The multiparameter remote measurement of rainfall
The measurement of rainfall by remote sensors is investigated. One parameter radar rainfall measurement is limited because both reflectivity and rain rate are dependent on at least two parameters of the drop size distribution (DSD), i.e., representative raindrop size and number concentration. A gene...
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| Published in | Radio science Vol. 19; no. 1; pp. 3 - 22 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Legacy CDMS
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.01.1984
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0048-6604 1944-799X |
| DOI | 10.1029/RS019i001p00003 |
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| Abstract | The measurement of rainfall by remote sensors is investigated. One parameter radar rainfall measurement is limited because both reflectivity and rain rate are dependent on at least two parameters of the drop size distribution (DSD), i.e., representative raindrop size and number concentration. A generating rain parameter diagram is developed which includes a third distribution parameter, the breadth of the DSD, to better specify rain rate and all possible remote variables. Simulations show the improvement in accuracy attainable through the use of combinations of two and three remote measurables. The spectrum of remote measurables is reviewed. These include path integrated techniques of radiometry and of microwave and optical attenuation. Previously announced in STAR as N82-33947 |
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| AbstractList | This paper is a critical survey of the measurement of rainfall by remote sensors. It is shown that single‐parameter radar rainfall measurements are limited because both reflectivity and rain rate are dependent on at least two parameters of the drop size distribution, viz., representative raindrop size and number concentration. Simulations are presented which use experimental raindrop size spectra and show the improvement in accuracy attainable through the use of combinations of two and three remote measurables. The spectrum of remote measurables is then reviewed. These include path integrated techniques of radiometry and of microwave and optical attenuation. A carefully designed short‐path microwave attenuation experiment which employs these techniques is sufficiently persuasive to show that the disappointing results achieved in many others was due largely to a combination of rain sampling problems and vertical air motions between the path and the gages. Other experiments reviewed show that when paths are colinear, attenuation deduced from radar and radiometry is in good agreement with that measured directly. Several dual‐wavelength radar methods are described which were aimed at improved measurements in small range increments but have produced generally disappointing results. However, when the total path attenuation estimated in this way, or by radiometry, is used as a constraint on the retrieval of rain profiles from the radar, the results are more promising. Selected experiments involving combinations of two or more of the three measurables, radar reflectivity Z, attenuation, and/or radiometry, show considerable promise when adequate account is taken of the sampling and air motion problems. The best results in gate‐by‐gate measurements have been achieved with dual polarization or differential reflectivity (ZDR). However, even these are subject to potentially large errors when the rainfall does not behave according to a priori assumptions embodied in the technique. An accompanying paper in this issue shows that the use of a third remote parameter in addition to Z and ZDR offers great promise. With a growing appreciation of the needs and the capabilities of the various techniques, the future of highly improved remote rainfall measurements seems bright. This paper is a critical survey of rainfall measurement by remote sensors. It is shown that single-parameter radar rainfall measurements are limited because both reflectivity and rain rate are dependent upon at least two parameters of the drop size distribution: representative raindrop size and number concentration. Simulations are presented which use experimental raindrop size spectra and show the improvement in accuracy attainable through the use of combinations of two and three remote measurables. The spectrum of remote measurables is then reviewed. These include path-integrated techniques of radiometry and of microwave and optical attenuation. A carefully designed short-path microwave attenuation experiment that uses these techniques is sufficiently persuasive to show that the disappointing results achieved by many others was due largely to a combination of rain sampling problems and vertical air motions between the path and the gages. Other experiments reviewed show that, when paths are colinear, attenuation deduced from radar and radiometry is in good agreement with that measured directly. Several dual-wavelength radar methods are described which were aimed at improved measurements in small-range increments but have produced generally disappointing results. However, when the total path attenuation estimated in this way, or by radiometry, is used as a constraint on the retrieval of rain profiles from the radar, the results are more promising. Selected experiments involving combinations of two or more of the three measurables, radar reflectivity Z, attenuation, and/or radiometry, show considerable promise when adequate account is taken of the sampling and air motion problems. The best results in gate-by-gate measurements have been achieved with dual polarization or differential reflectivity (Z sub(D) sub(R) ). However, even these are subject to potentially large errors when the rainfall does not behave according to a priori assumptions embodied in the technique. An accompanying paper in this issue shows that the use of a third remote parameter in addition to Z and Z sub(D) sub(R) offers great promise. With a growing appreciation of the needs and the capabilities of the various techniques, the future of highly improved remote rainfall measurements seems bright. The measurement of rainfall by remote sensors is investigated. One parameter radar rainfall measurement is limited because both reflectivity and rain rate are dependent on at least two parameters of the drop size distribution (DSD), i.e., representative raindrop size and number concentration. A generating rain parameter diagram is developed which includes a third distribution parameter, the breadth of the DSD, to better specify rain rate and all possible remote variables. Simulations show the improvement in accuracy attainable through the use of combinations of two and three remote measurables. The spectrum of remote measurables is reviewed. These include path integrated techniques of radiometry and of microwave and optical attenuation. Previously announced in STAR as N82-33947 This paper is a critical survey of the measurement of rainfall by remote sensors. It is shown that single‐parameter radar rainfall measurements are limited because both reflectivity and rain rate are dependent on at least two parameters of the drop size distribution, viz., representative raindrop size and number concentration. Simulations are presented which use experimental raindrop size spectra and show the improvement in accuracy attainable through the use of combinations of two and three remote measurables. The spectrum of remote measurables is then reviewed. These include path integrated techniques of radiometry and of microwave and optical attenuation. A carefully designed short‐path microwave attenuation experiment which employs these techniques is sufficiently persuasive to show that the disappointing results achieved in many others was due largely to a combination of rain sampling problems and vertical air motions between the path and the gages. Other experiments reviewed show that when paths are colinear, attenuation deduced from radar and radiometry is in good agreement with that measured directly. Several dual‐wavelength radar methods are described which were aimed at improved measurements in small range increments but have produced generally disappointing results. However, when the total path attenuation estimated in this way, or by radiometry, is used as a constraint on the retrieval of rain profiles from the radar, the results are more promising. Selected experiments involving combinations of two or more of the three measurables, radar reflectivity Z , attenuation, and/or radiometry, show considerable promise when adequate account is taken of the sampling and air motion problems. The best results in gate‐by‐gate measurements have been achieved with dual polarization or differential reflectivity ( Z DR ). However, even these are subject to potentially large errors when the rainfall does not behave according to a priori assumptions embodied in the technique. An accompanying paper in this issue shows that the use of a third remote parameter in addition to Z and Z DR offers great promise. With a growing appreciation of the needs and the capabilities of the various techniques, the future of highly improved remote rainfall measurements seems bright. This paper is a critical survey of the measurement of rainfall by remote sensors. It is shown that single-parameter radar rainfall measurements are limited because both reflectivity and rain rate are dependent on at least two parameters of the drop size distribution, viz., representative raindrop size and number concentration. Simulations are presented which use experimental raindrop size spectra and show the improvement in accuracy attainable through the use of combinations of two and three remote measurables. The spectrum of remote measurables is then reviewed. These include path integrated techniques of radiometry and of microwave and optical attenuation. A carefully designed short-path microwave attenuation experiment which employs these techniques is sufficiently persuasive to show that the disappointing results achieved in many others was due largely to a combination of rain sampling problems and vertical air motions between the path and the gages. Other experiments reviewed show that when paths are colinear, attenuation deduced from radar and radiometry is in good agreement with that measured directly. Several dual-wavelength radar methods are described which were aimed at improved measurements in small range increments but have produced generally disappointing results. However, when the total path attenuation estimated in this way, or by radiometry, is used as a constraint on the retrieval of rain profiles from the radar, the results are more promising. Selected experiments involving combinations of two or more of the three measurables, radar reflectivity Z, attenuation, and/or radiometry, show considerable promise when adequate account is taken of the sampling and air motion problems. The best results in gate-by-gate measurements have been achieved with dual polarization or differential reflectivity (Z sub(DR)). However, even these are subject to potentially large errors when the rainfall does not behave according to a priori assumptions embodied in the technique. An accompanying paper in this issue shows that the use of a third remote parameter in addition to Z and Z sub(DR) offers great promise. With a growing appreciation of the needs and the capabilities of the various techniques, the future of highly improved remote rainfall measurements seems bright. |
| Audience | PUBLIC |
| Author | Meneghini, R. Atlas, D. Ulbrich, C. W. |
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Atlas, Assessment of the contribution of differential polarization to improved rainfall measurements,Radio Sci.1911984. 1968; 7 1954; 80 1982; 14 1979; GE‐17 1973; 12 1976 1975 1973 1967; 114 1972 1971 1970 1983; GE‐21 1976; AP‐24 1975; AP‐23 1974; 9 1974; 8 1979 1972; AP‐20 1978 1977 1969; 8 1965; 2 1971; 10 1948; 5 1947; 35 1954; 11 1977; 38 1982; 21 1971; 59 1941 1982 1984; 19 1969; 48 1977; 32 1981 1961; 87 1980 1948 1947 1979; 60 1946 1965; AP‐13 1968; 47 1966; 2 1979; 18 1972; 8 1966; 211 1974; 31 1947; 4 1947; 28 1952 1951 1981; 8 1970; 96 1978; 13 1974; 121 1953; 10 1957 1981; 20 1956 1977; 16 1978; 41 1980; 1 1978; 83 1964; 10 1981; 16 1961 1975; 63 1976; 15 1970; 49 1968 e_1_2_1_81_1 Ryde J. W. (e_1_2_1_75_1) 1946 Austin P. M. (e_1_2_1_13_1) 1947; 4 e_1_2_1_20_1 e_1_2_1_66_1 e_1_2_1_89_1 e_1_2_1_24_1 Atlas D. (e_1_2_1_5_1) 1953; 10 e_1_2_1_43_1 e_1_2_1_28_1 Anderson L. J. (e_1_2_1_2_1) 1947; 35 Donnadieu G. (e_1_2_1_29_1) 1982; 14 Marshall J. S. 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(e_1_2_1_54_1) 1974; 8 e_1_2_1_71_1 e_1_2_1_90_1 e_1_2_1_56_1 e_1_2_1_79_1 e_1_2_1_33_1 e_1_2_1_52_1 e_1_2_1_94_1 e_1_2_1_14_1 e_1_2_1_80_1 e_1_2_1_42_1 e_1_2_1_65_1 Blanchard D. C. (e_1_2_1_18_1) 1953; 10 e_1_2_1_23_1 e_1_2_1_46_1 e_1_2_1_84_1 e_1_2_1_69_1 e_1_2_1_100_1 Marshall J. S. (e_1_2_1_61_1) 1948; 5 Battan L. J. (e_1_2_1_16_1) 1973 Hitschfeld W. (e_1_2_1_47_1) 1954; 11 Atlas D. (e_1_2_1_10_1) 1974; 8 e_1_2_1_30_1 e_1_2_1_76_1 e_1_2_1_57_1 e_1_2_1_99_1 e_1_2_1_34_1 e_1_2_1_72_1 e_1_2_1_53_1 e_1_2_1_95_1 Atlas D. (e_1_2_1_6_1) 1954; 11 e_1_2_1_38_1 Ulbrich C. W. (e_1_2_1_91_1) 1977; 32 e_1_2_1_15_1 e_1_2_1_9_1 e_1_2_1_19_1 |
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| Snippet | The measurement of rainfall by remote sensors is investigated. One parameter radar rainfall measurement is limited because both reflectivity and rain rate are... This paper is a critical survey of the measurement of rainfall by remote sensors. It is shown that single‐parameter radar rainfall measurements are limited... This paper is a critical survey of the measurement of rainfall by remote sensors. It is shown that single-parameter radar rainfall measurements are limited... This paper is a critical survey of rainfall measurement by remote sensors. It is shown that single-parameter radar rainfall measurements are limited because... |
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| Title | The multiparameter remote measurement of rainfall |
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