Sexual transmission of American trypanosomiasis in humans: a new potential pandemic route for Chagas parasites
The Trypanosoma cruzi infection endemic in Latin America has now spread to several countries across four continents; this endemic involves triatomine vector-free protists. We hypothesised that the sexual transmission of T. cruzi contributes to the ongoing spread of Chagas disease. A short-term longi...
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| Published in | Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Vol. 112; no. 6; pp. 437 - 446 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Brazil
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde
01.06.2017
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) |
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| ISSN | 0074-0276 1678-8060 0074-0276 1678-8060 |
| DOI | 10.1590/0074-02760160538 |
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| Abstract | The Trypanosoma cruzi infection endemic in Latin America has now spread to several countries across four continents; this endemic involves triatomine vector-free protists. We hypothesised that the sexual transmission of T. cruzi contributes to the ongoing spread of Chagas disease.
A short-term longitudinal study was conducted to evaluate this hypothesis.
The study population comprised 109 subjects from four families, among whom 21 had been diagnosed with acute Chagas disease by direct parasitological analysis. Blood mononuclear cells and serum samples were obtained from each study subject once per year for three consecutive years. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence serological examinations were used to detect specific T. cruzi antibodies. Polymerase chain reaction of T. cruzi DNA revealed 188-nucleotide bands, which hybridised to a specific radiolabelled probe and were confirmed by cloning and sequencing.
Three independent assessments at different time points revealed T. cruzi nuclear DNA footprints in 76% (83/109) of the study population with active infection. In contrast, the ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence assays detected the T. cruzi antibody in 28.4% (31/109) of the study samples. Moreover, the semen from 82.6% (19/23) of subjects people revealed harboured the 188- bp base pair T. cruzi footprint. Interestingly, the ejaculates of nuclear DNA-positive Chagas patient transmitted the T. cruzi upon peritoneal injection or infusion in the vagina of mice, and amastigotes were detected in the skeletal muscle, myocardium, vas deferens, and uterine tube.
T. cruzi infections can be transmitted from females or males to naïve mates through intercourse, and progeny showed discrepancies between the ratios of nuclear DNA footprints and specific antibody that can be explained by the tolerance attained during early embryo growth. Additional studies are needed to develop drugs to eradicate the infections. Additionally, the importance of a vigorous education, information, and communication program to prevent sexually transmitted Chagas disease in humans cannot be underemphasised. |
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| AbstractList | BACKGROUND The Trypanosoma cruzi infection endemic in Latin America has now spread to several countries across four continents; this endemic involves triatomine vector-free protists. We hypothesised that the sexual transmission of T. cruzi contributes to the ongoing spread of Chagas disease. OBJECTIVES A short-term longitudinal study was conducted to evaluate this hypothesis. METHODS The study population comprised 109 subjects from four families, among whom 21 had been diagnosed with acute Chagas disease by direct parasitological analysis. Blood mononuclear cells and serum samples were obtained from each study subject once per year for three consecutive years. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence serological examinations were used to detect specific T. cruzi antibodies. Polymerase chain reaction of T. cruzi DNA revealed 188-nucleotide bands, which hybridised to a specific radiolabelled probe and were confirmed by cloning and sequencing. RESULTS Three independent assessments at different time points revealed T. cruzi nuclear DNA footprints in 76% (83/109) of the study population with active infection. In contrast, the ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence assays detected the T. cruzi antibody in 28.4% (31/109) of the study samples. Moreover, the semen from 82.6% (19/23) of subjects people revealed harboured the 188- bp base pair T. cruzi footprint. Interestingly, the ejaculates of nuclear DNA-positive Chagas patient transmitted the T. cruzi upon peritoneal injection or infusion in the vagina of mice, and amastigotes were detected in the skeletal muscle, myocardium, vas deferens, and uterine tube. MAIN CONCLUSIONS T. cruzi infections can be transmitted from females or males to naïve mates through intercourse, and progeny showed discrepancies between the ratios of nuclear DNA footprints and specific antibody that can be explained by the tolerance attained during early embryo growth. Additional studies are needed to develop drugs to eradicate the infections. Additionally, the importance of a vigorous education, information, and communication program to prevent sexually transmitted Chagas disease in humans cannot be underemphasised. The Trypanosoma cruzi infection endemic in Latin America has now spread to several countries across four continents; this endemic involves triatomine vector-free protists. We hypothesised that the sexual transmission of T. cruzi contributes to the ongoing spread of Chagas disease.BACKGROUNDThe Trypanosoma cruzi infection endemic in Latin America has now spread to several countries across four continents; this endemic involves triatomine vector-free protists. We hypothesised that the sexual transmission of T. cruzi contributes to the ongoing spread of Chagas disease.A short-term longitudinal study was conducted to evaluate this hypothesis.OBJECTIVESA short-term longitudinal study was conducted to evaluate this hypothesis.The study population comprised 109 subjects from four families, among whom 21 had been diagnosed with acute Chagas disease by direct parasitological analysis. Blood mononuclear cells and serum samples were obtained from each study subject once per year for three consecutive years. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence serological examinations were used to detect specific T. cruzi antibodies. Polymerase chain reaction of T. cruzi DNA revealed 188-nucleotide bands, which hybridised to a specific radiolabelled probe and were confirmed by cloning and sequencing.METHODSThe study population comprised 109 subjects from four families, among whom 21 had been diagnosed with acute Chagas disease by direct parasitological analysis. Blood mononuclear cells and serum samples were obtained from each study subject once per year for three consecutive years. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence serological examinations were used to detect specific T. cruzi antibodies. Polymerase chain reaction of T. cruzi DNA revealed 188-nucleotide bands, which hybridised to a specific radiolabelled probe and were confirmed by cloning and sequencing.Three independent assessments at different time points revealed T. cruzi nuclear DNA footprints in 76% (83/109) of the study population with active infection. In contrast, the ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence assays detected the T. cruzi antibody in 28.4% (31/109) of the study samples. Moreover, the semen from 82.6% (19/23) of subjects people revealed harboured the 188- bp base pair T. cruzi footprint. Interestingly, the ejaculates of nuclear DNA-positive Chagas patient transmitted the T. cruzi upon peritoneal injection or infusion in the vagina of mice, and amastigotes were detected in the skeletal muscle, myocardium, vas deferens, and uterine tube.RESULTSThree independent assessments at different time points revealed T. cruzi nuclear DNA footprints in 76% (83/109) of the study population with active infection. In contrast, the ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence assays detected the T. cruzi antibody in 28.4% (31/109) of the study samples. Moreover, the semen from 82.6% (19/23) of subjects people revealed harboured the 188- bp base pair T. cruzi footprint. Interestingly, the ejaculates of nuclear DNA-positive Chagas patient transmitted the T. cruzi upon peritoneal injection or infusion in the vagina of mice, and amastigotes were detected in the skeletal muscle, myocardium, vas deferens, and uterine tube.T. cruzi infections can be transmitted from females or males to naïve mates through intercourse, and progeny showed discrepancies between the ratios of nuclear DNA footprints and specific antibody that can be explained by the tolerance attained during early embryo growth. Additional studies are needed to develop drugs to eradicate the infections. Additionally, the importance of a vigorous education, information, and communication program to prevent sexually transmitted Chagas disease in humans cannot be underemphasised.MAIN CONCLUSIONST. cruzi infections can be transmitted from females or males to naïve mates through intercourse, and progeny showed discrepancies between the ratios of nuclear DNA footprints and specific antibody that can be explained by the tolerance attained during early embryo growth. Additional studies are needed to develop drugs to eradicate the infections. Additionally, the importance of a vigorous education, information, and communication program to prevent sexually transmitted Chagas disease in humans cannot be underemphasised. The Trypanosoma cruzi infection endemic in Latin America has now spread to several countries across four continents; this endemic involves triatomine vector-free protists. We hypothesised that the sexual transmission of T. cruzi contributes to the ongoing spread of Chagas disease. A short-term longitudinal study was conducted to evaluate this hypothesis. The study population comprised 109 subjects from four families, among whom 21 had been diagnosed with acute Chagas disease by direct parasitological analysis. Blood mononuclear cells and serum samples were obtained from each study subject once per year for three consecutive years. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence serological examinations were used to detect specific T. cruzi antibodies. Polymerase chain reaction of T. cruzi DNA revealed 188-nucleotide bands, which hybridised to a specific radiolabelled probe and were confirmed by cloning and sequencing. Three independent assessments at different time points revealed T. cruzi nuclear DNA footprints in 76% (83/109) of the study population with active infection. In contrast, the ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence assays detected the T. cruzi antibody in 28.4% (31/109) of the study samples. Moreover, the semen from 82.6% (19/23) of subjects people revealed harboured the 188- bp base pair T. cruzi footprint. Interestingly, the ejaculates of nuclear DNA-positive Chagas patient transmitted the T. cruzi upon peritoneal injection or infusion in the vagina of mice, and amastigotes were detected in the skeletal muscle, myocardium, vas deferens, and uterine tube. T. cruzi infections can be transmitted from females or males to naïve mates through intercourse, and progeny showed discrepancies between the ratios of nuclear DNA footprints and specific antibody that can be explained by the tolerance attained during early embryo growth. Additional studies are needed to develop drugs to eradicate the infections. Additionally, the importance of a vigorous education, information, and communication program to prevent sexually transmitted Chagas disease in humans cannot be underemphasised. |
| Author | Valente, Sebastião A Teixeira, Antonio RL Hagström, Luciana Almeida, Adriana B Rosa, Ana C Pimentel, Carlos F Valente, Vera C Silva, Adriano R Sousa, Alessandro Britto, Manuela M Alves, Rozeneide M Araujo, Perla F |
| AuthorAffiliation | 2 Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, PA, Brasil 1 Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Doença de Chagas, Brasília, DF, Brasil |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, PA, Brasil – name: 1 Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Doença de Chagas, Brasília, DF, Brasil – name: Universidade de Brasília – name: Instituto Evandro Chagas |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Perla F surname: Araujo fullname: Araujo, Perla F organization: Universidade de Brasília, Brasil – sequence: 2 givenname: Adriana B surname: Almeida fullname: Almeida, Adriana B organization: Universidade de Brasília, Brasil – sequence: 3 givenname: Carlos F surname: Pimentel fullname: Pimentel, Carlos F organization: Universidade de Brasília, Brasil – sequence: 4 givenname: Adriano R surname: Silva fullname: Silva, Adriano R organization: Universidade de Brasília, Brasil – sequence: 5 givenname: Alessandro surname: Sousa fullname: Sousa, Alessandro organization: Universidade de Brasília, Brasil – sequence: 6 givenname: Sebastião A surname: Valente fullname: Valente, Sebastião A organization: Instituto Evandro Chagas, Brasil – sequence: 7 givenname: Vera C surname: Valente fullname: Valente, Vera C organization: Instituto Evandro Chagas, Brasil – sequence: 8 givenname: Manuela M surname: Britto fullname: Britto, Manuela M organization: Universidade de Brasília, Brasil – sequence: 9 givenname: Ana C surname: Rosa fullname: Rosa, Ana C organization: Universidade de Brasília, Brasil – sequence: 10 givenname: Rozeneide M surname: Alves fullname: Alves, Rozeneide M organization: Universidade de Brasília, Brasil – sequence: 11 givenname: Luciana surname: Hagström fullname: Hagström, Luciana organization: Universidade de Brasília, Brasil – sequence: 12 givenname: Antonio RL surname: Teixeira fullname: Teixeira, Antonio RL organization: Universidade de Brasília, Brasil |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28591404$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Keywords | family study Chagas disease epidemiology Amazon humans Trypanosoma cruzi |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION ARLT - Designed the experiments; ABA - delivered medical assistance to patients enrolled in the family study; SAV and VCV - surveyed the patients’ blood for parasitological demonstration; ABA, PFA, ACR and ARLT - collected blood samples and semen; PFA, CFP, ACR, AR and AS - run the molecular biology experiments; ACR, RM and LH performed ELISA and IIF tests; AS, MB, PFA and ARLT - did the bioinformatics and statistics analyses; RM and ARLT - performed the histopathology study; ARLT wrote the article. |
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| Snippet | The Trypanosoma cruzi infection endemic in Latin America has now spread to several countries across four continents; this endemic involves triatomine... BACKGROUND The Trypanosoma cruzi infection endemic in Latin America has now spread to several countries across four continents; this endemic involves... |
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| Title | Sexual transmission of American trypanosomiasis in humans: a new potential pandemic route for Chagas parasites |
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