Persistent organic pollutant concentrations in blubber of 16 species of cetaceans stranded in the Pacific Islands from 1997 through 2011
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are toxic man-made chemicals that bioaccumulate and biomagnify in food webs, making them a ubiquitous threat to the marine environment. Although many studies have determined concentrations of POPs in top predators, no studies have quantified POPs in stranded ceta...
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Published in | The Science of the total environment Vol. 488-489; pp. 115 - 123 |
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Main Authors | , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Elsevier B.V
01.08.2014
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Abstract | Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are toxic man-made chemicals that bioaccumulate and biomagnify in food webs, making them a ubiquitous threat to the marine environment. Although many studies have determined concentrations of POPs in top predators, no studies have quantified POPs in stranded cetaceans within the last 30years around the Hawaiian Islands. A suite of POPs was measured in the blubber of 16 cetacean species that stranded in the tropical Pacific, including Hawai'i from 1997 to 2011. The sample set includes odontocetes (n=39) and mysticetes (n=3). Median (range) contaminant concentrations in ng/g lipid for the most representative species category (delphinids excluding killer whales [n=27]) are: 9650 (44.4–99,100) for ∑DDTs, 6240 (40.8–50,200) for ∑PCBs, 1380 (6.73–9520) for ∑chlordanes, 1230 (13.4–5510) for ∑toxaphenes, 269 (1.99–10,100) for ∑PBDEs, 280 (2.14–4190) for mirex, 176 (5.43–857) for HCB, 48.1 (<5.42–566) for ∑HCHs, 33.9 (<2.42–990) for ∑HBCDs, 1.65 (<0.435–11.7) for octachlorostyrene and 1.49 (<2.07–13.1) for pentachlorobenzene. ∑PCB concentrations in these Pacific Island cetaceans approach and sometimes exceed proposed toxic threshold values. Backward stepwise multiple regressions indicated the influence of life history parameters on contaminant concentrations when performed with three independent variables (species category, year of stranding, and sex/age class). No temporal trends were noted (p>0.063), but sex/age class influences were evident with adult males exhibiting greater contaminant loads than adult females and juveniles for ∑DDT, ∑PCBs, ∑CHLs, and mirex (p≤0.036). POP concentrations were lower in mysticetes than odontocetes for many compound classes (p≤0.003). p,p′-DDE/∑DDTs ratios were greater than 0.6 for all species except humpback whales, suggesting exposure to an old DDT source. These POP levels are high enough to warrant concern and continued monitoring.
•DDTs, PCBs and chlordanes were predominant in Pacific cetaceans.•POP classes are stable in cetaceans stranded over the last 15years for this region.•Contaminants are compared among cetacean species and to other populations globally. |
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AbstractList | Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are toxic man-made chemicals that bioaccumulate and biomagnify in food webs, making them a ubiquitous threat to the marine environment. Although many studies have determined concentrations of POPs in top predators, no studies have quantified POPs in stranded cetaceans within the last 30years around the Hawaiian Islands. A suite of POPs was measured in the blubber of 16 cetacean species that stranded in the tropical Pacific, including Hawai'i from 1997 to 2011. The sample set includes odontocetes (n =39) and mysticetes (n =3). Median (range) contaminant concentrations in ng/g lipid for the most representative species category (delphinids excluding killer whales [n =27]) are: 9650 (44.4-99,100) for capital sigma DDTs, 6240 (40.8-50,200) for capital sigma PCBs, 1380 (6.73-9520) for capital sigma chlordanes, 1230 (13.4-5510) for capital sigma toxaphenes, 269 (1.99-10,100) for capital sigma PBDEs, 280 (2.14-4190) for mirex, 176 (5.43-857) for HCB, 48.1 (<5.42-566) for capital sigma HCHs, 33.9 (<2.42-990) for capital sigma HBCDs, 1.65 (<0.435-11.7) for octachlorostyrene and 1.49 (<2.07-13.1) for pentachlorobenzene. capital sigma PCB concentrations in these Pacific Island cetaceans approach and sometimes exceed proposed toxic threshold values. Backward stepwise multiple regressions indicated the influence of life history parameters on contaminant concentrations when performed with three independent variables (species category, year of stranding, and sex/age class). No temporal trends were noted (p >0.063), but sex/age class influences were evident with adult males exhibiting greater contaminant loads than adult females and juveniles for capital sigma DDT, capital sigma PCBs, capital sigma CHLs, and mirex (p less than or equal to 0.036). POP concentrations were lower in mysticetes than odontocetes for many compound classes (p less than or equal to 0.003). p,p'-DDE/ capital sigma DDTs ratios were greater than 0.6 for all species except humpback whales, suggesting exposure to an old DDT source. These POP levels are high enough to warrant concern and continued monitoring. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are toxic man-made chemicals that bioaccumulate and biomagnify in food webs, making them a ubiquitous threat to the marine environment. Although many studies have determined concentrations of POPs in top predators, no studies have quantified POPs in stranded cetaceans within the last 30 years around the Hawaiian Islands. A suite of POPs was measured in the blubber of 16 cetacean species that stranded in the tropical Pacific, including Hawai'i from 1997 to 2011. The sample set includes odontocetes (n=39) and mysticetes (n=3). Median (range) contaminant concentrations in ng/g lipid for the most representative species category (delphinids excluding killer whales [n=27]) are: 9650 (44.4-99,100) for ∑DDTs, 6240 (40.8-50,200) for ∑PCBs, 1380 (6.73-9520) for ∑chlordanes, 1230 (13.4-5510) for ∑toxaphenes, 269 (1.99-10,100) for ∑PBDEs, 280 (2.14-4190) for mirex, 176 (5.43-857) for HCB, 48.1 (<5.42-566) for ∑HCHs, 33.9 (<2.42-990) for ∑HBCDs, 1.65 (<0.435-11.7) for octachlorostyrene and 1.49 (<2.07-13.1) for pentachlorobenzene. ∑PCB concentrations in these Pacific Island cetaceans approach and sometimes exceed proposed toxic threshold values. Backward stepwise multiple regressions indicated the influence of life history parameters on contaminant concentrations when performed with three independent variables (species category, year of stranding, and sex/age class). No temporal trends were noted (p>0.063), but sex/age class influences were evident with adult males exhibiting greater contaminant loads than adult females and juveniles for ∑DDT, ∑PCBs, ∑CHLs, and mirex (p≤0.036). POP concentrations were lower in mysticetes than odontocetes for many compound classes (p≤0.003). p,p'-DDE/∑DDTs ratios were greater than 0.6 for all species except humpback whales, suggesting exposure to an old DDT source. These POP levels are high enough to warrant concern and continued monitoring. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are toxic man-made chemicals that bioaccumulate and biomagnify in food webs, making them a ubiquitous threat to the marine environment. Although many studies have determined concentrations of POPs in top predators, no studies have quantified POPs in stranded cetaceans within the last 30years around the Hawaiian Islands. A suite of POPs was measured in the blubber of 16 cetacean species that stranded in the tropical Pacific, including Hawai'i from 1997 to 2011. The sample set includes odontocetes (n=39) and mysticetes (n=3). Median (range) contaminant concentrations in ng/g lipid for the most representative species category (delphinids excluding killer whales [n=27]) are: 9650 (44.4–99,100) for ∑DDTs, 6240 (40.8–50,200) for ∑PCBs, 1380 (6.73–9520) for ∑chlordanes, 1230 (13.4–5510) for ∑toxaphenes, 269 (1.99–10,100) for ∑PBDEs, 280 (2.14–4190) for mirex, 176 (5.43–857) for HCB, 48.1 (<5.42–566) for ∑HCHs, 33.9 (<2.42–990) for ∑HBCDs, 1.65 (<0.435–11.7) for octachlorostyrene and 1.49 (<2.07–13.1) for pentachlorobenzene. ∑PCB concentrations in these Pacific Island cetaceans approach and sometimes exceed proposed toxic threshold values. Backward stepwise multiple regressions indicated the influence of life history parameters on contaminant concentrations when performed with three independent variables (species category, year of stranding, and sex/age class). No temporal trends were noted (p>0.063), but sex/age class influences were evident with adult males exhibiting greater contaminant loads than adult females and juveniles for ∑DDT, ∑PCBs, ∑CHLs, and mirex (p≤0.036). POP concentrations were lower in mysticetes than odontocetes for many compound classes (p≤0.003). p,p′-DDE/∑DDTs ratios were greater than 0.6 for all species except humpback whales, suggesting exposure to an old DDT source. These POP levels are high enough to warrant concern and continued monitoring. •DDTs, PCBs and chlordanes were predominant in Pacific cetaceans.•POP classes are stable in cetaceans stranded over the last 15years for this region.•Contaminants are compared among cetacean species and to other populations globally. |
Author | Keller, Jennifer M. West, Kristi L. Jensen, Brenda A. Bachman, Melannie J. |
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322 Balmer (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.073_bb0030) 2011; 409 Gouin (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.073_bb0060) 2004; 128 Reeves (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.073_bb0135) 2008 Vos (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.073_bb0180) 2000; 30 Jones (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.073_bb0085) 1999; 100 Lam (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.073_bb0100) 2009; 43 Santos-Neto (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.073_bb0150) 2014; 472 Clarke (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.073_bb0040) 1998; 78 Godduhn (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.073_bb0055) 2003; 6 Yordy (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.073_bb0215) 2010; 29 Brasher (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.073_bb0035) 2004; 46 Ylitalo (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.073_bb0205) 2008; 56 Lopez (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.073_bb0110) 2012; 64 West (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.073_bb0190) 2009; 25 Elfes (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.073_bb0050) 2010; 29 Reeves (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.073_bb0140) 2009; 63 Allen (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.073_bb0015) 2013 |
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SubjectTerms | Adipose Tissue - metabolism Animals Cetacea Cetaceans DDT - metabolism Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene - metabolism Environmental Monitoring Female Food Chain Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers - metabolism Hawai'i Male Marine Marine mammals Mysticetes Odontoceti Pacific Pacific Islands Persistent organic pollutants Polychlorinated Biphenyls - metabolism POPs Water Pollutants, Chemical - metabolism Water Pollution, Chemical - statistics & numerical data |
Title | Persistent organic pollutant concentrations in blubber of 16 species of cetaceans stranded in the Pacific Islands from 1997 through 2011 |
URI | https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.073 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24821437 https://search.proquest.com/docview/1627986496 https://search.proquest.com/docview/1642220193 |
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