Immunosuppression in Malaria: Do Plasmodium falciparum Parasites Hijack the Host?

Malaria reflects not only a state of immune activation, but also a state of general immune defect or immunosuppression, of complex etiology that can last longer than the actual episode. Inhabitants of malaria-endemic regions with lifelong exposure to the parasite show an exhausted or immune regulato...

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Published inPathogens (Basel) Vol. 10; no. 10; p. 1277
Main Authors Calle, Carlos Lamsfus, Mordmüller, Benjamin, Singh, Anurag
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 03.10.2021
MDPI
Subjects
Adaptive immunity
Antibodies
Antigens
Asymptomatic
Disease
Etiology
Fever
Homology
Immune response
Immune system
Immunoregulation
Immunoregulatory factors
Immunosuppression
Infections
Malaria
Malnutrition
Parasites
Pathogens
Plasmodium falciparum
regulatory B cells
regulatory T cells
Review
tolerance
Vaccines
Vector-borne diseases
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN2076-0817
2076-0817
DOI10.3390/pathogens10101277

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Abstract Malaria reflects not only a state of immune activation, but also a state of general immune defect or immunosuppression, of complex etiology that can last longer than the actual episode. Inhabitants of malaria-endemic regions with lifelong exposure to the parasite show an exhausted or immune regulatory profile compared to non- or minimally exposed subjects. Several studies and experiments to identify and characterize the cause of this malaria-related immunosuppression have shown that malaria suppresses humoral and cellular responses to both homologous (Plasmodium) and heterologous antigens (e.g., vaccines). However, neither the underlying mechanisms nor the relative involvement of different types of immune cells in immunosuppression during malaria is well understood. Moreover, the implication of the parasite during the different stages of the modulation of immunity has not been addressed in detail. There is growing evidence of a role of immune regulators and cellular components in malaria that may lead to immunosuppression that needs further research. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on how malaria parasites may directly and indirectly induce immunosuppression and investigate the potential role of specific cell types, effector molecules and other immunoregulatory factors.
AbstractList Malaria reflects not only a state of immune activation, but also a state of general immune defect or immunosuppression, of complex etiology that can last longer than the actual episode. Inhabitants of malaria-endemic regions with lifelong exposure to the parasite show an exhausted or immune regulatory profile compared to non- or minimally exposed subjects. Several studies and experiments to identify and characterize the cause of this malaria-related immunosuppression have shown that malaria suppresses humoral and cellular responses to both homologous (Plasmodium) and heterologous antigens (e.g., vaccines). However, neither the underlying mechanisms nor the relative involvement of different types of immune cells in immunosuppression during malaria is well understood. Moreover, the implication of the parasite during the different stages of the modulation of immunity has not been addressed in detail. There is growing evidence of a role of immune regulators and cellular components in malaria that may lead to immunosuppression that needs further research. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on how malaria parasites may directly and indirectly induce immunosuppression and investigate the potential role of specific cell types, effector molecules and other immunoregulatory factors.
Malaria reflects not only a state of immune activation, but also a state of general immune defect or immunosuppression, of complex etiology that can last longer than the actual episode. Inhabitants of malaria-endemic regions with lifelong exposure to the parasite show an exhausted or immune regulatory profile compared to non- or minimally exposed subjects. Several studies and experiments to identify and characterize the cause of this malaria-related immunosuppression have shown that malaria suppresses humoral and cellular responses to both homologous ( Plasmodium ) and heterologous antigens (e.g., vaccines). However, neither the underlying mechanisms nor the relative involvement of different types of immune cells in immunosuppression during malaria is well understood. Moreover, the implication of the parasite during the different stages of the modulation of immunity has not been addressed in detail. There is growing evidence of a role of immune regulators and cellular components in malaria that may lead to immunosuppression that needs further research. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on how malaria parasites may directly and indirectly induce immunosuppression and investigate the potential role of specific cell types, effector molecules and other immunoregulatory factors.
Malaria reflects not only a state of immune activation, but also a state of general immune defect or immunosuppression, of complex etiology that can last longer than the actual episode. Inhabitants of malaria-endemic regions with lifelong exposure to the parasite show an exhausted or immune regulatory profile compared to non- or minimally exposed subjects. Several studies and experiments to identify and characterize the cause of this malaria-related immunosuppression have shown that malaria suppresses humoral and cellular responses to both homologous (Plasmodium) and heterologous antigens (e.g., vaccines). However, neither the underlying mechanisms nor the relative involvement of different types of immune cells in immunosuppression during malaria is well understood. Moreover, the implication of the parasite during the different stages of the modulation of immunity has not been addressed in detail. There is growing evidence of a role of immune regulators and cellular components in malaria that may lead to immunosuppression that needs further research. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on how malaria parasites may directly and indirectly induce immunosuppression and investigate the potential role of specific cell types, effector molecules and other immunoregulatory factors.Malaria reflects not only a state of immune activation, but also a state of general immune defect or immunosuppression, of complex etiology that can last longer than the actual episode. Inhabitants of malaria-endemic regions with lifelong exposure to the parasite show an exhausted or immune regulatory profile compared to non- or minimally exposed subjects. Several studies and experiments to identify and characterize the cause of this malaria-related immunosuppression have shown that malaria suppresses humoral and cellular responses to both homologous (Plasmodium) and heterologous antigens (e.g., vaccines). However, neither the underlying mechanisms nor the relative involvement of different types of immune cells in immunosuppression during malaria is well understood. Moreover, the implication of the parasite during the different stages of the modulation of immunity has not been addressed in detail. There is growing evidence of a role of immune regulators and cellular components in malaria that may lead to immunosuppression that needs further research. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on how malaria parasites may directly and indirectly induce immunosuppression and investigate the potential role of specific cell types, effector molecules and other immunoregulatory factors.
Author Calle, Carlos Lamsfus
Singh, Anurag
Mordmüller, Benjamin
AuthorAffiliation 1 Institute for Tropical Medicine, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; carlos.lamsfus-calle@uni-tuebingen.de
3 Institute for Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine (IKET), University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
2 Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; benjamin.mordmuller@radboudumc.nl
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– name: 1 Institute for Tropical Medicine, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; carlos.lamsfus-calle@uni-tuebingen.de
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  orcidid: 0000-0002-9370-1038
  surname: Singh
  fullname: Singh, Anurag
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Snippet Malaria reflects not only a state of immune activation, but also a state of general immune defect or immunosuppression, of complex etiology that can last...
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SubjectTerms Adaptive immunity
Antibodies
Antigens
Asymptomatic
Disease
Etiology
Fever
Homology
Immune response
Immune system
Immunoregulation
Immunoregulatory factors
Immunosuppression
Infections
Malaria
Malnutrition
Parasites
Pathogens
Plasmodium falciparum
regulatory B cells
regulatory T cells
Review
tolerance
Vaccines
Vector-borne diseases
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Title Immunosuppression in Malaria: Do Plasmodium falciparum Parasites Hijack the Host?
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Volume 10
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