Which intervention design factors influence performance of community health workers in low-and middle-income countries? A systematic review

Community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly recognized as an integral component of the health workforce needed to achieve public health goals in lowand middle-income countries (LMICs). Many factors influence CHW performance. A systematic review was conducted to identify intervention design rela...

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Published inHealth policy and planning Vol. 30; no. 9; pp. 1207 - 1227
Main Authors Kok, Maryse C, Dieleman, Marjolein, Taegtmeyer, Miriam, Broerse, Jacqueline EW, Kane, Sumit S, Ormel, Hermen, Tijm, Mandy M, de Koning, Korrie AM
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England Oxford University Press 01.11.2015
Oxford Publishing Limited (England)
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Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0268-1080
1460-2237
1460-2237
DOI10.1093/heapol/czu126

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Abstract Community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly recognized as an integral component of the health workforce needed to achieve public health goals in lowand middle-income countries (LMICs). Many factors influence CHW performance. A systematic review was conducted to identify intervention design related factors influencing performance of CHWs. We systematically searched six databases for quantitative and qualitative studies that included CHWs working in promotional, preventive or curative primary health services in LMICs. One hundred and forty studies met the inclusion criteria, were quality assessed and double read to extract data relevant to the design of CHW programmes. A preliminary framework containing factors influencing CHW performance and characteristics of CHW performance (such as motivation and competencies) guided the literature search and review. A mix of financial and non-financial incentives, predictable for the CHWs, was found to be an effective strategy to enhance performance, especially of those CHWs with multiple tasks. Performance-based financial incentives sometimes resulted in neglect of unpaid tasks. Intervention designs which involved frequent supervision and continuous training led to better CHW performance in certain settings. Supervision and training were often mentioned as facilitating factors, but few studies tested which approach worked best or how these were best implemented. Embedment of CHWs in community and health systems was found to diminish workload and increase CHW credibility. Clearly defined CHW roles and introduction of clear processes for communication among different levels of the health system could strengthen CHW performance. When designing community-based health programmes, factors that increased CHW performance in comparable settings should be taken into account. Additional intervention research to develop a better evidence base for the most effective training and supervision mechanisms and qualitative research to inform policymakers in development of CHW interventions are needed. Le personnel de santé communautaire (PSC) est de plus en plus reconnu comme élément prépondérant du personnel de santé nécessaire pour atteindre les objectifs de santé publique dans les pays à faible et moyen revenu. Beaucoup de facteurs influencent les performances des PSC. Nous avons mené une revue systématique pour identifier les facteurs lors de la conception d’initiatives qui ont une influence sur les performances des PSC. Nous avons cherché systématiquement dans six bases de données provenant d’études quantitatives et qualitatives incluant les PSC travaillant pour la promotion, la prévention et les soins curatifs dans les services de santé primaires pour les pays à faible et moyen revenu. Nous avons trouvé 140 études correspondant aux critères d’inclusion et dont la qualité a été évaluée ainsi qu’une relecture pour extraire les données pertinentes pour la conception de programmes de PSC. Un cadre préliminaire contenant des facteurs influençant la performance des PSC ainsi que les caractéristiques des performances des PSC (telles que la motivation et les compétences) a permis de diriger la recherche de documents et leur analyse. Un mixe d’incitations financières ou non financières, prévisibles pour le PSC, semble être une stratégie efficace pour améliorer la performance, spécialement pour les PSC qui ont plusieurs rôles. Les incitations financières pour encourager la performance peuvent parfois entrainer une négligence sur les t âches non rémunérées. La conception des initiatives, qui implique une supervision fréquente et une formation continue, a entrainé une meilleure performance des PSC dans certains cas. La supervision et la formation ont souvent été mentionnées comme éléments facilitateurs mais peu d’études ont testé quelle approche marchait le mieux et quel est le meilleur moyen de les mettre en place. L’intégration du PSC dans la communauté et dans le système de santé a permis de diminuer la charge de travail et d’augmenter la crédibilité du PSC. Le fait de clairement définir le rôle du PSC et d’introduire un processus de communication clair entre les différents niveaux du système de santé pourrait renforcer la performance du PSC. Lorsque les programmes de santé communautaire sont conçus, les éléments qui favorisent l’amélioration des performances du PSC dans des contextes comparables doivent être pris en compte. Nous avons besoins d’initiatives supplémentaires afin de développer un meilleur cadre pour une formation efficace, pour des mécanismes de supervisions ainsi que pour des recherches qualitatives afin d’informer les législateurs du développement des initiatives du PSC. 在低收入和中等收入国家(LMICs)中,为了达到公共医疗 目标,社区医疗工作者(CHWs)越来越多得被认为是医疗 工作者的一个组成部分。很多因素影响社区医疗工作者的绩 效。本文对这些影响因素做了一个系统评价。我们对六个数 据库定量和定性的研究进行了系统搜索,包括了在低收入和 中等收入国家中在促进、预防和基础医疗服务领域工作的社 区医疗工作者。达到我们标准的 140 个研究被进行了质量评 估,并被再次阅读提取出与社区医疗工作者项目设计相关的 数据。我们提前设计好了一个框架来指导文献搜索和综述工 作,框架里包括了影响社区医疗工作者绩效的因素和绩效的 特点(比如动机和能力)。 经济和非经济动机的混合,可以预见到,是提高绩效的有效 措施,特别是对于有多项工作的社区医疗工作者来说。以绩 效为基础的经济刺激有时会导致对一些不支付金钱的工作的 忽视。在一些情景中,包含了经常性监督和持续培训的干预 措施的设计能够带来更好的绩效。监督和培训是经常被提到 的影响因素,但是很少有研究试验哪种方式最有效或者如何 实施最有效。将社区工作者融入社区和医疗系统中能减少工 作量并增加社区工作者的可信度。清晰地界定社区工作者的 角色和引入医疗系统中不同层面的人的对话机制也能加强绩 效。 当设计以社区为基础的医疗项目时,应该考虑在对比情境下 增加社区医疗工作者绩效的因素。还应该进行额外的干预措 施研究建立一个证据库用以找出最有效的培训和监督机制和 为政策制定者设计干预措施提供定性研究。 Los trabajadores de salud comunitaria (TSCs) son reconocidos cada vez más como un componente integral del personal de la salud necesario para lograr los objetivos de la salud pública en los países de ingresos bajos y medianos (PIBMs). Muchos factores influyen en el rendimiento de los TSCs. Se realizó una revisión sistemática para identificar los factores relacionados con el diseño de la intervención que influyen en el rendimiento de los TSCs. De forma sistemática usamos seis bases de datos para buscar estudios cuantitativos y cualitativos que incluyeron los TSCs que trabajan en servicios promocionales, preventivos o curativos de atención primaria de salud en PIBMs. Ciento cuarenta estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y fueron evaluados en materia de calidad. Se hizo doble lectura para extraer datos relevantes al diseño de programas de los TSCs. Un marco preliminar que contiene los factores que influyen en el rendimiento de los TSC y sus características de rendimiento (tales como motivación y competencias) orientaron la búsqueda bibliográfica y la revisión. Una combinación de incentivos financieros y no financieros, previsibles para los TSCs, resultó ser una estrategia efectiva para mejorar el rendimiento, especialmente para aquellos TSCs con múltiples tareas. Los incentivos financieros basados en el rendimiento resultaron a veces en el abandono de las tareas no pagadas. Los diseños de las intervenciones que implicaron la supervisión frecuente y la formación continua llevaron a un mejor rendimiento de los TSC en ciertos contextos. La supervisión y la capacitación se mencionaron a menudo como factores facilitadores, pero pocos estudios probaron cual enfoque funcionó mejor o cómo éstas se implementaron de mejor manera. Se encontró que el arraigamiento de los TSCs en los sistemas comunitarios disminuyó la carga de trabajo y aumentó su credibilidad. Funciones de los TSCs claramente definidas y la introducción de procesos claros para la comunicación entre los diferentes niveles del sistema de salud podrían fortalecer el rendimiento de los TSCs. Al diseñar los programas de salud basados en la comunidad, los factores que aumentan el rendimiento de los TSCs en contextos comparables deben ser tenidos en cuenta. Son necesarias investigaciones adicionales sobre la intervención para desarrollar una mejor base de pruebas sobre los mecanismos de formación y supervisión más eficaces, e investigaciones cualitativas para informar a los responsables de las políticas en el desarrollo de las intervenciones de los TSCs.
AbstractList Community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly recognized as an integral component of the health workforce needed to achieve public health goals in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Many factors influence CHW performance. A systematic review was conducted to identify intervention design related factors influencing performance of CHWs. The authors systematically searched six databases for quantitative and qualitative studies that included CHWs working in promotional, preventive or curative primary health services in LMICs. One hundred and forty studies met the inclusion criteria, were quality assessed and double read to extract data relevant to the design of CHW programmes. A preliminary framework containing factors influencing CHW performance and characteristics of CHW performance guided the literature search and review. When designing community-based health programmes, factors that increased CHW performance in comparable settings should be taken into account. Additional intervention research to develop a better evidence base for the most effective training and supervision mechanisms and qualitative research to inform policymakers in development of CHW interventions are needed. Reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press
Community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly recognized as an integral component of the health workforce needed to achieve public health goals in lowand middle-income countries (LMICs). Many factors influence CHW performance. A systematic review was conducted to identify intervention design related factors influencing performance of CHWs. We systematically searched six databases for quantitative and qualitative studies that included CHWs working in promotional, preventive or curative primary health services in LMICs. One hundred and forty studies met the inclusion criteria, were quality assessed and double read to extract data relevant to the design of CHW programmes. A preliminary framework containing factors influencing CHW performance and characteristics of CHW performance (such as motivation and competencies) guided the literature search and review. A mix of financial and non-financial incentives, predictable for the CHWs, was found to be an effective strategy to enhance performance, especially of those CHWs with multiple tasks. Performance-based financial incentives sometimes resulted in neglect of unpaid tasks. Intervention designs which involved frequent supervision and continuous training led to better CHW performance in certain settings. Supervision and training were often mentioned as facilitating factors, but few studies tested which approach worked best or how these were best implemented. Embedment of CHWs in community and health systems was found to diminish workload and increase CHW credibility. Clearly defined CHW roles and introduction of clear processes for communication among different levels of the health system could strengthen CHW performance. When designing community-based health programmes, factors that increased CHW performance in comparable settings should be taken into account. Additional intervention research to develop a better evidence base for the most effective training and supervision mechanisms and qualitative research to inform policymakers in development of CHW interventions are needed. Le personnel de santé communautaire (PSC) est de plus en plus reconnu comme élément prépondérant du personnel de santé nécessaire pour atteindre les objectifs de santé publique dans les pays à faible et moyen revenu. Beaucoup de facteurs influencent les performances des PSC. Nous avons mené une revue systématique pour identifier les facteurs lors de la conception d’initiatives qui ont une influence sur les performances des PSC. Nous avons cherché systématiquement dans six bases de données provenant d’études quantitatives et qualitatives incluant les PSC travaillant pour la promotion, la prévention et les soins curatifs dans les services de santé primaires pour les pays à faible et moyen revenu. Nous avons trouvé 140 études correspondant aux critères d’inclusion et dont la qualité a été évaluée ainsi qu’une relecture pour extraire les données pertinentes pour la conception de programmes de PSC. Un cadre préliminaire contenant des facteurs influençant la performance des PSC ainsi que les caractéristiques des performances des PSC (telles que la motivation et les compétences) a permis de diriger la recherche de documents et leur analyse. Un mixe d’incitations financières ou non financières, prévisibles pour le PSC, semble être une stratégie efficace pour améliorer la performance, spécialement pour les PSC qui ont plusieurs rôles. Les incitations financières pour encourager la performance peuvent parfois entrainer une négligence sur les t âches non rémunérées. La conception des initiatives, qui implique une supervision fréquente et une formation continue, a entrainé une meilleure performance des PSC dans certains cas. La supervision et la formation ont souvent été mentionnées comme éléments facilitateurs mais peu d’études ont testé quelle approche marchait le mieux et quel est le meilleur moyen de les mettre en place. L’intégration du PSC dans la communauté et dans le système de santé a permis de diminuer la charge de travail et d’augmenter la crédibilité du PSC. Le fait de clairement définir le rôle du PSC et d’introduire un processus de communication clair entre les différents niveaux du système de santé pourrait renforcer la performance du PSC. Lorsque les programmes de santé communautaire sont conçus, les éléments qui favorisent l’amélioration des performances du PSC dans des contextes comparables doivent être pris en compte. Nous avons besoins d’initiatives supplémentaires afin de développer un meilleur cadre pour une formation efficace, pour des mécanismes de supervisions ainsi que pour des recherches qualitatives afin d’informer les législateurs du développement des initiatives du PSC. 在低收入和中等收入国家(LMICs)中,为了达到公共医疗 目标,社区医疗工作者(CHWs)越来越多得被认为是医疗 工作者的一个组成部分。很多因素影响社区医疗工作者的绩 效。本文对这些影响因素做了一个系统评价。我们对六个数 据库定量和定性的研究进行了系统搜索,包括了在低收入和 中等收入国家中在促进、预防和基础医疗服务领域工作的社 区医疗工作者。达到我们标准的 140 个研究被进行了质量评 估,并被再次阅读提取出与社区医疗工作者项目设计相关的 数据。我们提前设计好了一个框架来指导文献搜索和综述工 作,框架里包括了影响社区医疗工作者绩效的因素和绩效的 特点(比如动机和能力)。 经济和非经济动机的混合,可以预见到,是提高绩效的有效 措施,特别是对于有多项工作的社区医疗工作者来说。以绩 效为基础的经济刺激有时会导致对一些不支付金钱的工作的 忽视。在一些情景中,包含了经常性监督和持续培训的干预 措施的设计能够带来更好的绩效。监督和培训是经常被提到 的影响因素,但是很少有研究试验哪种方式最有效或者如何 实施最有效。将社区工作者融入社区和医疗系统中能减少工 作量并增加社区工作者的可信度。清晰地界定社区工作者的 角色和引入医疗系统中不同层面的人的对话机制也能加强绩 效。 当设计以社区为基础的医疗项目时,应该考虑在对比情境下 增加社区医疗工作者绩效的因素。还应该进行额外的干预措 施研究建立一个证据库用以找出最有效的培训和监督机制和 为政策制定者设计干预措施提供定性研究。 Los trabajadores de salud comunitaria (TSCs) son reconocidos cada vez más como un componente integral del personal de la salud necesario para lograr los objetivos de la salud pública en los países de ingresos bajos y medianos (PIBMs). Muchos factores influyen en el rendimiento de los TSCs. Se realizó una revisión sistemática para identificar los factores relacionados con el diseño de la intervención que influyen en el rendimiento de los TSCs. De forma sistemática usamos seis bases de datos para buscar estudios cuantitativos y cualitativos que incluyeron los TSCs que trabajan en servicios promocionales, preventivos o curativos de atención primaria de salud en PIBMs. Ciento cuarenta estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y fueron evaluados en materia de calidad. Se hizo doble lectura para extraer datos relevantes al diseño de programas de los TSCs. Un marco preliminar que contiene los factores que influyen en el rendimiento de los TSC y sus características de rendimiento (tales como motivación y competencias) orientaron la búsqueda bibliográfica y la revisión. Una combinación de incentivos financieros y no financieros, previsibles para los TSCs, resultó ser una estrategia efectiva para mejorar el rendimiento, especialmente para aquellos TSCs con múltiples tareas. Los incentivos financieros basados en el rendimiento resultaron a veces en el abandono de las tareas no pagadas. Los diseños de las intervenciones que implicaron la supervisión frecuente y la formación continua llevaron a un mejor rendimiento de los TSC en ciertos contextos. La supervisión y la capacitación se mencionaron a menudo como factores facilitadores, pero pocos estudios probaron cual enfoque funcionó mejor o cómo éstas se implementaron de mejor manera. Se encontró que el arraigamiento de los TSCs en los sistemas comunitarios disminuyó la carga de trabajo y aumentó su credibilidad. Funciones de los TSCs claramente definidas y la introducción de procesos claros para la comunicación entre los diferentes niveles del sistema de salud podrían fortalecer el rendimiento de los TSCs. Al diseñar los programas de salud basados en la comunidad, los factores que aumentan el rendimiento de los TSCs en contextos comparables deben ser tenidos en cuenta. Son necesarias investigaciones adicionales sobre la intervención para desarrollar una mejor base de pruebas sobre los mecanismos de formación y supervisión más eficaces, e investigaciones cualitativas para informar a los responsables de las políticas en el desarrollo de las intervenciones de los TSCs.
Community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly recognized as an integral component of the health workforce needed to achieve public health goals in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Many factors influence CHW performance. A systematic review was conducted to identify intervention design related factors influencing performance of CHWs. We systematically searched six databases for quantitative and qualitative studies that included CHWs working in promotional, preventive or curative primary health services in LMICs. One hundred and forty studies met the inclusion criteria, were quality assessed and double read to extract data relevant to the design of CHW programmes. A preliminary framework containing factors influencing CHW performance and characteristics of CHW performance (such as motivation and competencies) guided the literature search and review.A mix of financial and non-financial incentives, predictable for the CHWs, was found to be an effective strategy to enhance performance, especially of those CHWs with multiple tasks. Performance-based financial incentives sometimes resulted in neglect of unpaid tasks. Intervention designs which involved frequent supervision and continuous training led to better CHW performance in certain settings. Supervision and training were often mentioned as facilitating factors, but few studies tested which approach worked best or how these were best implemented. Embedment of CHWs in community and health systems was found to diminish workload and increase CHW credibility. Clearly defined CHW roles and introduction of clear processes for communication among different levels of the health system could strengthen CHW performance.When designing community-based health programmes, factors that increased CHW performance in comparable settings should be taken into account. Additional intervention research to develop a better evidence base for the most effective training and supervision mechanisms and qualitative research to inform policymakers in development of CHW interventions are needed.Community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly recognized as an integral component of the health workforce needed to achieve public health goals in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Many factors influence CHW performance. A systematic review was conducted to identify intervention design related factors influencing performance of CHWs. We systematically searched six databases for quantitative and qualitative studies that included CHWs working in promotional, preventive or curative primary health services in LMICs. One hundred and forty studies met the inclusion criteria, were quality assessed and double read to extract data relevant to the design of CHW programmes. A preliminary framework containing factors influencing CHW performance and characteristics of CHW performance (such as motivation and competencies) guided the literature search and review.A mix of financial and non-financial incentives, predictable for the CHWs, was found to be an effective strategy to enhance performance, especially of those CHWs with multiple tasks. Performance-based financial incentives sometimes resulted in neglect of unpaid tasks. Intervention designs which involved frequent supervision and continuous training led to better CHW performance in certain settings. Supervision and training were often mentioned as facilitating factors, but few studies tested which approach worked best or how these were best implemented. Embedment of CHWs in community and health systems was found to diminish workload and increase CHW credibility. Clearly defined CHW roles and introduction of clear processes for communication among different levels of the health system could strengthen CHW performance.When designing community-based health programmes, factors that increased CHW performance in comparable settings should be taken into account. Additional intervention research to develop a better evidence base for the most effective training and supervision mechanisms and qualitative research to inform policymakers in development of CHW interventions are needed.
Community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly recognized as an integral component of the health workforce needed to achieve public health goals in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Many factors influence CHW performance. A systematic review was conducted to identify intervention design related factors influencing performance of CHWs. We systematically searched six databases for quantitative and qualitative studies that included CHWs working in promotional, preventive or curative primary health services in LMICs. One hundred and forty studies met the inclusion criteria, were quality assessed and double read to extract data relevant to the design of CHW programmes. A preliminary framework containing factors influencing CHW performance and characteristics of CHW performance (such as motivation and competencies) guided the literature search and review. A mix of financial and non-financial incentives, predictable for the CHWs, was found to be an effective strategy to enhance performance, especially of those CHWs with multiple tasks. Performance-based financial incentives sometimes resulted in neglect of unpaid tasks. Intervention designs which involved frequent supervision and continuous training led to better CHW performance in certain settings. Supervision and training were often mentioned as facilitating factors, but few studies tested which approach worked best or how these were best implemented. Embedment of CHWs in community and health systems was found to diminish workload and increase CHW credibility. Clearly defined CHW roles and introduction of clear processes for communication among different levels of the health system could strengthen CHW performance. When designing community-based health programmes, factors that increased CHW performance in comparable settings should be taken into account. Additional intervention research to develop a better evidence base for the most effective training and supervision mechanisms and qualitative research to inform policymakers in development of CHW interventions are needed.
Community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly recognized as an integral component of the health workforce needed to achieve public health goals in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Many factors influence CHW performance. A systematic review was conducted to identify intervention design related factors influencing performance of CHWs. We systematically searched six databases for quantitative and qualitative studies that included CHWs working in promotional, preventive or curative primary health services in LMICs. One hundred and forty studies met the inclusion criteria, were quality assessed and double read to extract data relevant to the design of CHW programmes. A preliminary framework containing factors influencing CHW performance and characteristics of CHW performance (such as motivation and competencies) guided the literature search and review.A mix of financial and non-financial incentives, predictable for the CHWs, was found to be an effective strategy to enhance performance, especially of those CHWs with multiple tasks. Performance-based financial incentives sometimes resulted in neglect of unpaid tasks. Intervention designs which involved frequent supervision and continuous training led to better CHW performance in certain settings. Supervision and training were often mentioned as facilitating factors, but few studies tested which approach worked best or how these were best implemented. Embedment of CHWs in community and health systems was found to diminish workload and increase CHW credibility. Clearly defined CHW roles and introduction of clear processes for communication among different levels of the health system could strengthen CHW performance.When designing community-based health programmes, factors that increased CHW performance in comparable settings should be taken into account. Additional intervention research to develop a better evidence base for the most effective training and supervision mechanisms and qualitative research to inform policymakers in development of CHW interventions are needed.
Community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly recognized as an integral component of the health workforce needed to achieve public health goals in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Many factors influence CHW performance. A systematic review was conducted to identify intervention design related factors influencing performance of CHWs. The authors systematically searched six databases for quantitative and qualitative studies that included CHWs working in promotional, preventive or curative primary health services in LMICs. One hundred and forty studies met the inclusion criteria, were quality assessed and double read to extract data relevant to the design of CHW programmes. A preliminary framework containing factors influencing CHW performance and characteristics of CHW performance guided the literature search and review. When designing community-based health programmes, factors that increased CHW performance in comparable settings should be taken into account. Additional intervention research to develop a better evidence base for the most effective training and supervision mechanisms and qualitative research to inform policymakers in development of CHW interventions are needed.
Author Kok, Maryse C
Ormel, Hermen
Dieleman, Marjolein
Broerse, Jacqueline EW
de Koning, Korrie AM
Taegtmeyer, Miriam
Tijm, Mandy M
Kane, Sumit S
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  givenname: Maryse C
  surname: Kok
  fullname: Kok, Maryse C
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  givenname: Marjolein
  surname: Dieleman
  fullname: Dieleman, Marjolein
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Miriam
  surname: Taegtmeyer
  fullname: Taegtmeyer, Miriam
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Jacqueline EW
  surname: Broerse
  fullname: Broerse, Jacqueline EW
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Sumit S
  surname: Kane
  fullname: Kane, Sumit S
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Hermen
  surname: Ormel
  fullname: Ormel, Hermen
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Mandy M
  surname: Tijm
  fullname: Tijm, Mandy M
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Korrie AM
  surname: de Koning
  fullname: de Koning, Korrie AM
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25500559$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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License Published by Oxford University Press in association with The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine © The Author 2014.
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Snippet Community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly recognized as an integral component of the health workforce needed to achieve public health goals in lowand...
Community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly recognized as an integral component of the health workforce needed to achieve public health goals in low- and...
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StartPage 1207
SubjectTerms Clinical Competence
Communities
Community health care
Community health workers
Community Health Workers - organization & administration
Community Health Workers - standards
Community-based programs
Cooperative Behavior
Criteria
Data quality
Delivery of Health Care
Design
Design factors
Developing Countries
Health services
Human performance
Humans
Income
Intervention
Labor force
LDCs
Literature reviews
Low income groups
Medical personnel
Motivation
Occupational health
Occupational health and safety
Policy making
Prevention programs
Public health
Qualitative research
Quality assessment
Quantitative analysis
REVIEW
Reviews
Studies
Supervision
Systematic review
Training
Workers
Title Which intervention design factors influence performance of community health workers in low-and middle-income countries? A systematic review
URI https://www.jstor.org/stable/48508822
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25500559
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1722193551
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1721349876
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1758937448
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC4597042
Volume 30
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