Costs and benefits of reproducing under unfavorable conditions: an integrated view of ecological and physiological constraints in a cerrado shrub

Disentangling the relative importance of biotic and abiotic constraints in plant reproduction is a major challenge in reproductive ecology. Here, we tested the ‘resource limitation hypothesis’ that predicts a high-level ovule abortion under resource scarcity; the ‘flowering displacement hypothesis’...

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Published inPlant ecology Vol. 216; no. 7; pp. 963 - 974
Main Authors Silveira, Fernando A. O, Santos, Jean C, Franceschinelli, Edivani V, Morellato, Leonor Patrícia C, Wilson Fernandes, G
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01.07.2015
Springer
Springer Nature B.V
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Abstract Disentangling the relative importance of biotic and abiotic constraints in plant reproduction is a major challenge in reproductive ecology. Here, we tested the ‘resource limitation hypothesis’ that predicts a high-level ovule abortion under resource scarcity; the ‘flowering displacement hypothesis’ that predicts low levels of pollen limitation driven by relaxed competition for pollinators; and the ‘herbivory escape hypothesis’ that predicts low impact by natural enemies during unfavorable conditions. We followed reproductive phenology, measured the seasonal variation in resource abundance, and calculated initial ovule budgets to estimate the relative importance of each limiting factor on final reproductive output. Ovule fate was determined of ovules in different positions within the pods, and a germination experiment was conducted to identify bottlenecks at the germination stage. Despite marked decreases in resource availability during the dry season, reproduction consistently occurred during mid-to-late dry season. Destruction by natural enemies and abortion were the most likely ovule fates, with only 2.2 % of flower buds converted into ripe fruits. Ovule fates were not random along fruit positions, with higher likelihood of well-formed seeds in fruit tips and higher likelihood of ovule abortion and non-fertilized ovules near the fruit bases. The benefits derived from flowering displacement to the dry season include reduced competition for pollinators and synchronization of seedling establishment with the onset of the rainy season. However, we found no support for the herbivory escape hypothesis. We argue that a cost–benefit approach is a useful framework to understand the evolutionary ecology of phenological strategies in seasonal environments.
AbstractList Disentangling the relative importance of biotic and abiotic constraints in plant reproduction is a major challenge in reproductive ecology. Here, we tested the 'resource limitation hypothesis' that predicts a high-level ovule abortion under resource scarcity; the 'flowering displacement hypothesis' that predicts low levels of pollen limitation driven by relaxed competition for pollinators; and the 'herbivory escape hypothesis' that predicts low impact by natural enemies during unfavorable conditions. We followed reproductive phenology, measured the seasonal variation in resource abundance, and calculated initial ovule budgets to estimate the relative importance of each limiting factor on final reproductive output. Ovule fate was determined of ovules in different positions within the pods, and a germination experiment was conducted to identify bottlenecks at the germination stage. Despite marked decreases in resource availability during the dry season, reproduction consistently occurred during mid-to-late dry season. Destruction by natural enemies and abortion were the most likely ovule fates, with only 2.2 % of flower buds converted into ripe fruits. Ovule fates were not random along fruit positions, with higher likelihood of well-formed seeds in fruit tips and higher likelihood of ovule abortion and non-fertilized ovules near the fruit bases. The benefits derived from flowering displacement to the dry season include reduced competition for pollinators and synchronization of seedling establishment with the onset of the rainy season. However, we found no support for the herbivory escape hypothesis. We argue that a cost-benefit approach is a useful framework to understand the evolutionary ecology of phenological strategies in seasonal environments.
Disentangling the relative importance of biotic and abiotic constraints in plant reproduction is a major challenge in reproductive ecology. Here, we tested the ‘resource limitation hypothesis’ that predicts a high-level ovule abortion under resource scarcity; the ‘flowering displacement hypothesis’ that predicts low levels of pollen limitation driven by relaxed competition for pollinators; and the ‘herbivory escape hypothesis’ that predicts low impact by natural enemies during unfavorable conditions. We followed reproductive phenology, measured the seasonal variation in resource abundance, and calculated initial ovule budgets to estimate the relative importance of each limiting factor on final reproductive output. Ovule fate was determined of ovules in different positions within the pods, and a germination experiment was conducted to identify bottlenecks at the germination stage. Despite marked decreases in resource availability during the dry season, reproduction consistently occurred during mid-to-late dry season. Destruction by natural enemies and abortion were the most likely ovule fates, with only 2.2 % of flower buds converted into ripe fruits. Ovule fates were not random along fruit positions, with higher likelihood of well-formed seeds in fruit tips and higher likelihood of ovule abortion and non-fertilized ovules near the fruit bases. The benefits derived from flowering displacement to the dry season include reduced competition for pollinators and synchronization of seedling establishment with the onset of the rainy season. However, we found no support for the herbivory escape hypothesis. We argue that a cost–benefit approach is a useful framework to understand the evolutionary ecology of phenological strategies in seasonal environments.
Disentangling the relative importance of biotic and abiotic constraints in plant reproduction is a major challenge in reproductive ecology. Here, we tested the 'resource limitation hypothesis' that predicts a high-level ovule abortion under resource scarcity; the 'flowering displacement hypothesis' that predicts low levels of pollen limitation driven by relaxed competition for pollinators; and the 'herbivory escape hypothesis' that predicts low impact by natural enemies during unfavorable conditions. We followed reproductive phenology, measured the seasonal variation in resource abundance, and calculated initial ovule budgets to estimate the relative importance of each limiting factor on final reproductive output. Ovule fate was determined of ovules in different positions within the pods, and a germination experiment was conducted to identify bottlenecks at the germination stage. Despite marked decreases in resource availability during the dry season, reproduction consistently occurred during mid-to-late dry season. Destruction by natural enemies and abortion were the most likely ovule fates, with only 2.2 % of flower buds converted into ripe fruits. Ovule fates were not random along fruit positions, with higher likelihood of well-formed seeds in fruit tips and higher likelihood of ovule abortion and non-fertilized ovules near the fruit bases. The benefits derived from flowering displacement to the dry season include reduced competition for pollinators and synchronization of seedling establishment with the onset of the rainy season. However, we found no support for the herbivory escape hypothesis. We argue that a cost-benefit approach is a useful framework to understand the evolutionary ecology of phenological strategies in seasonal environments. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11258-015-0482-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Audience Academic
Author Silveira, Fernando A. O
Morellato, Leonor Patrícia C
Franceschinelli, Edivani V
Wilson Fernandes, G
Santos, Jean C
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Keywords Resource limitation
Pre-dispersal seed predation
Cerrado
Pollen limitation
Phenology
Ovule fate
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  ident: 482_CR42
  publication-title: Ann Bot
  doi: 10.1006/anbo.1997.0469
– volume-title: Plant reproductive ecology: patterns and strategies
  year: 1988
  ident: 482_CR26
SSID ssj0010035
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Snippet Disentangling the relative importance of biotic and abiotic constraints in plant reproduction is a major challenge in reproductive ecology. Here, we tested the...
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SubjectTerms Abortion
Applied Ecology
Biodiversity
Biomedical and Life Sciences
buds
cerrado
Community & Population Ecology
Dry season
Ecology
flowering
Fruits
herbivores
Herbivory
Life Sciences
natural enemies
ovules
Phenology
Physiological aspects
Plant Ecology
Plant growth
Plant reproduction
pods
Pollen
Pollinators
Rainy season
reproductive performance
Resource availability
seasonal variation
Seasonal variations
Seasons
seed germination
Seedlings
Seeds
shrubs
Terrestial Ecology
wet season
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  providerName: Springer Nature
Title Costs and benefits of reproducing under unfavorable conditions: an integrated view of ecological and physiological constraints in a cerrado shrub
URI https://www.jstor.org/stable/24557825
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11258-015-0482-8
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Volume 216
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