The In Vitro Effects of Choline on Non-Esterified Fatty Acid-Treated Bovine Peripheral Blood Leukocytes

The transition period is defined as 3 weeks around parturition, involving the rapid increase in the energy demand, promoting adipose mobilization and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) release. High NEFA levels might cause oxidative stress and associated health risks, including the disruption of the i...

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Published inAnimals (Basel) Vol. 15; no. 12; p. 1814
Main Authors Li, Cheng-Yan, Chen, Yueh-Tung, Moonmanee, Tossapol, Chan, Jacky Peng-Wen, Wang, Chien-Kai
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 19.06.2025
MDPI
Subjects
Animal lactation
Body fat
Chloride
Choline
Cytokines
Dairy cattle
Diet
Energy
Enzymes
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
Fatty acids
Health risk assessment
Immune response
Leukocytes
Lipids
Metabolic disorders
non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA)
Oxidative stress
peripheral blood leukocytes
Physiology
pro-inflammatory
Proteins
RNA
transition period
Tumor necrosis factor-TNF
California
United States
Taiwan
Missouri
United States > US
choline
non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA)
peripheral blood leukocytes
transition period
oxidative stress
pro-inflammatory
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Abstract The transition period is defined as 3 weeks around parturition, involving the rapid increase in the energy demand, promoting adipose mobilization and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) release. High NEFA levels might cause oxidative stress and associated health risks, including the disruption of the immune capability of peripheral leukocytes. Nutrient supplementation of choline, which improves cellular lipid metabolism and controls lipid oxidation, potentially maintains the integrity of peripheral leukocytes and alleviates the impacts of increased NEFAs. This study investigated the effects of choline on bovine peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) treated with high levels of NEFAs. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were isolated from dry cows, and treated with 1 mM NEFA in combination with 0, 4, or 12 μM choline. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress indicators was determined. This study demonstrates that 1 mM NEFA induces lipid oxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in PBLs. Supplementation with 4 μM and 12 μM choline significantly reduced NEFA-induced lipid oxidation; however, it did not affect pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression. In conclusion, choline supplementation may help alleviate NEFA-induced oxidative stress in bovine peripheral blood leukocytes, highlighting its potential as a functional supplement during the transition period. However, it had no observable effect on mitigating pro-inflammatory responses, indicating that additional strategies may be needed to address NEFA-induced immune activation.
AbstractList To simulate the immune status of dairy cows during the transition period, 1 mM non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) were used to induce inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in bovine immune cells. Choline supplementation was used to evaluate its potential modulatory effects. NEFA stimulation appeared to elevate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines at mRNA levels, along with the increased production of oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA). Choline supplementation significantly reduced MDA in both peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). These observations suggest that choline might exert an alleviating effect on NEFA-induced oxidative stress, but not on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in bovine leukocytes. Therefore, this study suggests that choline may serve as a functional supplement to alleviate oxidative stress in transition cows, supporting herd health and potentially improving overall productivity.
The transition period is defined as 3 weeks around parturition, involving the rapid increase in the energy demand, promoting adipose mobilization and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) release. High NEFA levels might cause oxidative stress and associated health risks, including the disruption of the immune capability of peripheral leukocytes. Nutrient supplementation of choline, which improves cellular lipid metabolism and controls lipid oxidation, potentially maintains the integrity of peripheral leukocytes and alleviates the impacts of increased NEFAs. This study investigated the effects of choline on bovine peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) treated with high levels of NEFAs. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were isolated from dry cows, and treated with 1 mM NEFA in combination with 0, 4, or 12 μM choline. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress indicators was determined. This study demonstrates that 1 mM NEFA induces lipid oxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in PBLs. Supplementation with 4 μM and 12 μM choline significantly reduced NEFA-induced lipid oxidation; however, it did not affect pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression. In conclusion, choline supplementation may help alleviate NEFA-induced oxidative stress in bovine peripheral blood leukocytes, highlighting its potential as a functional supplement during the transition period. However, it had no observable effect on mitigating pro-inflammatory responses, indicating that additional strategies may be needed to address NEFA-induced immune activation.
To simulate the immune status of dairy cows during the transition period, 1 mM non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) were used to induce inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in bovine immune cells. Choline supplementation was used to evaluate its potential modulatory effects. NEFA stimulation appeared to elevate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines at mRNA levels, along with the increased production of oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA). Choline supplementation significantly reduced MDA in both peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). These observations suggest that choline might exert an alleviating effect on NEFA-induced oxidative stress, but not on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in bovine leukocytes. Therefore, this study suggests that choline may serve as a functional supplement to alleviate oxidative stress in transition cows, supporting herd health and potentially improving overall productivity. The transition period is defined as 3 weeks around parturition, involving the rapid increase in the energy demand, promoting adipose mobilization and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) release. High NEFA levels might cause oxidative stress and associated health risks, including the disruption of the immune capability of peripheral leukocytes. Nutrient supplementation of choline, which improves cellular lipid metabolism and controls lipid oxidation, potentially maintains the integrity of peripheral leukocytes and alleviates the impacts of increased NEFAs. This study investigated the effects of choline on bovine peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) treated with high levels of NEFAs. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were isolated from dry cows, and treated with 1 mM NEFA in combination with 0, 4, or 12 μM choline. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress indicators was determined. This study demonstrates that 1 mM NEFA induces lipid oxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in PBLs. Supplementation with 4 μM and 12 μM choline significantly reduced NEFA-induced lipid oxidation; however, it did not affect pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression. In conclusion, choline supplementation may help alleviate NEFA-induced oxidative stress in bovine peripheral blood leukocytes, highlighting its potential as a functional supplement during the transition period. However, it had no observable effect on mitigating pro-inflammatory responses, indicating that additional strategies may be needed to address NEFA-induced immune activation.
The transition period is defined as 3 weeks around parturition, involving the rapid increase in the energy demand, promoting adipose mobilization and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) release. High NEFA levels might cause oxidative stress and associated health risks, including the disruption of the immune capability of peripheral leukocytes. Nutrient supplementation of choline, which improves cellular lipid metabolism and controls lipid oxidation, potentially maintains the integrity of peripheral leukocytes and alleviates the impacts of increased NEFAs. This study investigated the effects of choline on bovine peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) treated with high levels of NEFAs. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were isolated from dry cows, and treated with 1 mM NEFA in combination with 0, 4, or 12 μM choline. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress indicators was determined. This study demonstrates that 1 mM NEFA induces lipid oxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in PBLs. Supplementation with 4 μM and 12 μM choline significantly reduced NEFA-induced lipid oxidation; however, it did not affect pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression. In conclusion, choline supplementation may help alleviate NEFA-induced oxidative stress in bovine peripheral blood leukocytes, highlighting its potential as a functional supplement during the transition period. However, it had no observable effect on mitigating pro-inflammatory responses, indicating that additional strategies may be needed to address NEFA-induced immune activation.The transition period is defined as 3 weeks around parturition, involving the rapid increase in the energy demand, promoting adipose mobilization and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) release. High NEFA levels might cause oxidative stress and associated health risks, including the disruption of the immune capability of peripheral leukocytes. Nutrient supplementation of choline, which improves cellular lipid metabolism and controls lipid oxidation, potentially maintains the integrity of peripheral leukocytes and alleviates the impacts of increased NEFAs. This study investigated the effects of choline on bovine peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) treated with high levels of NEFAs. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were isolated from dry cows, and treated with 1 mM NEFA in combination with 0, 4, or 12 μM choline. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress indicators was determined. This study demonstrates that 1 mM NEFA induces lipid oxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in PBLs. Supplementation with 4 μM and 12 μM choline significantly reduced NEFA-induced lipid oxidation; however, it did not affect pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression. In conclusion, choline supplementation may help alleviate NEFA-induced oxidative stress in bovine peripheral blood leukocytes, highlighting its potential as a functional supplement during the transition period. However, it had no observable effect on mitigating pro-inflammatory responses, indicating that additional strategies may be needed to address NEFA-induced immune activation.
Audience Academic
Author Wang, Chien-Kai
Chan, Jacky Peng-Wen
Chen, Yueh-Tung
Li, Cheng-Yan
Moonmanee, Tossapol
AuthorAffiliation 1 Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan; beagleis0912@hotmail.com (C.-Y.L.); flowerbud0311@gmail.com (Y.-T.C.)
2 The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
5 Functional Feed Innovation Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
6 Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
4 Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
3 Northern Region Branch, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Miaoli 368003, Taiwan
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 2 The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
– name: 4 Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
– name: 5 Functional Feed Innovation Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
– name: 1 Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan; beagleis0912@hotmail.com (C.-Y.L.); flowerbud0311@gmail.com (Y.-T.C.)
– name: 3 Northern Region Branch, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Miaoli 368003, Taiwan
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  orcidid: 0009-0003-9701-8038
  surname: Li
  fullname: Li, Cheng-Yan
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  givenname: Yueh-Tung
  surname: Chen
  fullname: Chen, Yueh-Tung
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  givenname: Tossapol
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  surname: Moonmanee
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Issue 12
Keywords choline
non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA)
peripheral blood leukocytes
transition period
oxidative stress
pro-inflammatory
Language English
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These first authors contributed equally to this work.
These corresponding authors contributed equally to this work.
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Snippet The transition period is defined as 3 weeks around parturition, involving the rapid increase in the energy demand, promoting adipose mobilization and...
To simulate the immune status of dairy cows during the transition period, 1 mM non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) were used to induce inflammatory responses...
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StartPage 1814
SubjectTerms Animal lactation
Body fat
Chloride
Choline
Cytokines
Dairy cattle
Diet
Energy
Enzymes
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
Fatty acids
Health risk assessment
Immune response
Leukocytes
Lipids
Metabolic disorders
non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA)
Oxidative stress
peripheral blood leukocytes
Physiology
pro-inflammatory
Proteins
RNA
transition period
Tumor necrosis factor-TNF
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Title The In Vitro Effects of Choline on Non-Esterified Fatty Acid-Treated Bovine Peripheral Blood Leukocytes
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https://www.proquest.com/docview/3224258769
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC12189240
https://doaj.org/article/bdf4bb6167dd4b078a887ea107e507a5
Volume 15
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