Review 8: 75-97.
– reference: Patton, M. Q. 2002. Qualitative research and evaluation methods . 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications.
– reference: Castleden, H., V. Sloan Morgan, and C. Lamb. 2012. "I spent the first year drinking tea": Exploring Canadian university researchers' perspectives on community-based participatory research involving Indigenous peoples. The Canadian Geographer 56(2): 160-179.
– reference: MacBeth, D. 2001. On "Reflexivity" in Qualitative Research: Two Readings, and a Third. Qualitative Inquiry 7(1): 35-68.
– reference: Assembly of First Nations. 2009. Ethics in First Nations Research . Ottawa, ON : Assembly of First Nations Environmental Stewardship Unit. http://www.afn.ca/uploads/files/rp-research_ethics_final.pdf.
– reference: Inter Tribal Health Authority. 2005. Research protocol: Working together for healthy nations . Nanaimo , BC : ITHA. http://www.turtleisland.org/healing/itharesearch.pdf.
– reference: Huntington, H. P. 2006. Who are the "authors" when traditional knowledge is documented? Artic 59(3): iii-iv.
– reference: CIHR (Canadian Institutes of Health Research), NSERC (Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada), and SSHRC (Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada). 2010. Tri-Council policy statement: Ethical conduct for research involving humans . Ottawa, ON : CIHR. http://www.pre.ethics.gc.ca/pdf/eng/tcps2/TCPS_2_FINAL_Web.pdf.
– reference: Henderson, K. A. 1991. Dimensions of choice: A qualitative approach to recreation, parks, and leisure research . Stage College, PA : Venture Publishing.
– reference: de Leeuw, S., E. Cameron, and M. L. Greenwood. 2012. Participatory and community-based research, Indigenous geographies, and the spaces of friendship: A critical engagement. The Canadian Geographer 56(2): 180-194.
– reference: Deloria, V. 1991. Commentary: Research, redskins, and reality. The American Indian Quarterly XV: 457-468.
– reference: Dupuis, S. 1999. Naked truths: Towards a reflexive methodology in leisure research. Leisure Sciences 21: 43-64.
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Snippet Research projects conducted on Indigenous communities have largely been developed within a dominant Western research paradigm that values the researcher as...
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SubjectTerms Analysis
Bgi / Prodig
Communication
Community
Community involvement
Community participation
community-based participatory research
Community-based research
Decolonization
Dissemination
Ethical aspects
Ethics
Geographical research
Geography
Indigenous peoples
Indigenous populations
Indigenous research paradigms
Lakes
Methodology
Native peoples
paradigmes autochtones de recherche
Paradigms
Paradigms (Social sciences)
Participatory research
Permission
Professional and research organization. Deontology
Questions
recherche participative axée sur la communauté
Research methods
Research projects
Research scientists
Scientific research
Social aspects
The practice of geography
Tourism
Tourism development
Title Moving from research ON, to research WITH and FOR Indigenous communities: A critical reflection on community-based participatory research
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https://www.proquest.com/docview/1022118359
Volume 56
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