Feasibility and patient acceptability of a commercially available wearable and a smart phone application in identification of motor states in parkinson’s disease

• Published in: PLOS digital health Vol. 2; no. 4; p. e0000225
• Main Authors: Liikkanen, Sammeli, Sinkkonen, Janne, Suorsa, Joni, Kaasinen, Valtteri, Pekkonen, Eero, Kärppä, Mikko, Scheperjans, Filip, Huttunen, Teppo, Sarapohja, Toni, Pesonen, Ullamari, Kuoppamäki, Mikko, Keränen, Tapani
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 01.04.2023; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Accelerometers; Accuracy; Biology and Life Sciences; Clinical trials; Data collection; Dyskinesia; Engineering and Technology; Heart rate; Hospitals; Medicine and Health Sciences; Mobile communications networks; Parkinson's disease; Patients; People and Places; Smartphones; Social Sciences; Wearable computers; Finland
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000225
• ISSN: 2767-3170

In the quantification of symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD), healthcare professional assessments, patient reported outcomes (PRO), and medical device grade wearables are currently used. Recently, also commercially available smartphones and wearable devices have been actively researched in the detection of PD symptoms. The continuous, longitudinal, and automated detection of motor and especially non-motor symptoms with these devices is still a challenge that requires more research. The data collected from everyday life can be noisy and frequently contains artefacts, and novel detection methods and algorithms are therefore needed. 42 PD patients and 23 control subjects were monitored with Garmin Vivosmart 4 wearable device and asked to fill a symptom and medication diary with a mobile application, at home, for about four weeks. Subsequent analyses are based on continuous accelerometer data from the device. Accelerometer data from the Levodopa Response Study (MJFFd) were reanalyzed, with symptoms quantified with linear spectral models trained on expert evaluations present in the data. Variational autoencoders (VAE) were trained on both our study accelerometer data and on MJFFd to detect movement states (e.g., walking, standing). A total of 7590 self-reported symptoms were recorded during the study. 88.9% (32/36) of PD patients, 80.0% (4/5) of DBS PD patients and 95.5% (21/22) of control subjects reported that using the wearable device was very easy or easy. Recording a symptom at the time of the event was assessed as very easy or easy by 70.1% (29/41) of subjects with PD. Aggregated spectrograms of the collected accelerometer data show relative attenuation of low (<5Hz) frequencies in patients. Similar spectral patterns also separate symptom periods from immediately adjacent non-symptomatic periods. Discriminative power of linear models to separate symptoms from adjacent periods is weak, but aggregates show partial separability of patients vs. controls. The analysis reveals differential symptom detectability across movement tasks, motivating the third part of the study. VAEs trained on either dataset produced embedding from which movement states in MJFFd could be predicted. A VAE model was able to detect the movement states. Thus, a pre-detection of these states with a VAE from accelerometer data with good S/N ratio, and subsequent quantification of PD symptoms is a feasible strategy. The usability of the data collection method is important to enable the collection of self-reported symptom data by PD patients. Finally, the usability of the data collection method is important to enable the collection of self-reported symptom data by PD patients.