Composition and Nutritional Value of Acid Oils and Fatty Acid Distillates Used in Animal Feeding

Acid oils (AO) and fatty acid distillates (FAD) are oil refining by-products rich in free fatty acids. The objective of this study is their characterization and the identification of their sources of variability so that they can be standardized to improve their use as feed ingredients. Samples (n=92...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inAnimals (Basel) Vol. 11; no. 1; p. 196
Main Authors Varona, Elisa, Tres, Alba, Rafecas, Magdalena, Vichi, Stefania, Barroeta, Ana C, Guardiola, Francesc
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 01.01.2021
MDPI
Subjects
acid oils
animal feed
By products
Byproducts
Composition
Crude oil
Distillates
Distillation
Edible oils
Energy value
fat by-products
Fatty acid composition
fatty acid distillates
Fatty acids
Feeds
Food chains
Guidelines
Impurities
Ingredients
Lipids
Moisture
nutritional value
Nutritive value
Oils & fats
Petroleum refineries
Petroleum refining
Polymers
poultry
Refining
Standardization
Sustainability
Variability
animal feed
poultry
fatty acid distillates
acid oils
nutritional value
fat by-products
MIU value
energy
pig
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Abstract Acid oils (AO) and fatty acid distillates (FAD) are oil refining by-products rich in free fatty acids. The objective of this study is their characterization and the identification of their sources of variability so that they can be standardized to improve their use as feed ingredients. Samples (n=92) were collected from the Spanish market and the MIU value (sum of moisture, insoluble impurities, and unsaponifiable matter), lipid classes, fatty acid composition, and tocol content were analyzed. Their composition was highly variable even between batches from the same producer. As FAD originated from a distillation step, they showed higher free fatty acid amounts (82.5 vs 57.0 g/100 g, median values), whereas AO maintained higher proportions of moisture, polymers, tri-, di-, and monoacylglycerols. Overall, the MIU value was higher in AO (2.60-18.50 g/100 g in AO vs 0.63-10.44 g/100 g in FAD), with most of the contents of insoluble impurities being higher than those in the guidelines. Tocol and fatty acid composition were influenced by the crude oil's botanical origin. The calculated dietary energy values were, in general, higher for AO and decreased when a MIU correction factor was applied. The analytical control and standardization of these by-products is of the outmost importance to revalorize them as feed ingredients.
AbstractList Simple SummaryAcid oils and fatty acid distillates are by-products from the edible oil refining industry that are rich in free fatty acids. Their use as feed ingredients is a way to valorize them in order to increase the sustainability of the food chain; however, differences in the animal productive parameters when using them have been reported. The objective of this study is their characterization and the identification of their sources of variability. Results have revealed a high variability in their composition, being influenced both by the botanical origin of de crude oil and by the type of refining process. Thus, the analytical control and standardization of these by-products is of outmost importance to guarantee a standardized quality which would increase their value as feed ingredients. Remarkably, almost all samples showed some compositional values above the limits recommended by some feed fat guidelines, which suggests that the production of these by-products must be standardized and improved, and some of the thresholds should probably be revised.AbstractAcid oils (AO) and fatty acid distillates (FAD) are oil refining by-products rich in free fatty acids. The objective of this study is their characterization and the identification of their sources of variability so that they can be standardized to improve their use as feed ingredients. Samples (n=92) were collected from the Spanish market and the MIU value (sum of moisture, insoluble impurities, and unsaponifiable matter), lipid classes, fatty acid composition, and tocol content were analyzed. Their composition was highly variable even between batches from the same producer. As FAD originated from a distillation step, they showed higher free fatty acid amounts (82.5 vs 57.0 g/100 g, median values), whereas AO maintained higher proportions of moisture, polymers, tri-, di-, and monoacylglycerols. Overall, the MIU value was higher in AO (2.60–18.50 g/100 g in AO vs 0.63-10.44 g/100 g in FAD), with most of the contents of insoluble impurities being higher than those in the guidelines. Tocol and fatty acid composition were influenced by the crude oil’s botanical origin. The calculated dietary energy values were, in general, higher for AO and decreased when a MIU correction factor was applied. The analytical control and standardization of these by-products is of the outmost importance to revalorize them as feed ingredients.
Acid oils (AO) and fatty acid distillates (FAD) are oil refining by-products rich in free fatty acids. The objective of this study is their characterization and the identification of their sources of variability so that they can be standardized to improve their use as feed ingredients. Samples (n=92) were collected from the Spanish market and the MIU value (sum of moisture, insoluble impurities, and unsaponifiable matter), lipid classes, fatty acid composition, and tocol content were analyzed. Their composition was highly variable even between batches from the same producer. As FAD originated from a distillation step, they showed higher free fatty acid amounts (82.5 vs 57.0 g/100 g, median values), whereas AO maintained higher proportions of moisture, polymers, tri-, di-, and monoacylglycerols. Overall, the MIU value was higher in AO (2.60-18.50 g/100 g in AO vs 0.63-10.44 g/100 g in FAD), with most of the contents of insoluble impurities being higher than those in the guidelines. Tocol and fatty acid composition were influenced by the crude oil's botanical origin. The calculated dietary energy values were, in general, higher for AO and decreased when a MIU correction factor was applied. The analytical control and standardization of these by-products is of the outmost importance to revalorize them as feed ingredients.
Author Varona, Elisa
Guardiola, Francesc
Barroeta, Ana C
Rafecas, Magdalena
Vichi, Stefania
Tres, Alba
AuthorAffiliation 1 Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació i Gastronomia, Campus de l’Alimentació de Torribera, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av Prat de la Riba, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; evarona@ub.edu (E.V.); stefaniavichi@ub.edu (S.V.); fguardiola@ub.edu (F.G.)
4 Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Animal and Food Science Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Travessera dels Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Ana.Barroeta@uab.cat
2 Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av Prat de la Riba, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; magdarafecas@ub.edu
3 Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació i Gastronomia, Campus Diagonal, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. de Joan XXIII, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 4 Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Animal and Food Science Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Travessera dels Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Ana.Barroeta@uab.cat
– name: 3 Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació i Gastronomia, Campus Diagonal, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. de Joan XXIII, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
– name: 2 Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av Prat de la Riba, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; magdarafecas@ub.edu
– name: 1 Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació i Gastronomia, Campus de l’Alimentació de Torribera, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av Prat de la Riba, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; evarona@ub.edu (E.V.); stefaniavichi@ub.edu (S.V.); fguardiola@ub.edu (F.G.)
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Elisa
  surname: Varona
  fullname: Varona, Elisa
  organization: Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av Prat de la Riba, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Alba
  orcidid: 0000-0003-3626-8511
  surname: Tres
  fullname: Tres, Alba
  organization: Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av Prat de la Riba, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Magdalena
  surname: Rafecas
  fullname: Rafecas, Magdalena
  organization: Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia, Campus Diagonal, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. de Joan XXIII, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Stefania
  orcidid: 0000-0001-7859-7087
  surname: Vichi
  fullname: Vichi, Stefania
  organization: Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av Prat de la Riba, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Ana C
  surname: Barroeta
  fullname: Barroeta, Ana C
  organization: Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Animal and Food Science Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Travessera dels Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Francesc
  orcidid: 0000-0002-8624-8749
  surname: Guardiola
  fullname: Guardiola, Francesc
  organization: Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av Prat de la Riba, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33467545$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNp9ks9vFCEUx4mpsbX25N1M4qWJWeU3zMVks7q1SdNerFdkhjcrm1lYgTHpfy_drc3WQ-EAfPnwfY-X9xodhRgAobcEf2SsxZ9s8ITgOlv5Ap1QrOSMSiKODvbH6CznNa5DCUYEeYWOGeNSCS5O0M9F3Gxj9sXH0NjgmuuppN3Jjs0PO07QxKGZ9941N37MO2RpS7nba198Ln4cbYHc3GZwjQ_NPPhNfbwEcD6s3qCXgx0znD2sp-h2-fX74tvs6ubicjG_mvUCszLTzHEqOk4lA8Fp11EYnKYOmAPBBgdUVb--6sw62xGtFXVcUZCc2FYCO0WXe18X7dpsU80h3ZlovdkJMa2MTcX3IxhlQZKOci448EGAJpr3VNTwtGVWiur1ee-1nbpNjQqhJDs-MX16E_wvs4p_jNIMU0WqwfmDQYq_J8jFbHzuoRYqQJyyoVy1nLQE64q-_w9dxynV6ldKUM6UaiV9luJKa12j8kp92FN9ijknGB5TJtjct4s5aJdKvzv85SP7rznYX5yyuuA
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1016_j_fbio_2023_103479
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_anifeedsci_2021_114950
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aninu_2023_03_002
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_animal_2021_100389
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_animal_2023_100879
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psj_2023_103348
crossref_primary_10_1002_lipd_12397
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psj_2022_102236
crossref_primary_10_1111_1541_4337_12949
crossref_primary_10_3390_ani11092559
crossref_primary_10_3390_ani13081343
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psj_2022_102079
crossref_primary_10_3390_ani11041035
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psj_2021_101261
crossref_primary_10_1155_2023_6415693
crossref_primary_10_3390_ani14101450
crossref_primary_10_3390_ani12091198
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mex_2021_101334
crossref_primary_10_3390_ani11092586
Cites_doi 10.3382/ps.0700573
10.1017/S1751731111002230
10.1007/s11746-002-0585-4
10.1201/9781439832028
10.1021/jf990173b
10.3382/ps/pey458
10.7313/UPO9781904761099
10.1002/9781444339925
10.1016/0377-8401(92)90084-J
10.2527/2004.82102937x
10.1021/jf502428z
10.1002/ejlt.200900220
10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.01.035
10.1080/00071669608417842
10.1016/j.foodres.2007.06.006
10.1021/jf803369h
10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.01.012
10.1007/s11130-020-00828-w
10.1007/s15015-013-0822-2
10.1590/S1516-635X2005000300001
10.3382/ps.0681506
10.3382/ps.0701527
10.1590/fst.32518
10.1007/s11746-013-2254-8
10.1080/00071669608417841
10.3382/ps.0580885
10.3382/ps/pez253
10.1159/000229006
10.1016/S0377-8401(97)00142-9
10.1006/jfca.1994.1017
10.1016/S0002-8223(21)05428-6
10.1016/0377-8401(94)90126-0
10.1002/ejlt.200600307
10.1080/00071669608417843
10.1111/ijfs.12657
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2021. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
2021 by the authors. 2021
Copyright_xml – notice: 2021. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
– notice: 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
– notice: 2021 by the authors. 2021
DBID NPM
AAYXX
CITATION
ABUWG
AFKRA
AZQEC
BENPR
CCPQU
DWQXO
PIMPY
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
7X8
5PM
DOA
DOI 10.3390/ani11010196
DatabaseName PubMed
CrossRef
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest Central
ProQuest Central Essentials
AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Central
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central China
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle PubMed
CrossRef
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest Central
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Central Korea
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest Central China
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList Publicly Available Content Database
MEDLINE - Academic
Publicly Available Content Database
CrossRef

PubMed
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: DOA
  name: Directory of Open Access Journals
  url: https://www.doaj.org/
  sourceTypes: Open Website
– sequence: 2
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 3
  dbid: BENPR
  name: AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central
  url: https://www.proquest.com/central
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Zoology
EISSN 2076-2615
ExternalDocumentID oai_doaj_org_article_7ae61b24454e4f5e8184c2525b293a65
10_3390_ani11010196
33467545
Genre Journal Article
GrantInformation_xml – fundername: Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
  grantid: RYC-2017-23601
– fundername: Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
  grantid: BES-2016-077486
– fundername: Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
  grantid: AGL2015-64431-C2-2-R
GroupedDBID 5VS
7XC
8FE
8FH
AAFWJ
AAHBH
ABDBF
AFKRA
AFPKN
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
APEBS
ATCPS
BBNVY
BENPR
BHPHI
CCPQU
DIK
EAD
EAP
EPL
ESX
GROUPED_DOAJ
HCIFZ
HYE
IAO
ISR
ITC
LK8
M0K
M48
M7P
MODMG
M~E
NPM
OK1
PATMY
PGMZT
PIMPY
PROAC
PYCSY
RPM
TUS
ZBA
AAYXX
CITATION
ABUWG
AZQEC
DWQXO
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
7X8
5PM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c503t-83d425b4263e542bb2efd82de3de53fde27eedcbb23adab18872d472e641a96e3
IEDL.DBID RPM
ISSN 2076-2615
IngestDate Tue Oct 22 15:12:25 EDT 2024
Tue Sep 17 21:25:41 EDT 2024
Fri Oct 25 07:18:47 EDT 2024
Sat Nov 09 16:23:41 EST 2024
Thu Oct 10 22:21:44 EDT 2024
Wed Aug 28 12:33:10 EDT 2024
Sat Sep 28 08:29:09 EDT 2024
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 1
Keywords animal feed
poultry
fatty acid distillates
acid oils
nutritional value
fat by-products
MIU value
energy
pig
Language English
License Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c503t-83d425b4263e542bb2efd82de3de53fde27eedcbb23adab18872d472e641a96e3
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 23
ORCID 0000-0001-7859-7087
0000-0002-8624-8749
0000-0003-3626-8511
OpenAccessLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7830271/
PMID 33467545
PQID 2478882714
PQPubID 2032438
ParticipantIDs doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_7ae61b24454e4f5e8184c2525b293a65
pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7830271
proquest_miscellaneous_2479419108
proquest_journals_2524377962
proquest_journals_2478882714
crossref_primary_10_3390_ani11010196
pubmed_primary_33467545
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2021-01-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2021-01-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 01
  year: 2021
  text: 2021-01-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Switzerland
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Switzerland
– name: Basel
PublicationTitle Animals (Basel)
PublicationTitleAlternate Animals (Basel)
PublicationYear 2021
Publisher MDPI AG
MDPI
Publisher_xml – name: MDPI AG
– name: MDPI
References Verleyen (ref_38) 2002; 79
(ref_41) 2015; 80
Wiseman (ref_15) 1991; 70
(ref_44) 1996; 37
ref_12
ref_10
ref_19
(ref_51) 1996; 37
Chen (ref_39) 2014; 62
Henry (ref_34) 2009; 55
Lara (ref_8) 2005; 7
ref_24
ref_23
Wiseman (ref_28) 1998; 71
ref_22
(ref_16) 1996; 37
ref_21
Wiseman (ref_52) 1992; 36
ref_20
Amaral (ref_48) 2018; 38
Tres (ref_29) 2020; 75
Mclaughlin (ref_31) 1979; 75
DeRouchey (ref_53) 2004; 82
ref_26
Palmquist (ref_18) 2004; 40
ref_36
ref_35
Ghazani (ref_1) 2013; 90
Bierinckx (ref_32) 2020; 28
ref_33
Ravindran (ref_9) 2016; 213
Aleman (ref_27) 2010; 112
Dumont (ref_6) 2007; 40
Tres (ref_17) 2019; 98
ref_46
ref_45
Psomiadou (ref_49) 1999; 47
Gibon (ref_3) 2007; 109
ref_43
ref_40
Tres (ref_42) 2012; 6
Tres (ref_14) 2019; 98
Nuchi (ref_4) 2009; 57
ref_2
Wiseman (ref_30) 1994; 47
Ribeiro (ref_11) 2002; 4
Ketels (ref_47) 1989; 68
Wiseman (ref_13) 1991; 70
Sklan (ref_50) 1979; 58
ref_5
Guardiola (ref_25) 1994; 7
ref_7
Vaisali (ref_37) 2015; 50
References_xml – volume: 70
  start-page: 573
  year: 1991
  ident: ref_13
  article-title: The influence of free fatty acid content and degree of saturation on the apparent metabolizable energy value of fats fed to broilers
  publication-title: Poult. Sci.
  doi: 10.3382/ps.0700573
  contributor:
    fullname: Wiseman
– volume: 6
  start-page: 1005
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_42
  article-title: Use of palm-oil by-products in chicken and rabbit feeds: Effect on the fatty acid and tocol composition of meat, liver and plasma
  publication-title: Animal
  doi: 10.1017/S1751731111002230
  contributor:
    fullname: Tres
– ident: ref_5
– volume: 79
  start-page: 947
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_38
  article-title: Influence of the vegetable oil refining process on free and esterified sterols
  publication-title: J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.
  doi: 10.1007/s11746-002-0585-4
  contributor:
    fullname: Verleyen
– ident: ref_40
  doi: 10.1201/9781439832028
– ident: ref_26
– volume: 47
  start-page: 4025
  year: 1999
  ident: ref_49
  article-title: On the role of squalene in olive oil stability
  publication-title: J. Agric. Food Chem.
  doi: 10.1021/jf990173b
  contributor:
    fullname: Psomiadou
– volume: 98
  start-page: 1341
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_14
  article-title: Evolution of lipid classes and fatty acid digestibility along the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens fed different fat sources at different ages
  publication-title: Poult. Sci.
  doi: 10.3382/ps/pey458
  contributor:
    fullname: Tres
– ident: ref_45
  doi: 10.7313/UPO9781904761099
– ident: ref_35
  doi: 10.1002/9781444339925
– volume: 4
  start-page: 1
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_11
  article-title: Energy utilization of broiler feeds formulated with acidulated soybean soapstock
  publication-title: Braz. J. Poult. Sci.
  contributor:
    fullname: Ribeiro
– volume: 36
  start-page: 41
  year: 1992
  ident: ref_52
  article-title: The apparent metabolisable energy of sunflower oil and sunflower acid oil for broiler chickens
  publication-title: Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1016/0377-8401(92)90084-J
  contributor:
    fullname: Wiseman
– volume: 82
  start-page: 2937
  year: 2004
  ident: ref_53
  article-title: Effects of rancidity and free fatty acids in choice white grease on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weanling pigs
  publication-title: J. Anim. Sci.
  doi: 10.2527/2004.82102937x
  contributor:
    fullname: DeRouchey
– volume: 62
  start-page: 9800
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_39
  article-title: Value-added potential of expeller-pressed canola oil refining: Characterization of sinapic acid derivatives and tocopherols from byproducts
  publication-title: J. Agric. Food Chem.
  doi: 10.1021/jf502428z
  contributor:
    fullname: Chen
– ident: ref_23
– volume: 112
  start-page: 761
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_27
  article-title: Effectiveness of antioxidants in preventing oxidation of palm oil enriched with heme iron: A model for iron fortification in baked products
  publication-title: Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1002/ejlt.200900220
  contributor:
    fullname: Aleman
– volume: 80
  start-page: 362
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_41
  article-title: Modeling of olive-oil waste rotary dryers: Green energy recovery systems
  publication-title: Appl. Therm. Eng.
  doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.01.035
– volume: 37
  start-page: 119
  year: 1996
  ident: ref_16
  article-title: Studies on acid oils and fatty acids for chickens. II. Effect of free fatty acid content and degree of saturation of free fatty acids and neutral fat on fatty acid digestibility
  publication-title: Br. Poult. Sci.
  doi: 10.1080/00071669608417842
– volume: 40
  start-page: 957
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_6
  article-title: Soapstock and deodorizer distillates from North American vegetable oils: Review on their characterization, extraction and utilization
  publication-title: Food Res. Int.
  doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2007.06.006
  contributor:
    fullname: Dumont
– ident: ref_10
– volume: 57
  start-page: 1952
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_4
  article-title: Assessment of the levels of degradation in fat co-and byproducts for feed uses and their relationships with some lipid composition parameters
  publication-title: J. Agric. Food Chem.
  doi: 10.1021/jf803369h
  contributor:
    fullname: Nuchi
– volume: 213
  start-page: 1
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_9
  article-title: Fats in poultry nutrition: Digestive physiology and factors influencing their utilisation
  publication-title: Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.01.012
  contributor:
    fullname: Ravindran
– volume: 28
  start-page: 27
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_32
  article-title: Variation in dietary lipids potentially influences your poultry production
  publication-title: Int. Poult. Prod.
  contributor:
    fullname: Bierinckx
– ident: ref_20
– volume: 75
  start-page: 344
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_29
  article-title: Determination and comparison of the lipid profile and sodium content of gluten-free and gluten-containing breads from the Spanish market
  publication-title: Plant. Foods Hum. Nutr.
  doi: 10.1007/s11130-020-00828-w
  contributor:
    fullname: Tres
– ident: ref_7
  doi: 10.1007/s15015-013-0822-2
– volume: 7
  start-page: 129
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_8
  article-title: Oil and fat in broiler nutrition
  publication-title: Braz. J. Poult. Sci.
  doi: 10.1590/S1516-635X2005000300001
  contributor:
    fullname: Lara
– ident: ref_24
– volume: 68
  start-page: 1506
  year: 1989
  ident: ref_47
  article-title: Effect of ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids of the dietary lipid fraction on utilization and metabolizable energy of added fats in young chicks
  publication-title: Poult. Sci.
  doi: 10.3382/ps.0681506
  contributor:
    fullname: Ketels
– volume: 70
  start-page: 1527
  year: 1991
  ident: ref_15
  article-title: Prediction of the apparent metabolizable energy content of fats fed to broiler chickens
  publication-title: Poult. Sci.
  doi: 10.3382/ps.0701527
  contributor:
    fullname: Wiseman
– volume: 38
  start-page: 1
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_48
  article-title: Lipid oxidation in meat: Mechanisms and protective factors—a review
  publication-title: Food Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1590/fst.32518
  contributor:
    fullname: Amaral
– volume: 40
  start-page: 10
  year: 2004
  ident: ref_18
  article-title: Palm fats for livestock feeding
  publication-title: Palm Oil Dev.
  contributor:
    fullname: Palmquist
– volume: 90
  start-page: 923
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_1
  article-title: Minor components in canola oil and effects of refining on these constituents: A review
  publication-title: JAOCS, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.
  doi: 10.1007/s11746-013-2254-8
  contributor:
    fullname: Ghazani
– ident: ref_21
– volume: 37
  start-page: 105
  year: 1996
  ident: ref_44
  article-title: Studies on acid oils and fatty acids for chickens. I. Influence of age, rate of inclusion and degree of saturation on fat digestibility and metabolisable energy of acid oils
  publication-title: Br. Poult. Sci.
  doi: 10.1080/00071669608417841
– volume: 58
  start-page: 885
  year: 1979
  ident: ref_50
  article-title: Digestion and absorption of lipids in chicks fed triglycerides or free fatty acids: Synthesis of monoglycerides in the intestine
  publication-title: Poult. Sci.
  doi: 10.3382/ps.0580885
  contributor:
    fullname: Sklan
– ident: ref_33
– ident: ref_2
– volume: 98
  start-page: 4929
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_17
  article-title: Effects of dietary free fatty-acid content and saturation degree on lipid-class composition and fatty-acid digestibility along the gastrointestinal tract in broiler starter chickens
  publication-title: Poult. Sci.
  doi: 10.3382/ps/pez253
  contributor:
    fullname: Tres
– volume: 55
  start-page: 273
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_34
  article-title: Processing, manufacturing, uses and labelling of fats in the food supply
  publication-title: Ann. Nutr. Metab.
  doi: 10.1159/000229006
  contributor:
    fullname: Henry
– ident: ref_46
– ident: ref_12
– volume: 71
  start-page: 1
  year: 1998
  ident: ref_28
  article-title: Comparison between pigs and poultry in the prediction of the dietary energy value of fats
  publication-title: Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1016/S0377-8401(97)00142-9
  contributor:
    fullname: Wiseman
– volume: 7
  start-page: 171
  year: 1994
  ident: ref_25
  article-title: Fatty acid composition and nutritional value of fresh eggs, from large- and small-scale farms
  publication-title: J. Food Comp. Anal.
  doi: 10.1006/jfca.1994.1017
  contributor:
    fullname: Guardiola
– volume: 75
  start-page: 647
  year: 1979
  ident: ref_31
  article-title: Vitamin E content of foods
  publication-title: J. Am. Diet. Assoc.
  doi: 10.1016/S0002-8223(21)05428-6
  contributor:
    fullname: Mclaughlin
– volume: 47
  start-page: 225
  year: 1994
  ident: ref_30
  article-title: The effect of free fatty acid content on the apparent metabolisable energy of coconut/palm kernel oil for broiler chickens aged 12 and 52 days
  publication-title: Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1016/0377-8401(94)90126-0
  contributor:
    fullname: Wiseman
– volume: 109
  start-page: 315
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_3
  article-title: Palm oil refining
  publication-title: Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1002/ejlt.200600307
  contributor:
    fullname: Gibon
– ident: ref_36
– ident: ref_19
– ident: ref_43
– ident: ref_22
– volume: 37
  start-page: 131
  year: 1996
  ident: ref_51
  article-title: Studies on acid oils and fatty acids for chickens. III. Effect of chemical composition on metabolisable energy of by-products of vegetable oil refining
  publication-title: Br. Poult. Sci.
  doi: 10.1080/00071669608417843
– volume: 50
  start-page: 13
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_37
  article-title: Refining of edible oils: A critical appraisal of current and potential technologies
  publication-title: Int. J. Food Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1111/ijfs.12657
  contributor:
    fullname: Vaisali
SSID ssj0000753151
Score 2.3559077
Snippet Acid oils (AO) and fatty acid distillates (FAD) are oil refining by-products rich in free fatty acids. The objective of this study is their characterization...
Simple SummaryAcid oils and fatty acid distillates are by-products from the edible oil refining industry that are rich in free fatty acids. Their use as feed...
SourceID doaj
pubmedcentral
proquest
crossref
pubmed
SourceType Open Website
Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
StartPage 196
SubjectTerms acid oils
animal feed
By products
Byproducts
Composition
Crude oil
Distillates
Distillation
Edible oils
Energy value
fat by-products
Fatty acid composition
fatty acid distillates
Fatty acids
Feeds
Food chains
Guidelines
Impurities
Ingredients
Lipids
Moisture
nutritional value
Nutritive value
Oils & fats
Petroleum refineries
Petroleum refining
Polymers
poultry
Refining
Standardization
Sustainability
Variability
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: Directory of Open Access Journals
  dbid: DOA
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1La9wwEB5KoNBLafp0sykK5Gpi62HZx22TJQSaXLol9OJK1pi6JNrQ9R7y7zOyvMtuCPSSq15IMxp_M9L4E8BxKV1LQONSrKRNpUWVWqts2lRlZjJrmwZDoPj9sjify4trdb311FfICYv0wFFwJ9pgkVsCISVRtgoJYGTDFVeWgMoUkb00q7aCqb_xek4QlsUf8gTF9SfGd4R0eaCD2YGggan_KffycZbkFuzM3sDr0V9k0zjPfXiB_i28_LUYTsPfwe9gz2PeFTPescs1uz51-mluVsgWLZs2nWNX3c1yaDIzfX8fy06DhdNGIH-TzZfoWOfZ1He31HkWYe09zGdnP76dp-OjCWmjMtGnpXBkhjbwsKOS3FqOrSu5Q-FQidYh19S_oXJhnLE5fWS4k5pjIXNTFSg-wJ5fePwErCTfJM8FNXdcti1FRjQsmbjUtiAz1wkcr-VY30VujJpiiiDuekvcCXwNMt40CYTWQwGpuR7VXP9PzQlM1hqqRytb1jxw_5dc5_LpahXYFnVV8ASONtVkPuFOxHhcrIYhKkkxa1Ym8DHqezNRIQhFyMNMQO_shJ2V7Nb47s9A0a0DrZrOPz_H0g_gFQ-JNMO5zwT2-n8rPCRPqLdfhk3_AP-KBj8
  priority: 102
  providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals
– databaseName: AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central
  dbid: BENPR
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1Lb9QwEB7BVkhcEG_SFmSkXqMmfsTJCW1pVxUSC0IsqrgEO56USMVpu9kD_77jJLvtooqrX3LGHs8348lngINcupoMjYuxkDaWFlVsrbJxVeSJSaytKgyO4ud5drqQn87U2RhwW45pleszsT-oXVuFGPkhDzzvOdep_HB5FYdXo8Lt6viExkPY4eQpJBPYOTqZf_22ibKQQRRk04Yf8wT594fGN2Tx0kALs2WKesb--2Dmv9mSd8zP7Ck8GXEjmw4L_QweoH8Oj362fVT8BfwKej3mXzHjHZuvWfap0w9zsULW1mxaNY59aS6WfZOZ6bq_Q9lx0HTaEIQ72WKJjjWeTX3zhzrPBvP2Ehazk-8fT-Px8YS4Uono4lw4Ukcb-NhRSW4tx9rl3KFwqETtkGvqX1G5MM7YlA4b7qTmmMnUFBmKVzDxrcc3wHLCKGkqqLnjsq7JQ6JhSdWlthmpu47gYC3H8nLgyCjJtwjiLu-IO4KjIONNk0Bs3Re01-flqCelNpilljCHkihrhYQnZMUVfQnhEpOpCPbXK1SO2rYsb_fG_dUqsC7qIuMRvN9UkxqFuxHjsV31QxSSfNckj-D1sN6biQpB1oSQZgR6aydsfcl2jW9-91TdOtCr6XT3_7Peg8c8pMr0kZ19mHTXK3xLWKez78YNfQPVvQAt
  priority: 102
  providerName: ProQuest
– databaseName: Scholars Portal Open Access Journals
  dbid: M48
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1Lb9QwEB6VIiQuiHcDBRmp18DGjzg5oGoLrCokyoVFFZdgxxNItTjtblai_55xHqtuteLql-yxJ_ONPfkG4CiTriJD42LMpY2lRRVbq2xc5tnETKwtSwyO4pez9HQuP5-r8z0Yk3EOAlztdO1CPqn5cvH279X1MSn8--Bxksv-zviajFgSmF7uwF0uyUUPMXwDzr_oX-sEmbb-_7zbfbYsUkfcvwtt3g6avGGFZg_hwQAf2bTf70ewh_4x3PvRdJfjT-BnUO8hDIsZ79jZSLZPnb6bxRpZU7FpWTv2tV6suiYz07bXfdnHoPB0Lgh-svkKHas9m_r6D3We9VbuKcxnn759OI2HHApxqSaijTPhSCttoGVHJbm1HCuXcYfCoRKVQ66pf0nlwjhjE_rmcCc1x1QmJk9RPIN933g8AJYRVEkSQc0dl1VFjhINSxovtU1J63UER6Mci8ueKqMgFyOIu7gh7ghOgow3TQK_dVfQLH8Vg7oU2mCaWIIeSqKsFBKskCVXtBKCJyZVERyOO1SMZ6bgIRVAxnUid1erQL6o85RH8GZTTdoUnkiMx2bdDZFLcmEnWQTP-_3eTFQIMioEOCPQWydhayXbNb7-3TF268CyppMX_5_1S7jPQ8RMd8FzCPvtco2vCPK09nV3nP8BYJsA7w
  priority: 102
  providerName: Scholars Portal
Title Composition and Nutritional Value of Acid Oils and Fatty Acid Distillates Used in Animal Feeding
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33467545
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2478882714
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2524377962
https://search.proquest.com/docview/2479419108
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7830271
https://doaj.org/article/7ae61b24454e4f5e8184c2525b293a65
Volume 11
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Lb9swDCbaDht6Gbq3tzbQgF7dxHr4cUy7BsWAZMWwDMUunmTJnYdELhrnsH8_SraDpOipFx8kUbAoUiQl6hPAacp1iYZGhybjKuTKiFApocIiS0dypFRRGBcoTmfx1Zx_vRE3eyD6uzA-ab9Q1ZldLM9s9cfnVt4ti2GfJza8nl4kDrQqiYb7sI8CuhWi_21P5hiasfYuHsOQfihthUYuckgwh_CCMVwbhLu-tGWIPF7_Y07mw1zJLeMzOYKXnddIxu3fvYI9Y1_D81-13xN_A7-dVnfZV0RaTWY9xj4S_ZSLtSF1ScZFpcm3arHyTSayaf61ZV-cnqM4oNdJ5iujSWXJ2FZLJJ60xu0tzCeXPy6uwu7phLAQI9aEKdOojMqhsRvBqVLUlDql2jBtBCu1oQnSF1jOpJYqwqWGap5QE_NIZrFh7-DA1tZ8AJKihxJFDJtryssS4yPsFhWdJypGZU8COO35mN-1CBk5RhaO8_kW5wM4dzzeNHGw1r6gvr_Nu8nNE2niSKHHIbjhpTDoTfCCChwJeiUyFgEc9zOUd7q2yql7ASBFeeCPVwuHuZhkMQ3g86YalcidjEhr6rXvIuMYuY7SAN6387350V5eAkh2JGFnJLs1KLceqLuT049PpvwEh9Tl0Pgtn2M4aO7X5gSdoEYN4Nn55ez6-8BvIuB3ytOBV4T_ZtsLGg
link.rule.ids 230,315,730,783,787,867,888,2109,2228,21400,24330,27936,27937,33756,33757,43817,53804,53806,74630
linkProvider National Library of Medicine
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1Lb9QwEB5BKwSXimdJKWCkXqNu_IiTE9pCVwu0C0JdVHEJdjyBSCUp3eyBf8848S5dVHH1S87Y4_lmPPkMcJBJV5GhcTHm0sbSooqtVTYu82xkRtaWJXpH8XSWTufy_bk6DwG3RUirXJ2J_UHt2tLHyA-553nPuE7k68tfsX81yt-uhic0bsO2p6oi52v76Hj26fM6ykIGUZBNG37ME-TfH5qmJouXeFqYDVPUM_bfBDP_zZa8Zn4m92En4EY2Hhb6AdzC5iHc-dr2UfFH8M3rdci_YqZxbLZi2adOX8zFEllbsXFZO_axvlj0TSam634PZW-9ptOGINzJ5gt0rG7YuKl_UufJYN4ew3xyfPZmGofHE-JSjUQXZ8KROlrPx45Kcms5Vi7jDoVDJSqHXFP_ksqFccYmdNhwJzXHVCYmT1E8ga2mbfApsIwwSpIIau64rCrykGhYUnWpbUrqriM4WMmxuBw4MgryLby4i2vijuDIy3jdxBNb9wXt1fci6EmhDaaJJcyhJMpKIeEJWXJFX0K4xKQqgv3VChVB2xbF371xc7XyrIs6T3kEr9bVpEb-bsQ02C77IXJJvusoi2B3WO_1RIUga0JIMwK9sRM2vmSzpql_9FTd2tOr6WTv_7N-CXenZ6cnxcm72YdncI_7tJk-yrMPW93VEp8T7unsi7C5_wAmFQMn
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1Lb9QwEB7BVqBeEG8CBYzUa7SJH3FyQlvaqLyWCrGo4hLs2IFIrVO62QP_nnHiXbqo4uqXHHvG88148hlgP-emQUNjYltwHXNtRay10HFd5IlKtK5r6x3Fj_PseMHfnYrTkP-0DGmV6zNxOKhNV_sY-ZR6nvecypRPm5AWcXJYvr74FfsXpPxNa3hO4ybsSJ6xZAI7B0fzk8-biAsaR4b2bfxJj6GvP1WuReuXeoqYLbM0sPdfBzn_zZy8YorKu3AnYEgyGzf9Htyw7j7c-tYNEfIH8N3reMjFIsoZMl8z7mOnr-psZUnXkFndGvKpPVsOTUrV97_HskOv9SgciEHJYmkNaR2ZufYcO5ejqXsIi_Loy5vjODykENciYX2cM4OqqT03uxWcak1tY3JqLDNWsMZYKrF_jeVMGaVTPHio4ZLajKeqyCx7BBPXOfsESI54JU0ZNjeUNw16Szgsqj2XOkPVlxHsr9exuhj5Mir0M_xyV1eWO4IDv8abJp7keijoLn9UQWcqqWyWasQfglveCIvYgtdU4JcgRlGZiGBvvUNV0Lxl9VdOrq8WnoFRFhmN4NWmGlXK35MoZ7vVMETB0Y9N8ggej_u9mShjaFkQdUYgtyRh60u2a1z7c6Dtlp5qTaZP_z_rl3Ab5br68Hb-_hnsUp9BMwR89mDSX67sc4RAvX4RZPsPLGEHVQ
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Composition+and+Nutritional+Value+of+Acid+Oils+and+Fatty+Acid+Distillates+Used+in+Animal+Feeding&rft.jtitle=Animals+%28Basel%29&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft.pub=MDPI+AG&rft.eissn=2076-2615&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=196&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fani11010196&rft.externalDBID=HAS_PDF_LINK
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2076-2615&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2076-2615&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2076-2615&client=summon