Urinary phthalate metabolites among elementary school children of Korea: Sources, risks, and their association with oxidative stress marker

Phthalates have been used in a variety of consumer products and hence frequently been detected in humans. Children are susceptible to endocrine disrupting chemicals such as phthalates, but only limited information is available on the sources of exposure and potential adverse health effects among chi...

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Published inThe Science of the total environment Vol. 472; pp. 49 - 55
Main Authors Kim, Sunmi, Kang, Sungeun, Lee, Gowoon, Lee, Saeram, Jo, Areum, Kwak, Kyunghee, Kim, Dohyung, Koh, Dohyun, Kho, Young Lim, Kim, Sungkyoon, Choi, Kyungho
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Kidlington Elsevier B.V 15.02.2014
Elsevier
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Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0048-9697
1879-1026
1879-1026
DOI10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.118

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Abstract Phthalates have been used in a variety of consumer products and hence frequently been detected in humans. Children are susceptible to endocrine disrupting chemicals such as phthalates, but only limited information is available on the sources of exposure and potential adverse health effects among children. In this study, elementary school students (n=39, aged 9–12years) were recruited in Seoul, and first void urine samples were collected twice in three-day intervals. Then six phthalate metabolites were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) as an oxidative stress marker was measured. A questionnaire was conducted and information on food consumption and the use of plastic packaging or storage materials was gathered. The concentrations of phthalate metabolites varied substantially by sampling time even within the same subject, but all target metabolites were detected in 100% of the samples with the highest geometric mean of 107μg/g-creatinine for mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP). Urinary levels of mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), and MnBP among Korean children were 8 and 3 times greater than those reported for US children, but those of monoethyl phthalate (MEP) were about 5 times lower than those of US children. Estimated phthalate intakes were generally in safe range, but in 3–8% of the participating children, the hazard quotients greater than one were noted. Urinary MDA concentrations were significantly associated with several metabolite levels after adjusting covariates in regression model. Consumption of dairy products or meat, and use of a plastic material were significantly associated with the DEHP metabolites or MnBP levels in multivariate model. The results of this study provide evidence of the association between phthalate exposure and oxidative stress especially among the early teenagers, and identified major sources that can be applied to development of management plan for phthalate exposure among children. •Two first void urines were collected in 3day interval from young teenagers.•About 3–8% of the participating children showed potential risks by DEHP exposure.•Phthalate metabolites showed significant positive association with urinary MDA.•DEHP metabolites showed association with consumption of dairy products or meat.•Use of plastic packaging and storage material was associated with DEHP or DBP.
AbstractList Phthalates have been used in a variety of consumer products and hence frequently been detected in humans. Children are susceptible to endocrine disrupting chemicals such as phthalates, but only limited information is available on the sources of exposure and potential adverse health effects among children. In this study, elementary school students (n=39, aged 9-12 years) were recruited in Seoul, and first void urine samples were collected twice in three-day intervals. Then six phthalate metabolites were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) as an oxidative stress marker was measured. A questionnaire was conducted and information on food consumption and the use of plastic packaging or storage materials was gathered. The concentrations of phthalate metabolites varied substantially by sampling time even within the same subject, but all target metabolites were detected in 100% of the samples with the highest geometric mean of 107 μg/g-creatinine for mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP). Urinary levels of mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), and MnBP among Korean children were 8 and 3 times greater than those reported for US children, but those of monoethyl phthalate (MEP) were about 5 times lower than those of US children. Estimated phthalate intakes were generally in safe range, but in 3-8% of the participating children, the hazard quotients greater than one were noted. Urinary MDA concentrations were significantly associated with several metabolite levels after adjusting covariates in regression model. Consumption of dairy products or meat, and use of a plastic material were significantly associated with the DEHP metabolites or MnBP levels in multivariate model. The results of this study provide evidence of the association between phthalate exposure and oxidative stress especially among the early teenagers, and identified major sources that can be applied to development of management plan for phthalate exposure among children.
Phthalates have been used in a variety of consumer products and hence frequently been detected in humans. Children are susceptible to endocrine disrupting chemicals such as phthalates, but only limited information is available on the sources of exposure and potential adverse health effects among children. In this study, elementary school students (n=39, aged 9–12years) were recruited in Seoul, and first void urine samples were collected twice in three-day intervals. Then six phthalate metabolites were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) as an oxidative stress marker was measured. A questionnaire was conducted and information on food consumption and the use of plastic packaging or storage materials was gathered. The concentrations of phthalate metabolites varied substantially by sampling time even within the same subject, but all target metabolites were detected in 100% of the samples with the highest geometric mean of 107μg/g-creatinine for mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP). Urinary levels of mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), and MnBP among Korean children were 8 and 3 times greater than those reported for US children, but those of monoethyl phthalate (MEP) were about 5 times lower than those of US children. Estimated phthalate intakes were generally in safe range, but in 3–8% of the participating children, the hazard quotients greater than one were noted. Urinary MDA concentrations were significantly associated with several metabolite levels after adjusting covariates in regression model. Consumption of dairy products or meat, and use of a plastic material were significantly associated with the DEHP metabolites or MnBP levels in multivariate model. The results of this study provide evidence of the association between phthalate exposure and oxidative stress especially among the early teenagers, and identified major sources that can be applied to development of management plan for phthalate exposure among children. •Two first void urines were collected in 3day interval from young teenagers.•About 3–8% of the participating children showed potential risks by DEHP exposure.•Phthalate metabolites showed significant positive association with urinary MDA.•DEHP metabolites showed association with consumption of dairy products or meat.•Use of plastic packaging and storage material was associated with DEHP or DBP.
Phthalates have been used in a variety of consumer products and hence frequently been detected in humans. Children are susceptible to endocrine disrupting chemicals such as phthalates, but only limited information is available on the sources of exposure and potential adverse health effects among children. In this study, elementary school students (n=39, aged 9-12years) were recruited in Seoul, and first void urine samples were collected twice in three-day intervals. Then six phthalate metabolites were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) as an oxidative stress marker was measured. A questionnaire was conducted and information on food consumption and the use of plastic packaging or storage materials was gathered. The concentrations of phthalate metabolites varied substantially by sampling time even within the same subject, but all target metabolites were detected in 100% of the samples with the highest geometric mean of 107 mu g/g-creatinine for mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP). Urinary levels of mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), and MnBP among Korean children were 8 and 3 times greater than those reported for US children, but those of monoethyl phthalate (MEP) were about 5 times lower than those of US children. Estimated phthalate intakes were generally in safe range, but in 3-8% of the participating children, the hazard quotients greater than one were noted. Urinary MDA concentrations were significantly associated with several metabolite levels after adjusting covariates in regression model. Consumption of dairy products or meat, and use of a plastic material were significantly associated with the DEHP metabolites or MnBP levels in multivariate model. The results of this study provide evidence of the association between phthalate exposure and oxidative stress especially among the early teenagers, and identified major sources that can be applied to development of management plan for phthalate exposure among children.
Phthalates have been used in a variety of consumer products and hence frequently been detected in humans. Children are susceptible to endocrine disrupting chemicals such as phthalates, but only limited information is available on the sources of exposure and potential adverse health effects among children. In this study, elementary school students (n=39, aged 9-12 years) were recruited in Seoul, and first void urine samples were collected twice in three-day intervals. Then six phthalate metabolites were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) as an oxidative stress marker was measured. A questionnaire was conducted and information on food consumption and the use of plastic packaging or storage materials was gathered. The concentrations of phthalate metabolites varied substantially by sampling time even within the same subject, but all target metabolites were detected in 100% of the samples with the highest geometric mean of 107 μg/g-creatinine for mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP). Urinary levels of mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), and MnBP among Korean children were 8 and 3 times greater than those reported for US children, but those of monoethyl phthalate (MEP) were about 5 times lower than those of US children. Estimated phthalate intakes were generally in safe range, but in 3-8% of the participating children, the hazard quotients greater than one were noted. Urinary MDA concentrations were significantly associated with several metabolite levels after adjusting covariates in regression model. Consumption of dairy products or meat, and use of a plastic material were significantly associated with the DEHP metabolites or MnBP levels in multivariate model. The results of this study provide evidence of the association between phthalate exposure and oxidative stress especially among the early teenagers, and identified major sources that can be applied to development of management plan for phthalate exposure among children.Phthalates have been used in a variety of consumer products and hence frequently been detected in humans. Children are susceptible to endocrine disrupting chemicals such as phthalates, but only limited information is available on the sources of exposure and potential adverse health effects among children. In this study, elementary school students (n=39, aged 9-12 years) were recruited in Seoul, and first void urine samples were collected twice in three-day intervals. Then six phthalate metabolites were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) as an oxidative stress marker was measured. A questionnaire was conducted and information on food consumption and the use of plastic packaging or storage materials was gathered. The concentrations of phthalate metabolites varied substantially by sampling time even within the same subject, but all target metabolites were detected in 100% of the samples with the highest geometric mean of 107 μg/g-creatinine for mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP). Urinary levels of mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), and MnBP among Korean children were 8 and 3 times greater than those reported for US children, but those of monoethyl phthalate (MEP) were about 5 times lower than those of US children. Estimated phthalate intakes were generally in safe range, but in 3-8% of the participating children, the hazard quotients greater than one were noted. Urinary MDA concentrations were significantly associated with several metabolite levels after adjusting covariates in regression model. Consumption of dairy products or meat, and use of a plastic material were significantly associated with the DEHP metabolites or MnBP levels in multivariate model. The results of this study provide evidence of the association between phthalate exposure and oxidative stress especially among the early teenagers, and identified major sources that can be applied to development of management plan for phthalate exposure among children.
Phthalates have been used in a variety of consumer products and hence frequently been detected in humans. Children are susceptible to endocrine disrupting chemicals such as phthalates, but only limited information is available on the sources of exposure and potential adverse health effects among children. In this study, elementary school students (n=39, aged 9–12years) were recruited in Seoul, and first void urine samples were collected twice in three-day intervals. Then six phthalate metabolites were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) as an oxidative stress marker was measured. A questionnaire was conducted and information on food consumption and the use of plastic packaging or storage materials was gathered. The concentrations of phthalate metabolites varied substantially by sampling time even within the same subject, but all target metabolites were detected in 100% of the samples with the highest geometric mean of 107μg/g-creatinine for mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP). Urinary levels of mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), and MnBP among Korean children were 8 and 3 times greater than those reported for US children, but those of monoethyl phthalate (MEP) were about 5 times lower than those of US children. Estimated phthalate intakes were generally in safe range, but in 3–8% of the participating children, the hazard quotients greater than one were noted. Urinary MDA concentrations were significantly associated with several metabolite levels after adjusting covariates in regression model. Consumption of dairy products or meat, and use of a plastic material were significantly associated with the DEHP metabolites or MnBP levels in multivariate model. The results of this study provide evidence of the association between phthalate exposure and oxidative stress especially among the early teenagers, and identified major sources that can be applied to development of management plan for phthalate exposure among children.
Author Jo, Areum
Lee, Saeram
Kim, Dohyung
Kang, Sungeun
Kwak, Kyunghee
Lee, Gowoon
Koh, Dohyun
Kho, Young Lim
Kim, Sungkyoon
Choi, Kyungho
Kim, Sunmi
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ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c500t-de9b95120d1be4fc7c23077fd435adea5d0f401a5fe325dba690491bbc210eff3
IEDL.DBID .~1
ISSN 0048-9697
1879-1026
IngestDate Thu Jul 10 16:55:35 EDT 2025
Thu Jul 10 18:15:21 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 11 03:41:17 EDT 2025
Tue Aug 05 11:20:08 EDT 2025
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IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Keywords Phthalate
DEHP
Within-individual variability
Malondialdehyde
Daily intake
Biological fluid
Oxidative stress
Metabolite
Dialdehyde
Biological marker
Lipids
Risk
Ester
School
Child
Peroxidation
Human
Urine
Mimetic hormone
Hazard quotient
Endocrine disruptor
Low volatile compound
Phthalates
Pollutant
Plasticizer
Daily dose
Degradation product
Language English
License CC BY 4.0
2013.
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c500t-de9b95120d1be4fc7c23077fd435adea5d0f401a5fe325dba690491bbc210eff3
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 23
ORCID 0000-0002-1378-8795
PMID 24291132
PQID 1492708385
PQPubID 23462
PageCount 7
ParticipantIDs proquest_miscellaneous_1836636159
proquest_miscellaneous_1642250558
proquest_miscellaneous_1627986193
proquest_miscellaneous_1492708385
pubmed_primary_24291132
pascalfrancis_primary_28807235
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2013_10_118
crossref_citationtrail_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2013_10_118
elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2013_10_118
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2014-02-15
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2014-02-15
PublicationDate_xml – month: 02
  year: 2014
  text: 2014-02-15
  day: 15
PublicationDecade 2010
PublicationPlace Kidlington
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Kidlington
– name: Netherlands
PublicationTitle The Science of the total environment
PublicationTitleAlternate Sci Total Environ
PublicationYear 2014
Publisher Elsevier B.V
Elsevier
Publisher_xml – name: Elsevier B.V
– name: Elsevier
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Snippet Phthalates have been used in a variety of consumer products and hence frequently been detected in humans. Children are susceptible to endocrine disrupting...
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StartPage 49
SubjectTerms adolescents
adverse effects
Biological and medical sciences
Biomarkers - urine
Child
children
Daily intake
dairy consumption
DEHP
elementary students
endocrine-disrupting chemicals
Environment. Living conditions
Environmental Exposure - analysis
Environmental Exposure - statistics & numerical data
Environmental Pollutants - metabolism
Environmental Pollutants - urine
Female
food consumption
high performance liquid chromatography
Humans
Korean Peninsula
Koreans
Male
Malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde - urine
meat products
Medical sciences
metabolites
oxidative stress
Oxidative Stress - physiology
packaging
Phthalate
phthalates
Phthalic Acids - urine
plastics
Public health. Hygiene
Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine
questionnaires
regression analysis
Republic of Korea
risk
tandem mass spectrometry
United States
urine
Within-individual variability
Title Urinary phthalate metabolites among elementary school children of Korea: Sources, risks, and their association with oxidative stress marker
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.118
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24291132
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1492708385
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1627986193
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1642250558
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1836636159
Volume 472
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