Sexual Dimorphism and Gender in Infectious Diseases

Epidemiological studies and clinical observations show evidence of sexual dimorphism in infectious diseases. Women are at less risk than men when it comes to developing most infectious diseases. However, understanding these observations requires a gender approach that takes into account an analysis...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inFrontiers in immunology Vol. 12; p. 698121
Main Authors Gay, Laetitia, Melenotte, Cléa, Lakbar, Ines, Mezouar, Soraya, Devaux, Christian, Raoult, Didier, Bendiane, Marc-Karim, Leone, Marc, Mège, Jean-Louis
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland Frontiers 22.07.2021
Frontiers Media S.A
Subjects
Bacteriology
Cardiology and cardiovascular system
Communicable Diseases
Emerging diseases
Female
gender
Human health and pathology
Humans
Immunology
infectious disease
Infectious diseases
Life Sciences
Male
Microbiology and Parasitology
Parasitology
personalized medicine
Sex Characteristics
sex hormones
sexual dimorphism
Virology
gender
sex hormones
infectious disease
sexual dimorphism
personalized medicine
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1664-3224
1664-3224
DOI10.3389/fimmu.2021.698121

Cover

Abstract Epidemiological studies and clinical observations show evidence of sexual dimorphism in infectious diseases. Women are at less risk than men when it comes to developing most infectious diseases. However, understanding these observations requires a gender approach that takes into account an analysis of both biological and social factors. The host’s response to infection differs in males and females because sex differences have an impact on hormonal and chromosomal control of immunity. Estradiol appears to confer protective immunity, while progesterone and testosterone suppress anti-infectious responses. In addition, genetic factors, including those associated with sex chromosomes, also affect susceptibility to infections. Finally, differences in occupational activities, lifestyle, and comorbidities play major roles in exposure to pathogens and management of diseases. Hence, considering sexual dimorphism as a critical variable for infectious diseases should be one of the steps taken toward developing personalized therapeutic approaches.
AbstractList Epidemiological studies and clinical observations show evidence of sexual dimorphism in infectious diseases. Women are at less risk than men when it comes to developing most infectious diseases. However, understanding these observations requires a gender approach that takes into account an analysis of both biological and social factors. The host’s response to infection differs in males and females because sex differences have an impact on hormonal and chromosomal control of immunity. Estradiol appears to confer protective immunity, while progesterone and testosterone suppress anti-infectious responses. In addition, genetic factors, including those associated with sex chromosomes, also affect susceptibility to infections. Finally, differences in occupational activities, lifestyle, and comorbidities play major roles in exposure to pathogens and management of diseases. Hence, considering sexual dimorphism as a critical variable for infectious diseases should be one of the steps taken toward developing personalized therapeutic approaches.
Epidemiological studies and clinical observations show evidence of sexual dimorphism in infectious diseases. Women are at less risk than men when it comes to developing most infectious diseases. However, understanding these observations requires a gender approach that takes into account an analysis of both biological and social factors. The host's response to infection differs in males and females because sex differences have an impact on hormonal and chromosomal control of immunity. Estradiol appears to confer protective immunity, while progesterone and testosterone suppress anti-infectious responses. In addition, genetic factors, including those associated with sex chromosomes, also affect susceptibility to infections. Finally, differences in occupational activities, lifestyle, and comorbidities play major roles in exposure to pathogens and management of diseases. Hence, considering sexual dimorphism as a critical variable for infectious diseases should be one of the steps taken toward developing personalized therapeutic approaches.Epidemiological studies and clinical observations show evidence of sexual dimorphism in infectious diseases. Women are at less risk than men when it comes to developing most infectious diseases. However, understanding these observations requires a gender approach that takes into account an analysis of both biological and social factors. The host's response to infection differs in males and females because sex differences have an impact on hormonal and chromosomal control of immunity. Estradiol appears to confer protective immunity, while progesterone and testosterone suppress anti-infectious responses. In addition, genetic factors, including those associated with sex chromosomes, also affect susceptibility to infections. Finally, differences in occupational activities, lifestyle, and comorbidities play major roles in exposure to pathogens and management of diseases. Hence, considering sexual dimorphism as a critical variable for infectious diseases should be one of the steps taken toward developing personalized therapeutic approaches.
Author Gay, Laetitia
Bendiane, Marc-Karim
Leone, Marc
Melenotte, Cléa
Lakbar, Ines
Mezouar, Soraya
Devaux, Christian
Raoult, Didier
Mège, Jean-Louis
AuthorAffiliation 2 Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Economy and Social Science, Health Care Systems and Societies , Marseille , France
3 Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Hôpital Nord, Aix-Marseille Univ, APHM , Marseille , France
1 Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection , Marseille , France
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 2 Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Economy and Social Science, Health Care Systems and Societies , Marseille , France
– name: 3 Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Hôpital Nord, Aix-Marseille Univ, APHM , Marseille , France
– name: 1 Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection , Marseille , France
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Laetitia
  surname: Gay
  fullname: Gay, Laetitia
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Cléa
  surname: Melenotte
  fullname: Melenotte, Cléa
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Ines
  surname: Lakbar
  fullname: Lakbar, Ines
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Soraya
  surname: Mezouar
  fullname: Mezouar, Soraya
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Christian
  surname: Devaux
  fullname: Devaux, Christian
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Didier
  surname: Raoult
  fullname: Raoult, Didier
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Marc-Karim
  surname: Bendiane
  fullname: Bendiane, Marc-Karim
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Marc
  surname: Leone
  fullname: Leone, Marc
– sequence: 9
  givenname: Jean-Louis
  surname: Mège
  fullname: Mège, Jean-Louis
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34367158$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
https://amu.hal.science/hal-03300038$$DView record in HAL
BookMark eNp1kk1vFDEMhiNUREvpD-CC9giHXZJxPi9IVYF2pZU4AOcok3i6qeZjSWYq-PdkOi1qK5FLIud9H1u2X5OjfuiRkLeMbgC0-djErps2Fa3YRhrNKvaCnDAp-Rqqih89eh-Ts5xvaDncAIB4RY6Bg1RM6BMC3_H35NrV59gN6bCPuVu5PqwusQ-YVrFfbfsG_RiHKRdNRpcxvyEvG9dmPLu_T8nPr19-XFytd98utxfnu7XnxozrGrSWXmr0SnAleW1QB1lLp0PlgqiBO0cNhtA45SjoBpnSUKviEo3zAU7JduGGwd3YQ4qdS3_s4KK9Cwzp2ro0Rt-iFdwbYFDScc8lQC1qQRXVBrnkTMysTwvrMNUdBo_9mFz7BPr0p497ez3cWg1ghKEF8GEB7J_Zrs53do5RgNJi0LesaN_fJ0vDrwnzaLuYPbat67E00lZCGKnAqBn77nFd_8gPEyoCtQh8GnJO2FgfR1cGMpcZW8uondfB3q2DndfBLutQnOyZ8wH-f89fvJm3Pg
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_2196_59762
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11553_023_01098_5
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10620_022_07770_8
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_virs_2023_10_006
crossref_primary_10_3389_fmicb_2023_1251683
crossref_primary_10_3390_metabo13080947
crossref_primary_10_3390_life11121387
crossref_primary_10_3389_fcell_2024_1520783
crossref_primary_10_3389_fneur_2022_942023
crossref_primary_10_1002_glia_24163
crossref_primary_10_3389_fmicb_2022_1031683
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nbd_2023_106202
crossref_primary_10_3390_jof8070675
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2022_845866
crossref_primary_10_3390_jof8050461
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_micinf_2023_105174
crossref_primary_10_1155_2024_9282571
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms25158167
crossref_primary_10_21931_RB_2023_08_02_27
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms24021209
crossref_primary_10_1128_spectrum_02505_24
crossref_primary_10_34067_KID_0000000000000197
crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2022_067124
crossref_primary_10_3390_life13061345
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_physbeh_2022_114038
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ynpai_2024_100171
crossref_primary_10_3389_fmicb_2022_1042200
crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2024_1510389
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00129_024_05242_w
crossref_primary_10_1159_000542535
crossref_primary_10_1093_ofid_ofae277
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jns_2024_123046
crossref_primary_10_1097_JD9_0000000000000401
crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2022_905773
crossref_primary_10_1186_s40001_022_00864_z
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cyto_2022_155964
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_prevetmed_2024_106293
crossref_primary_10_3390_pathogens10111378
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ajt_2023_07_022
crossref_primary_10_33667_2078_5631_2024_10_13_18
crossref_primary_10_3389_fmicb_2024_1421608
crossref_primary_10_3390_pathogens12010049
crossref_primary_10_1089_whr_2022_0096
crossref_primary_10_1016_S2542_5196_24_00270_5
crossref_primary_10_1152_ajpheart_00101_2023
crossref_primary_10_3390_sexes3040039
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00436_023_07913_4
crossref_primary_10_3389_fcimb_2023_1178130
crossref_primary_10_1136_bjo_2023_323227
crossref_primary_10_1177_03009858241312606
crossref_primary_10_23736_S2784_8477_22_02013_7
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_77109_y
crossref_primary_10_1055_s_0043_1768169
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_66412_3
crossref_primary_10_1172_JCI157999
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_isci_2024_111727
crossref_primary_10_1093_jleuko_qiae177
crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules26237302
crossref_primary_10_1155_2022_1485033
crossref_primary_10_1097_IPC_0000000000001405
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2024_1347800
crossref_primary_10_1053_j_ajkd_2023_03_018
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11357_022_00546_y
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijmm_2023_151592
crossref_primary_10_4236_ojmm_2023_132014
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ssmph_2025_101775
crossref_primary_10_3389_fmed_2023_1296486
crossref_primary_10_3390_pathogens13121027
crossref_primary_10_1128_cmr_00019_23
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eururo_2024_05_007
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0275715
crossref_primary_10_3390_cimb45010017
crossref_primary_10_4103_ijmy_ijmy_121_23
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbi_2023_05_002
crossref_primary_10_3389_fcimb_2024_1382755
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jiph_2025_102656
crossref_primary_10_3390_genes14020242
crossref_primary_10_3389_fragi_2023_1272118
crossref_primary_10_1177_20420188221139612
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0316812
crossref_primary_10_3389_fendo_2024_1400640
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mucimm_2023_09_004
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_66946_6
crossref_primary_10_1001_jamanetworkopen_2024_0473
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0297333
crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2024_1379754
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cjca_2022_07_002
Cites_doi 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02749.x
10.1677/joe.0.1530275
10.1007/s00404-020-05664-6
10.1002/1097-0215(20010215)91:4<497::AID-IJC1044>3.0.CO;2-A
10.1086/425041
10.1515/JPM.2011.035
10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.07.013
10.1111/1469-0691.12724
10.1016/j.nmni.2018.05.010
10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01120.x
10.3109/13693786.2012.714529
10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.10.016
10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108485
10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.02.023
10.1038/nm0417-398
10.1186/s10020-020-00256-1
10.1080/00365540600993285
10.1007/978-3-642-02155-8_3
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07667.x
10.1007/s00251-010-0491-7
10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06273.x
10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30143-7
10.1038/nri2394
10.1053/j.gastro.2007.06.026
10.2807/ese.13.21.18880-en
10.1128/IAI.00008-06
10.3201/eid1211.060152
10.1089/fpd.2011.1029
10.1097/00042560-199708150-00003
10.1007/978-3-642-02155-8_7
10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04519.x
10.1371/journal.ppat.1002710
10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.11.001
10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.02.019
10.1089/fpd.2012.1360
10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02696.x
10.1111/aji.12355
10.1371/journal.ppat.1004031
10.1155/2013/752852
10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.035
10.1172/JCI67604
10.1073/pnas.1716146115
10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31561-0
10.1093/infdis/jiu020
10.1100/2012/349597
10.1126/science.abd4585
10.1371/journal.pone.0055694
10.1007/s10875-011-9627-2
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(20000201)85:3<319::AID-IJC4>3.0.CO;2-B
10.1210/er.2007-0001
10.5365/wpsar.2018.9.3.001
10.1007/s00404-015-3958-9
10.1016/j.ogc.2014.08.009
10.1155/2014/814598
10.1371/journal.pone.0241827
10.1177/2047487320924501
10.1128/jvi.63.8.3261-3269.1989
10.1073/pnas.91.3.922
10.1007/s10865-019-00029-0
10.1073/pnas.1620889114
10.1371/journal.pone.0045171
10.1371/journal.pone.0035592
10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01474.x
10.1038/sj.gene.6363841
10.4161/rna.20018
10.1093/jnci/djh102
10.1053/j.gastro.2011.12.061
10.4103/ijabmr.IJABMR_337_18
10.1371/journal.pntd.0002217
10.1093/infdis/jit178
10.1111/j.0303-6987.2003.00167.x
10.1093/infdis/173.5.1176
10.1016/0024-3205(96)00122-1
10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.08.045
10.1128/iai.5.3.332-336.1972
10.1016/j.annder.2015.07.008
10.1136/gut.2005.078147
10.1172/JCI14873
10.1371/journal.pone.0012190
10.1016/j.exppara.2010.06.012
10.1371/journal.pone.0110104
10.1182/blood-2015-04-639617
10.1093/geronj/24.4.395
10.3109/00016348209155324
10.1371/journal.ppat.0040023
10.3748/wjg.v18.i34.4677
10.1016/j.rmed.2007.04.011
10.1016/S0014-4894(02)00028-0
10.1155/2011/545972
10.1111/j.1744-313X.1990.tb00862.x
10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0025-2016
10.1371/journal.pntd.0000361
10.1097/01.md.0000165658.82869.17
10.1001/archsurg.133.11.1200
10.5858/arpa.2016-0382-RA
10.1371/journal.pmed.1002119
10.1017/S0950268805005042
10.1126/sciimmunol.aap8855
10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.01525.x
10.1016/j.trsl.2011.01.007
10.1093/humupd/dmi008
10.1016/S2352-3026(18)30038-3
10.1371/journal.pone.0010757
10.1086/315776
10.1046/j.1365-2168.2002.02143.x
10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202684
10.1002/hep.23163
10.1128/iai.50.1.91-96.1985
10.1086/380798
10.1016/j.canlet.2010.07.008
10.1186/s13054-020-03118-8
10.1097/QCO.0000000000000489
10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.10.009
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.1580
10.1128/IAI.68.7.4207-4216.2000
10.1016/j.cmi.2019.02.030
10.1080/14787210.2017.1254550
10.1093/carcin/bgr072
10.1128/IAI.69.10.6119-6122.2001
10.1128/jvi.69.11.6958-6964.1995
10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1491:IOGASH]2.0.CO;2
10.1038/nature03479
10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.042
10.1055/s-0036-1580089
10.2105/AJPH.2009.175646
10.1080/1040841X.2020.1760786
10.1146/annurev.genom.8.080706.092315
10.1006/expr.1997.4148
10.1371/journal.pone.0039853
10.1016/0002-9343(92)90173-9
10.1038/sj.cdd.4401850
10.1038/nri.2016.90
10.1371/journal.pone.0062390
10.1016/j.genm.2010.01.005
10.1371/journal.pone.0093831
10.1186/s13293-020-00304-9
10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60253-6
10.1128/iai.59.11.4089-4096.1991
10.1016/j.ijid.2015.06.027
10.1016/j.jinf.2005.11.006
10.1016/j.jhep.2006.09.011
10.1128/IAI.70.5.2288-2296.2002
10.1073/pnas.1520113113
10.1371/journal.ppat.1005374
10.1161/CIR.0000000000000659
10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0576
10.1016/j.steroids.2015.06.016
10.1056/NEJMra062477
10.1111/j.1365-2826.2005.01270.x
10.1007/s12026-012-8303-9
10.1534/g3.111.001610
10.1097/00024382-200116050-00003
10.1016/j.mcna.2010.08.023
10.1001/jama.2010.479
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Copyright © 2021 Gay, Melenotte, Lakbar, Mezouar, Devaux, Raoult, Bendiane, Leone and Mège.
Attribution
Copyright © 2021 Gay, Melenotte, Lakbar, Mezouar, Devaux, Raoult, Bendiane, Leone and Mège 2021 Gay, Melenotte, Lakbar, Mezouar, Devaux, Raoult, Bendiane, Leone and Mège
Copyright_xml – notice: Copyright © 2021 Gay, Melenotte, Lakbar, Mezouar, Devaux, Raoult, Bendiane, Leone and Mège.
– notice: Attribution
– notice: Copyright © 2021 Gay, Melenotte, Lakbar, Mezouar, Devaux, Raoult, Bendiane, Leone and Mège 2021 Gay, Melenotte, Lakbar, Mezouar, Devaux, Raoult, Bendiane, Leone and Mège
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
7X8
1XC
VOOES
5PM
DOA
DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2021.698121
DatabaseName CrossRef
Medline
MEDLINE
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE
MEDLINE
PubMed
MEDLINE - Academic
Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)
Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL) (Open Access)
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals (WRLC)
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
MEDLINE
Medline Complete
MEDLINE with Full Text
PubMed
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList CrossRef


MEDLINE

MEDLINE - Academic
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: DOA
  name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  url: https://www.doaj.org/
  sourceTypes: Open Website
– sequence: 2
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 3
  dbid: EIF
  name: MEDLINE
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search
  sourceTypes: Index Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Biology
EISSN 1664-3224
ExternalDocumentID oai_doaj_org_article_54c93136c64c4633b5b507089e46415d
PMC8339590
oai_HAL_hal_03300038v1
34367158
10_3389_fimmu_2021_698121
Genre Journal Article
Review
GroupedDBID 53G
5VS
9T4
AAFWJ
AAKDD
AAYXX
ACGFO
ACGFS
ACXDI
ADBBV
ADRAZ
AENEX
AFPKN
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AOIJS
BAWUL
BCNDV
CITATION
DIK
EBS
EMOBN
GROUPED_DOAJ
GX1
HYE
KQ8
M48
M~E
OK1
PGMZT
RNS
RPM
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
IPNFZ
NPM
RIG
7X8
1XC
VOOES
5PM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c499t-b3886c68ec754764b9e8d6b6a8d2ad5b34aa09eddfa7a038fe1783b78865facd3
IEDL.DBID M48
ISSN 1664-3224
IngestDate Wed Aug 27 01:31:16 EDT 2025
Thu Aug 21 18:17:36 EDT 2025
Fri May 09 12:21:22 EDT 2025
Fri Sep 05 07:43:07 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 03 07:06:10 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 24 23:06:22 EDT 2025
Tue Jul 01 00:53:08 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Keywords gender
sex hormones
infectious disease
sexual dimorphism
personalized medicine
Language English
License Copyright © 2021 Gay, Melenotte, Lakbar, Mezouar, Devaux, Raoult, Bendiane, Leone and Mège.
Attribution: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c499t-b3886c68ec754764b9e8d6b6a8d2ad5b34aa09eddfa7a038fe1783b78865facd3
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
ObjectType-Review-3
content type line 23
This article was submitted to Microbial Immunology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology
These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship
These authors have contributed equally to this work and share last authorship
Reviewed by: Katie Louise Flanagan, RMIT University, Australia; Sharvan Sehrawat, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, India
Edited by: Dane Parker, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, United States
ORCID 0000-0002-2895-5824
0000-0002-2285-7051
0000-0002-3097-758X
0000-0002-0633-5974
OpenAccessLink http://journals.scholarsportal.info/openUrl.xqy?doi=10.3389/fimmu.2021.698121
PMID 34367158
PQID 2559673970
PQPubID 23479
ParticipantIDs doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_54c93136c64c4633b5b507089e46415d
pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8339590
hal_primary_oai_HAL_hal_03300038v1
proquest_miscellaneous_2559673970
pubmed_primary_34367158
crossref_citationtrail_10_3389_fimmu_2021_698121
crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2021_698121
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2021-07-22
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2021-07-22
PublicationDate_xml – month: 07
  year: 2021
  text: 2021-07-22
  day: 22
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Switzerland
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Switzerland
PublicationTitle Frontiers in immunology
PublicationTitleAlternate Front Immunol
PublicationYear 2021
Publisher Frontiers
Frontiers Media S.A
Publisher_xml – name: Frontiers
– name: Frontiers Media S.A
References Kraus (B79) 2012; 32
Aomatsu (B12) 2013; 441
Fish (B82) 2008; 8
Chan (B57) 1989; 63
Marrs (B65) 2016; 33
Brownstein (B100) 1995; 69
van Roeden (B121) 2018; 5
Guerra-Silveira (B150) 2013; 8
Pathak (B127) 2012; 7
Krementsov (B96) 2017; 114
Houpikian (B115) 2005; 84
Benjamin (B161) 2019; 139
Gan (B136) 2017; 15
Yamamoto (B35) 1991; 59
Watkins (B159) 2006; 134
Stuckler (B144) 2011; 101
Abdullah (B16) 2012; 272
Ladan (B148) 2011; 32
Fenollar (B118) 2007; 356
Bastard (B140) 2020; 370
Ghigo (B52) 2004; 190
Colli (B125) 2004; 31
Fan (B17) 2014; 2014
Dai (B83) 2011; 157
Leone (B29) 2004; 189
Jamieson (B72) 2006; 12
Melenotte (B122) 2016; 127
Meghari (B53) 2008; 4
Coste Mazeau (B61) 2016; 294
Stapleton (B102) 2016; 4
El-Serag (B141) 2012; 142
Getahun (B135) 2019; 10
Rantala (B131) 2008; 13
Straub (B76) 2007; 28
Reiter (B105) 2010; 19
Pung (B33) 1985; 50
Siston (B70) 2010; 303
Carrel (B6) 2005; 434
Asai (B10) 2001; 16
Lamont (B62) 2011; 39
Wang (B87) 2016; 113
Hawkes (B157) 2013; 381
Liesenfeld (B46) 2001; 87
Harrington (B103) 2000; 3
Cussigh (B93) 2011; 63
Puéchal (B145) 2013; 72
Bini (B36) 2014; 9
D’Agostino (B24) 1999; 876
Wang (B56) 2009; 50
Dielubanza (B101) 2011; 95
Hisada (B143) 2001; 91
Mauvais-Jarvis (B109) 2020; 396
Escobedo (B55) 2010
Carcopino (B60) 2009; 1166
Eulalio (B84) 2012; 9
Dupont (B151) 1992; 93
Wilsnack (B158) 2009; 104
Madani (B58) 1994; 91
Bhavanam (B38) 2008; 26
Silasi (B69) 2015; 73
Lagier (B117) 2018; 31
Bellissimo-Rodrigues (B128) 2013; 51
Kawai (B80) 2006; 13
Schott (B94) 2007; 46
Horton (B163) 2016; 13
Hlady (B146) 1996; 173
Sambola (B106) 2010; 106
Traub (B9) 2012; 7
Chan (B27) 2010; 7
Hagen (B88) 2020; 33
vom Steeg (B2) 2016; 12
Bustamante (B81) 2011; 1246
Nakazawa (B44) 1997; 85
Bakr (B133) 2006; 55
Hantsoo (B15) 2019; 42
Balasubramanian (B160) 2004; 8
Travi (B42) 2002; 70
Borgia (B68) 2012; 18
B112
Acuna-Soto (B126) 2000; 95
Aksoy (B107) 2007; 39
Correa (B123) 2007; 133
Fried (B130) 2011; 305
Bouman (B77) 2005; 11
Cernetich (B43) 2006; 74
Mousavi (B7) 2020; 26
Grimaldi (B23) 2002; 109
Kapito-Tembo (B149) 2009; 3
Robinson (B71) 2012; 62
Klein (B5) 2016; 16
Saia (B31) 2015; 102
Watanapa (B129) 2002; 89
Ting (B113) 2014; 9
Cervantes-Rebolledo (B41) 2009; 31
Dorhoi (B85) 2013; 123
Khurana (B18) 2013; 208
Botelho (B54) 2010; 126
Katsnelson (B114) 2017; 23
Lotter (B40) 2013; 8
Morales-Montor (B45) 2002; 100
Arisawa (B142) 2000; 85
Alvarado (B66) 2016; 141
Ramharter (B119) 2014; 20
Ahmadzia (B64) 2014; 41
Fortin (B98) 2002; 3
Melenotte (B116) 2019; 25
Ferreri (B124) 2004; 96
(B155) 2012
Smith (B39) 2000; 182
Ng (B137) 2014; 10
Gebhard (B139) 2020; 11
Sappenfield (B3) 2013; 2013
Merkel (B37) 2001; 69
Kovats (B20) 2010
Melenotte (B4) 2018; 1
Fortin (B92) 2007; 8
Ohtani (B32) 2011; 32
Girard-Joyal (B14) 2015; 305
Chappell (B51) 2005; 17
Hamilton (B25) 1969; 24
Machado (B75) 2013; 7
Karnam (B8) 2012; 8
Falagas (B110) 2007; 101
Kumar (B134) 2020; 10
(B147) 2011
Vilchez (B59) 2015; 38
Mège (B1) 2018; 26
Rifkind (B47) 1972; 5
Dalgic (B91) 2011
Schröder (B11) 1998; 133
B132
Benten (B49) 1997; 153
Magliano (B104) 2012
Gutiérrez (B108) 2006; 53
Case (B97) 2012; 2
Schneider-Hohendorf (B19) 2018; 115
(B154) 2015
Lakbar (B138) 2020; 15
Tsuyuguchi (B34) 2001; 123
vom Steeg (B21) 2017; 88
Plummer (B111) 2016; 4
Pinzan (B48) 2010; 5
Kochar (B73) 1999; 47
Torcia (B13) 2012; 7
Barison (B162) 2020; 27
Gabriel (B74) 2014
Melenotte (B120) 2020; 46
Rahman (B152) 2012; 9
Siddiqui (B90) 2009; 85
Svanberg (B26) 1982; 61
Textoris (B50) 2010; 5
Kaushic (B30) 2000; 68
Roberts (B99) 1990; 17
Ali (B153) 2013; 10
Arnold (B86) 2009; 30
He (B63) 2020; 302
Lamont (B67) 2011; 118
Souyris (B89) 2018; 3
Clark (B28) 1997; 15
Pazos (B78) 2012; 54
Li (B95) 2020; 24
Amelot (B156) 2015; 142
Miller (B22) 1996; 59
References_xml – volume: 118
  year: 2011
  ident: B67
  article-title: Parvovirus B19 Infection in Human Pregnancy
  publication-title: BJOG
  doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02749.x
– volume: 153
  year: 1997
  ident: B49
  article-title: Testosterone-Induced Susceptibility to Plasmodium Chabaudi Malaria: Persistence After Withdrawal of Testosterone
  publication-title: J Endocrinol
  doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1530275
– volume: 302
  year: 2020
  ident: B63
  article-title: Effect of Chlamydia Trachomatis on Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis
  publication-title: Arch Gynecol Obstet
  doi: 10.1007/s00404-020-05664-6
– volume: 91
  year: 2001
  ident: B143
  article-title: Sex-Specific Mortality From Adult T-Cell Leukemia Among Carriers of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type I
  publication-title: Int J Cancer
  doi: 10.1002/1097-0215(20010215)91:4<497::AID-IJC1044>3.0.CO;2-A
– volume: 190
  year: 2004
  ident: B52
  article-title: Link Between Impaired Maturation of Phagosomes and Defective Coxiella Burnetii Killing in Patients With Chronic Q Fever
  publication-title: J Infect Dis
  doi: 10.1086/425041
– volume: 39
  year: 2011
  ident: B62
  article-title: Listeriosis in Human Pregnancy: A Systematic Review
  publication-title: J Perinat Med
  doi: 10.1515/JPM.2011.035
– volume: 85
  year: 2009
  ident: B90
  article-title: X Chromosomal Variation is Associated With Slow Progression to AIDS in HIV-1-Infected Women
  publication-title: Am J Hum Genet
  doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.07.013
– volume: 20
  year: 2014
  ident: B119
  article-title: Prevalence and Risk Factor Assessment of Tropheryma Whipplei in a Rural Community in Gabon: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study
  publication-title: Clin Microbiol Infect
  doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12724
– volume: 26
  year: 2018
  ident: B1
  article-title: Sex and Bacterial Infectious Diseases
  publication-title: New Microbes New Infections
  doi: 10.1016/j.nmni.2018.05.010
– volume: 31
  year: 2009
  ident: B41
  article-title: Gonadectomy Inhibits Development of Experimental Amoebic Liver Abscess in Hamsters Through Downregulation of the Inflammatory Immune Response
  publication-title: Parasite Immunol
  doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01120.x
– volume: 51
  year: 2013
  ident: B128
  article-title: Endemic Paracoccidioidomycosis: Relationship Between Clinical Presentation and Patients’ Demographic Features
  publication-title: Med Mycol
  doi: 10.3109/13693786.2012.714529
– volume: 88
  start-page: 45
  year: 2017
  ident: B21
  article-title: Sex Steroids Mediate Bidirectional Interactions Between Hosts and Microbes
  publication-title: Horm Behav
  doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.10.016
– volume: 33
  year: 2020
  ident: B88
  article-title: Heterogeneous Escape From X Chromosome Inactivation Results in Sex Differences in Type I IFN Responses at the Single Human pDC Level
  publication-title: Cell Rep
  doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108485
– volume: 62
  year: 2012
  ident: B71
  article-title: Pregnancy and Pregnancy-Associated Hormones Alter Immune Responses and Disease Pathogenesis
  publication-title: Horm Behav
  doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.02.023
– volume: 23
  start-page: 398
  year: 2017
  ident: B114
  article-title: Beyond the Breath: Exploring Sex Differences in Tuberculosis Outside the Lungs
  publication-title: Nat Med
  doi: 10.1038/nm0417-398
– volume: 26
  start-page: 127
  year: 2020
  ident: B7
  article-title: Escape From X Chromosome Inactivation and Female Bias of Autoimmune Diseases
  publication-title: Mol Med
  doi: 10.1186/s10020-020-00256-1
– volume: 39
  year: 2007
  ident: B107
  article-title: Gender Differences in Infective Endocarditis: Pre- and Co-Morbid Conditions Lead to Different Management and Outcomes in Female Patients
  publication-title: Scand J Infect Dis
  doi: 10.1080/00365540600993285
– start-page: 53
  volume-title: Sex Hormones and Immunity to Infection
  year: 2010
  ident: B20
  article-title: Sex Steroid Receptors in Immune Cells
  doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-02155-8_3
– volume: 876
  year: 1999
  ident: B24
  article-title: Sex Hormones Modulate Inflammatory Mediators Produced by Macrophages
  publication-title: Ann N Y Acad Sci
  doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07667.x
– volume: 63
  start-page: 33
  year: 2011
  ident: B93
  article-title: Interleukin 6 Promoter Polymorphisms Influence the Outcome of Chronic Hepatitis C
  publication-title: Immunogenetics
  doi: 10.1007/s00251-010-0491-7
– volume: 1246
  start-page: 92
  year: 2011
  ident: B81
  article-title: Genetic Lessons Learned From X-Linked Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Diseases: X-Linked Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Diseases
  publication-title: Ann N Y Acad Sci
  doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06273.x
– volume-title: Guidelines: Prevention and Treatment of HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections for Sex Workers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  year: 2012
  ident: B155
– volume: 4
  year: 2016
  ident: B111
  article-title: Global Burden of Cancers Attributable to Infections in 2012: A Synthetic Analysis
  publication-title: Lancet Glob Health
  doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30143-7
– volume: 8
  year: 2008
  ident: B82
  article-title: The X-Files in Immunity: Sex-Based Differences Predispose Immune Responses
  publication-title: Nat Rev Immunol
  doi: 10.1038/nri2394
– volume: 133
  year: 2007
  ident: B123
  article-title: Carcinogenesis of Helicobacter Pylori
  publication-title: Gastroenterol
  doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.06.026
– volume: 13
  year: 2008
  ident: B131
  article-title: Surveillance and Epidemiology of Hepatitis B and C in Europe – A Review
  publication-title: Eurosurveillance
  doi: 10.2807/ese.13.21.18880-en
– volume: 74
  year: 2006
  ident: B43
  article-title: Involvement of Gonadal Steroids and Gamma Interferon in Sex Differences in Response to Blood-Stage Malaria Infection
  publication-title: Infect Immun
  doi: 10.1128/IAI.00008-06
– volume: 12
  year: 2006
  ident: B72
  article-title: Emerging Infections and Pregnancy
  publication-title: Emerg Infect Dis
  doi: 10.3201/eid1211.060152
– volume: 9
  year: 2012
  ident: B152
  article-title: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Brucellosis in a High-Risk Group of Individuals in Bangladesh
  publication-title: Foodborne Pathog Dis
  doi: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1029
– volume: 15
  start-page: 341
  year: 1997
  ident: B28
  article-title: Clinical Manifestations and Predictors of Survival in Older Women Infected With HIV
  publication-title: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr
  doi: 10.1097/00042560-199708150-00003
– start-page: 187
  volume-title: Sex Hormones and Immunity to Infection
  year: 2010
  ident: B55
  article-title: Sex Differences in Parasitic Infections: Beyond the Dogma of Female-Biased Resistance
  doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-02155-8_7
– volume: 1166
  start-page: 79
  year: 2009
  ident: B60
  article-title: Q Fever During Pregnancy: A Cause of Poor Fetal and Maternal Outcome
  publication-title: Ann N Y Acad Sci
  doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04519.x
– volume: 8
  year: 2012
  ident: B8
  article-title: CD200 Receptor Controls Sex-Specific TLR7 Responses to Viral Infection
  publication-title: PloS Pathog
  doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002710
– volume: 30
  start-page: 1
  year: 2009
  ident: B86
  article-title: What Does the “Four Core Genotypes” Mouse Model Tell Us About Sex Differences in the Brain and Other Tissues
  publication-title: Front Neuroendocrinol
  doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.11.001
– volume: 106
  year: 2010
  ident: B106
  article-title: Sex Differences in Native-Valve Infective Endocarditis in a Single Tertiary-Care Hospital
  publication-title: Am J Cardiol
  doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.02.019
– volume: 10
  year: 2013
  ident: B153
  article-title: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Brucellosis as a Professional Hazard in Pakistan
  publication-title: Foodborne Pathog Dis
  doi: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1360
– volume: 104
  year: 2009
  ident: B158
  article-title: Gender and Alcohol Consumption: Patterns From the Multinational GENACIS Project
  publication-title: Addiction
  doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02696.x
– volume-title: WHO | Global Tuberculosis Report 2017.
  ident: B112
  article-title: WHO Tuberculosis Report
– volume: 73
  start-page: 199
  year: 2015
  ident: B69
  article-title: Viral Infections During Pregnancy
  publication-title: Am J Reprod Immunol
  doi: 10.1111/aji.12355
– volume: 32
  year: 2011
  ident: B148
  article-title: Gender and Age-Specific Prevalence of Urinary Schistosomiasis in Selected Villages Near a Dam Site in Gusau Local Government Area, Zamfara State, Nigeria
  publication-title: Nigerian J Parasitol
– volume: 10
  year: 2014
  ident: B137
  article-title: First Experimental In Vivo Model of Enhanced Dengue Disease Severity Through Maternally Acquired Heterotypic Dengue Antibodies
  publication-title: PloS Pathog
  doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004031
– volume: 2013
  start-page: 8
  year: 2013
  ident: B3
  article-title: Pregnancy and Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases
  publication-title: Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol
  doi: 10.1155/2013/752852
– volume: 305
  start-page: 293
  year: 2015
  ident: B14
  article-title: Age and Sex Differences in C-Fos Expression and Serum Corticosterone Concentration Following LPS Treatment
  publication-title: Neuroscience
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.035
– volume: 123
  year: 2013
  ident: B85
  article-title: MicroRNA-223 Controls Susceptibility to Tuberculosis by Regulating Lung Neutrophil Recruitment
  publication-title: J Clin Invest
  doi: 10.1172/JCI67604
– volume: 115
  year: 2018
  ident: B19
  article-title: Sex Bias in MHC I-Associated Shaping of the Adaptive Immune System
  publication-title: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1716146115
– volume: 396
  year: 2020
  ident: B109
  article-title: Sex and Gender: Modifiers of Health, Disease, and Medicine
  publication-title: Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31561-0
– year: 2014
  ident: B74
  article-title: Sex, Immunity and Influenza
  publication-title: J Infect Dis
  doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu020
– volume-title: ScientificWorldJournal
  year: 2012
  ident: B104
  article-title: Gender and Age-Dependent Etiology of Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections
  doi: 10.1100/2012/349597
– volume: 370
  year: 2020
  ident: B140
  article-title: Autoantibodies Against Type I IFNs in Patients With Life-Threatening COVID-19
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.abd4585
– volume: 8
  year: 2013
  ident: B40
  article-title: Testosterone Increases Susceptibility to Amebic Liver Abscess in Mice and Mediates Inhibition of Ifnγ Secretion in Natural Killer T Cells
  publication-title: PloS One
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055694
– volume: 32
  year: 2012
  ident: B79
  article-title: Characterizing the Pregnancy Immune Phenotype: Results of the Viral Immunity and Pregnancy (VIP) Study
  publication-title: J Clin Immunol
  doi: 10.1007/s10875-011-9627-2
– volume: 85
  year: 2000
  ident: B142
  article-title: Evaluation of Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Incidence and Its Impact on non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Incidence in Southwestern Japan
  publication-title: Int J Cancer
  doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(20000201)85:3<319::AID-IJC4>3.0.CO;2-B
– volume: 28
  year: 2007
  ident: B76
  article-title: The Complex Role of Estrogens in Inflammation
  publication-title: Endocr Rev
  doi: 10.1210/er.2007-0001
– volume: 10
  year: 2019
  ident: B135
  article-title: Dengue in Fiji: Epidemiology of the 2014 DENV-3 Outbreak
  publication-title: WPSAR
  doi: 10.5365/wpsar.2018.9.3.001
– volume: 294
  year: 2016
  ident: B61
  article-title: Q Fever and Pregnancy: Experience From the Limoges Regional University Hospital
  publication-title: Arch Gynecol Obstet
  doi: 10.1007/s00404-015-3958-9
– volume: 41
  year: 2014
  ident: B64
  article-title: Diagnosis and Management of Group B Streptococcus in Pregnancy
  publication-title: Obstet Gynecol Clin
  doi: 10.1016/j.ogc.2014.08.009
– volume: 2014
  year: 2014
  ident: B17
  article-title: Gender Differences of B Cell Signature in Healthy Subjects Underlie Disparities in Incidence and Course of SLE Related to Estrogen
  publication-title: J Immunol Res
  doi: 10.1155/2014/814598
– volume: 15
  year: 2020
  ident: B138
  article-title: COVID-19 Gender Susceptibility and Outcomes: A Systematic Review
  publication-title: PloS One
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241827
– volume: 27
  year: 2020
  ident: B162
  article-title: Cardiovascular Disease and COVID-19: Les Liaisons Dangereuses
  publication-title: Eur J Prev Cardiol
  doi: 10.1177/2047487320924501
– volume: 63
  year: 1989
  ident: B57
  article-title: Progesterone and Glucocorticoid Response Elements Occur in the Long Control Regions of Several Human Papillomaviruses Involved in Anogenital Neoplasia
  publication-title: J Virol
  doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.8.3261-3269.1989
– volume: 91
  year: 1994
  ident: B58
  article-title: Candida Albicans Estrogen-Binding Protein Gene Encodes an Oxidoreductase That is Inhibited by Estradiol
  publication-title: PNAS
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.3.922
– volume-title: Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap for Development
  year: 2011
  ident: B147
  article-title: A. The State of Food and Agriculture, 2010-2011
– volume: 42
  year: 2019
  ident: B15
  article-title: Glucocorticoid–immune Response to Acute Stress in Women and Men Living With HIV
  publication-title: J Behav Med
  doi: 10.1007/s10865-019-00029-0
– volume: 114
  year: 2017
  ident: B96
  article-title: Genetic Variation in Chromosome Y Regulates Susceptibility to Influenza A Virus Infection
  publication-title: PNAS
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1620889114
– volume: 8
  year: 2004
  ident: B160
  article-title: Gender Disparities in Tuberculosis: Report From a Rural DOTS Programme in South India
  publication-title: Int J Tuberc Lung Dis
– volume: 7
  year: 2012
  ident: B9
  article-title: Sex Bias in Susceptibility to MCMV Infection: Implication of TLR9
  publication-title: PloS One
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045171
– volume: 7
  year: 2012
  ident: B127
  article-title: Age-Dependent Sex Bias in Clinical Malarial Disease in Hypoendemic Regions
  publication-title: PloS One
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035592
– volume: 123
  year: 2001
  ident: B34
  article-title: Effect of Oestrogen on Mycobacterium Avium Complex Pulmonary Infection in Mice
  publication-title: Clin Exp Immunol
  doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01474.x
– volume: 3
  year: 2002
  ident: B98
  article-title: Complex Genetic Control of Susceptibility to Malaria in Mice
  publication-title: Genes Immun
  doi: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363841
– volume: 9
  year: 2012
  ident: B84
  article-title: The Mammalian microRNA Response to Bacterial Infections
  publication-title: RNA Biol
  doi: 10.4161/rna.20018
– volume: 96
  year: 2004
  ident: B124
  article-title: Evidence for an Association Between Chlamydia Psittaci and Ocular Adnexal Lymphomas
  publication-title: J Natl Cancer Inst
  doi: 10.1093/jnci/djh102
– volume: 142
  year: 2012
  ident: B141
  article-title: Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
  publication-title: Gastroenterol
  doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.12.061
– volume: 10
  start-page: 8
  year: 2020
  ident: B134
  article-title: Prevalence of Dengue Fever in Western Uttar Pradesh, India: A Gender-Based Study
  publication-title: Int J App Basic Med Res
  doi: 10.4103/ijabmr.IJABMR_337_18
– volume: 7
  year: 2013
  ident: B75
  article-title: Is Pregnancy Associated With Severe Dengue? A Review of Data From the Rio De Janeiro Surveillance Information System
  publication-title: PloS Negl Trop Dis
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002217
– volume: 208
  year: 2013
  ident: B18
  article-title: DNA Priming Prior to Inactivated Influenza a(H5n1) Vaccination Expands the Antibody Epitope Repertoire and Increases Affinity Maturation in a Boost-Interval–Dependent Manner in Adults
  publication-title: J Infect Dis
  doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit178
– volume: 31
  year: 2004
  ident: B125
  article-title: Borrelia Burgdorferi-Associated Lymphocytoma Cutis: Clinicopathologic, Immunophenotypic, and Molecular Study of 106 Cases
  publication-title: J Cutan Pathol
  doi: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2003.00167.x
– volume: 173
  year: 1996
  ident: B146
  article-title: The Epidemiology of Vibrio Infections in Florida, 1981-1993
  publication-title: J Infect Dis
  doi: 10.1093/infdis/173.5.1176
– volume: 59
  start-page: 1
  year: 1996
  ident: B22
  article-title: Sex Steroid Hormones and Macrophage Function
  publication-title: Life Sci
  doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(96)00122-1
– volume: 26
  year: 2008
  ident: B38
  article-title: Intranasal and Subcutaneous Immunization Under the Effect of Estradiol Leads to Better Protection Against Genital HSV-2 Challenge Compared to Progesterone
  publication-title: Vaccine
  doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.08.045
– volume: 5
  year: 1972
  ident: B47
  article-title: Influence of Gonadectomy on Candida Albicans Urinary Tract Infection in CFW Mice
  publication-title: Infect Immun
  doi: 10.1128/iai.5.3.332-336.1972
– volume: 142
  year: 2015
  ident: B156
  article-title: Syphilis in Montpellier, France, From 2002 to 2011: Survey in a Free Hospital Screening Centre for Venereal Disease and in the Dermatology Unit of a Regional Public Hospital
  publication-title: Ann Dermatol Venereol
  doi: 10.1016/j.annder.2015.07.008
– volume: 55
  year: 2006
  ident: B133
  article-title: Higher Clearance of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Females Compared With Males
  publication-title: Gut
  doi: 10.1136/gut.2005.078147
– volume: 109
  year: 2002
  ident: B23
  article-title: Estrogen Alters Thresholds for B Cell Apoptosis and Activation
  publication-title: J Clin Invest
  doi: 10.1172/JCI14873
– volume: 5
  year: 2010
  ident: B50
  article-title: Sex-Related Differences in Gene Expression Following Coxiella Burnetii Infection in Mice: Potential Role of Circadian Rhythm
  publication-title: PloS One
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012190
– volume: 126
  year: 2010
  ident: B54
  article-title: Schistosoma Haematobium: Identification of New Estrogenic Molecules With Estradiol Antagonistic Activity and Ability to Inactivate Estrogen Receptor in Mammalian Cells
  publication-title: Exp Parasitol
  doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.06.012
– volume: 9
  year: 2014
  ident: B113
  article-title: Gender Disparities in Latent Tuberculosis Infection in High-Risk Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Study
  publication-title: PloS One
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110104
– volume: 127
  year: 2016
  ident: B122
  article-title: B-Cell non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Linked to
  publication-title: Coxiella Burnetii Blood
  doi: 10.1182/blood-2015-04-639617
– volume: 24
  start-page: 395
  year: 1969
  ident: B25
  article-title: Mortality and Survival: Comparison of Eunuchs With Intact Men and Women in a Mentally Retarded Population
  publication-title: J Gerontol
  doi: 10.1093/geronj/24.4.395
– volume: 61
  year: 1982
  ident: B26
  article-title: Effects of Estrogen Deficiency in Women Castrated When Young
  publication-title: Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand
  doi: 10.3109/00016348209155324
– volume: 4
  start-page: e23
  year: 2008
  ident: B53
  article-title: Persistent Coxiella Burnetii Infection in Mice Overexpressing IL-10: An Efficient Model for Chronic Q Fever Pathogenesis
  publication-title: PloS Pathog
  doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0040023
– volume: 3
  start-page: 27
  year: 2000
  ident: B103
  article-title: Urinary Tract Infection Risk Factors and Gender
  publication-title: J Gend Specif Med
– volume: 18
  year: 2012
  ident: B68
  article-title: Hepatitis B in Pregnancy
  publication-title: World J Gastroenterol
  doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i34.4677
– volume: 101
  year: 2007
  ident: B110
  article-title: Sex Differences in the Incidence and Severity of Respiratory Tract Infections
  publication-title: Respir Med
  doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2007.04.011
– volume: 100
  year: 2002
  ident: B45
  article-title: Taenia Crassiceps: Androgen Reconstitution of the Host Leads to Protection During Cysticercosis
  publication-title: Exp Parasitol
  doi: 10.1016/S0014-4894(02)00028-0
– volume-title: Dis Markers
  year: 2011
  ident: B91
  article-title: Relationship Between Toll-Like Receptor 8 Gene Polymorphisms and Pediatric Pulmonary Tuberculosis
  doi: 10.1155/2011/545972
– volume: 17
  start-page: 89
  year: 1990
  ident: B99
  article-title: Genetic Analysis of Leishmania Mexicana Infection in Mice: Single Gene (Scl-2) Controlled Predisposition to Cutaneous Lesion Development
  publication-title: J Immunogenet
  doi: 10.1111/j.1744-313X.1990.tb00862.x
– volume: 4
  year: 2016
  ident: B102
  article-title: The Vaginal Microbiota and Urinary Tract Infection
  publication-title: Microbiol Spectr
  doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0025-2016
– volume: 3
  start-page: e361
  year: 2009
  ident: B149
  article-title: Prevalence Distribution and Risk Factors for Schistosoma Hematobium Infection Among School Children in Blantyre, Malawi
  publication-title: PloS Negl Trop Dis
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000361
– volume: 84
  year: 2005
  ident: B115
  article-title: Blood Culture-Negative Endocarditis in a Reference Center: Etiologic Diagnosis of 348 Cases
  publication-title: Med (Baltimore)
  doi: 10.1097/01.md.0000165658.82869.17
– volume: 133
  year: 1998
  ident: B11
  article-title: Gender Differences in Human Sepsis
  publication-title: Arch Surg
  doi: 10.1001/archsurg.133.11.1200
– volume: 141
  start-page: 26
  year: 2016
  ident: B66
  article-title: Zika Virus Infection in Pregnancy, Microcephaly, and Maternal and Fetal Health: What We Think, What We Know, and What We Think We Know
  publication-title: Arch Pathol Lab Med
  doi: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0382-RA
– volume: 13
  year: 2016
  ident: B163
  article-title: Sex Differences in Tuberculosis Burden and Notifications in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  publication-title: PloS Med
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002119
– volume: 134
  year: 2006
  ident: B159
  article-title: Does Smoking Explain Sex Differences in the Global Tuberculosis Epidemic
  publication-title: Epidemiol Infect
  doi: 10.1017/S0950268805005042
– volume: 3
  year: 2018
  ident: B89
  article-title: TLR7 Escapes X Chromosome Inactivation in Immune Cells
  publication-title: Sci Immunol
  doi: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aap8855
– volume: 95
  year: 2000
  ident: B126
  article-title: Gender Distribution in Asymptomatic and Invasive Amebiasis
  publication-title: Am J Gastroenterol
  doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.01525.x
– volume: 47
  year: 1999
  ident: B73
  article-title: Mortality Trends in Falciparum Malaria-Effect of Gender Difference and Pregnancy
  publication-title: J Assoc Physicians India
– volume: 157
  year: 2011
  ident: B83
  article-title: MicroRNA, a New Paradigm for Understanding Immunoregulation, Inflammation, and Autoimmune Diseases
  publication-title: Transl Res
  doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2011.01.007
– volume: 11
  year: 2005
  ident: B77
  article-title: Sex Hormones and the Immune Response in Humans
  publication-title: Hum Reprod Update
  doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmi008
– volume: 5
  year: 2018
  ident: B121
  article-title: Exposure to Coxiella Burnetii and Risk of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Retrospective Population-Based Analysis in the Netherlands
  publication-title: Lancet Haematol
  doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(18)30038-3
– volume: 5
  year: 2010
  ident: B48
  article-title: Immunological Basis for the Gender Differences in Murine Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis Infection
  publication-title: PloS One
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010757
– volume: 182
  year: 2000
  ident: B39
  article-title: Estrogen Protects Against Vaginal Transmission of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
  publication-title: J Infect Dis
  doi: 10.1086/315776
– volume: 89
  year: 2002
  ident: B129
  article-title: Liver Fluke-Associated Cholangiocarcinoma
  publication-title: BJS
  doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2002.02143.x
– volume: 72
  start-page: 797
  year: 2013
  ident: B145
  article-title: Whipple’s Disease
  publication-title: Ann Rheum Dis
  doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202684
– volume: 50
  year: 2009
  ident: B56
  article-title: Identification of Androgen Response Elements in the Enhancer I of Hepatitis B Virus: A Mechanism for Sex Disparity in Chronic Hepatitis B
  publication-title: Hepatology
  doi: 10.1002/hep.23163
– volume: 50
  year: 1985
  ident: B33
  article-title: Influence of Estrogen on Host Resistance: Increased Susceptibility of Mice to Listeria Monocytogenes Correlates With Depressed Production of Interleukin 2
  publication-title: Infect Immun
  doi: 10.1128/iai.50.1.91-96.1985
– volume: 189
  year: 2004
  ident: B29
  article-title: Effect of Sex on Coxiella Burnetii Infection: Protective Role of 17beta-Estradiol
  publication-title: J Infect Dis
  doi: 10.1086/380798
– volume: 305
  year: 2011
  ident: B130
  article-title: Helminths in Human Carcinogenesis
  publication-title: Cancer Lett
  doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.07.008
– volume: 24
  start-page: 405
  year: 2020
  ident: B95
  article-title: Molecular Mechanisms of Sex Bias Differences in COVID-19 Mortality
  publication-title: Crit Care
  doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03118-8
– volume: 31
  year: 2018
  ident: B117
  article-title: Whipple’s Disease and Tropheryma Whipplei Infections: When to Suspect Them and How to Diagnose and Treat Them
  publication-title: Curr Opin Infect Dis
  doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000489
– volume: 272
  year: 2012
  ident: B16
  article-title: Gender Effect on In Vitro Lymphocyte Subset Levels of Healthy Individuals
  publication-title: Cell Immunol
  doi: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.10.009
– volume: 1
  start-page: e181580
  year: 2018
  ident: B4
  article-title: Clinical Features and Complications of Coxiella Burnetii Infections From the French National Reference Center for Q Fever
  publication-title: JAMA Netw Open
  doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.1580
– volume: 68
  year: 2000
  ident: B30
  article-title: Effects of Estradiol and Progesterone on Susceptibility and Early Immune Responses to Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection in the Female Reproductive Tract
  publication-title: Infect Immun
  doi: 10.1128/IAI.68.7.4207-4216.2000
– volume: 25
  year: 2019
  ident: B116
  article-title: The Sexual Dimorphism of Anticardiolipin Autoantibodies in Acute Q Fever Patients
  publication-title: Clin Microbiol Infect
  doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.02.030
– volume: 15
  year: 2017
  ident: B136
  article-title: The Mechanistic Role of Antibodies to Dengue Virus in Protection and Disease Pathogenesis
  publication-title: Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther
  doi: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1254550
– volume: 32
  year: 2011
  ident: B32
  article-title: 17β-Estradiol Suppresses Helicobacter Pylori-Induced Gastric Pathology in Male Hypergastrinemic INS-GAS Mice
  publication-title: Carcinogenesis
  doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgr072
– volume: 69
  year: 2001
  ident: B37
  article-title: Essential Role for Estrogen in Protection Against Vibrio Vulnificus-Induced Endotoxic Shock
  publication-title: Infect Immun
  doi: 10.1128/IAI.69.10.6119-6122.2001
– volume: 69
  year: 1995
  ident: B100
  article-title: Chromosome Mapping of Rmp-4, a Gonad-Dependent Gene Encoding Host Resistance to Mousepox
  publication-title: J Virol
  doi: 10.1128/jvi.69.11.6958-6964.1995
– volume: 87
  year: 2001
  ident: B46
  article-title: Importance of Gender and Sex Hormones in Regulation of Susceptibility of the Small Intestine to Peroral Infection With Toxoplasma Gondii Tissue Cysts
  publication-title: J Parasitol
  doi: 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1491:IOGASH]2.0.CO;2
– volume: 434
  year: 2005
  ident: B6
  article-title: X-Inactivation Profile Reveals Extensive Variability in X-Linked Gene Expression in Females
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/nature03479
– volume: 441
  year: 2013
  ident: B12
  article-title: Gender Difference in Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Production in Human Neutrophils Stimulated by Lipopolysaccharide and Interferon-γ
  publication-title: Biochem Biophys Res Commun
  doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.042
– volume: 33
  year: 2016
  ident: B65
  article-title: Zika Virus and Pregnancy: A Review of the Literature and Clinical Considerations
  publication-title: Am J Perinatol
  doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1580089
– volume: 101
  year: 2011
  ident: B144
  article-title: Mining and Risk of Tuberculosis in Sub-Saharan Africa
  publication-title: Am J Public Health
  doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.175646
– volume: 46
  year: 2020
  ident: B120
  article-title: Bacterial Infection and non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
  publication-title: Crit Rev Microbiol
  doi: 10.1080/1040841X.2020.1760786
– volume: 8
  year: 2007
  ident: B92
  article-title: Host Genetics of Mycobacterial Diseases in Mice and Men: Forward Genetic Studies of BCG-Osis and Tuberculosis
  publication-title: Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet
  doi: 10.1146/annurev.genom.8.080706.092315
– volume: 85
  year: 1997
  ident: B44
  article-title: Schistosoma Mansoni: Susceptibility Differences Between Male and Female Mice can be Mediated by Testosterone During Early Infection
  publication-title: Exp Parasitol
  doi: 10.1006/expr.1997.4148
– volume: 7
  year: 2012
  ident: B13
  article-title: Sex Differences in the Response to Viral Infections: TLR8 and TLR9 Ligand Stimulation Induce Higher IL10 Production in Males
  publication-title: PloS One
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039853
– volume: 93
  year: 1992
  ident: B151
  article-title: Epidemiologic Features and Clinical Presentation of Acute Q Fever in Hospitalized Patients: 323 French Cases
  publication-title: Am J Med
  doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(92)90173-9
– volume: 13
  year: 2006
  ident: B80
  article-title: TLR Signaling
  publication-title: Cell Death Differ
  doi: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401850
– volume: 16
  year: 2016
  ident: B5
  article-title: Sex Differences in Immune Responses
  publication-title: Nat Rev Immunol
  doi: 10.1038/nri.2016.90
– volume: 8
  year: 2013
  ident: B150
  article-title: Sex Bias in Infectious Disease Epidemiology: Patterns and Processes
  publication-title: PloS One
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062390
– volume-title: Prostitution En France: Ampleur Du Phénomène Impact Sur Les Personnes Prostituées
  year: 2015
  ident: B154
  article-title: Les Lettres De L’observatoire National Des Violences Faites Aux Femmes (ONVF)
– volume: 7
  start-page: 5
  year: 2010
  ident: B27
  article-title: Slender, Older Women Appear to be More Susceptible to Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease
  publication-title: Gend Med
  doi: 10.1016/j.genm.2010.01.005
– volume: 9
  year: 2014
  ident: B36
  article-title: The Influence of Sex Steroid Hormones in the Immunopathology of Experimental Pulmonary Tuberculosis
  publication-title: PloS One
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093831
– volume-title: WHO | Global AIDS Update.
  ident: B132
  article-title: WHO AIDS Update
– volume: 11
  start-page: 29
  year: 2020
  ident: B139
  article-title: Impact of Sex and Gender on COVID-19 Outcomes in Europe
  publication-title: Biol Sex Differ
  doi: 10.1186/s13293-020-00304-9
– volume: 381
  year: 2013
  ident: B157
  article-title: Gender and Global Health: Evidence, Policy, and Inconvenient Truths
  publication-title: Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60253-6
– volume: 59
  year: 1991
  ident: B35
  article-title: Sex Differences in Host Resistance to Mycobacterium Marinum Infection in Mice
  publication-title: Infect Immun
  doi: 10.1128/iai.59.11.4089-4096.1991
– volume: 38
  start-page: 95
  year: 2015
  ident: B59
  article-title: Brucellosis in Pregnancy: Clinical Aspects and Obstetric Outcomes
  publication-title: Int J Infect Dis
  doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.06.027
– volume: 53
  year: 2006
  ident: B108
  article-title: The Influence of Age and Gender on the Population-Based Incidence of Community-Acquired Pneumonia Caused by Different Microbial Pathogens
  publication-title: J Infect
  doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2005.11.006
– volume: 46
  year: 2007
  ident: B94
  article-title: Gender-Dependent Association of CTLA4 Polymorphisms With Resolution of Hepatitis C Virus Infection
  publication-title: J Hepatol
  doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.09.011
– volume: 70
  year: 2002
  ident: B42
  article-title: Gender is a Major Determinant of the Clinical Evolution and Immune Response in Hamsters Infected With Leishmania Spp
  publication-title: Infect Immun
  doi: 10.1128/IAI.70.5.2288-2296.2002
– volume: 113
  year: 2016
  ident: B87
  article-title: Unusual Maintenance of X Chromosome Inactivation Predisposes Female Lymphocytes for Increased Expression From the Inactive X
  publication-title: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1520113113
– volume: 12
  year: 2016
  ident: B2
  article-title: SeXX Matters in Infectious Disease Pathogenesis
  publication-title: PloS Pathog
  doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005374
– volume: 139
  year: 2019
  ident: B161
  article-title: Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
  publication-title: Circulation
  doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000659
– volume: 19
  year: 2010
  ident: B105
  article-title: Meta-Analysis of Human Papillomavirus Infection Concordance
  publication-title: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
  doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0576
– volume: 102
  start-page: 17
  year: 2015
  ident: B31
  article-title: Estradiol Protects Female Rats Against Sepsis Induced by Enterococcus Faecalis Improving Leukocyte Bactericidal Activity
  publication-title: Steroids
  doi: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.06.016
– volume: 356
  start-page: 55
  year: 2007
  ident: B118
  article-title: Whipple’s Disease
  publication-title: N Engl J Med
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMra062477
– volume: 17
  year: 2005
  ident: B51
  article-title: Clocks and the Black Box: Circadian Influences on Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Secretion
  publication-title: J Neuroendocrinol
  doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2005.01270.x
– volume: 54
  year: 2012
  ident: B78
  article-title: The Influence of Pregnancy on Systemic Immunity
  publication-title: Immunol Res
  doi: 10.1007/s12026-012-8303-9
– volume: 2
  year: 2012
  ident: B97
  article-title: Chromosome Y Regulates Survival Following Murine Coxsackievirus B3 Infection
  publication-title: G3: Genes Genom Genet
  doi: 10.1534/g3.111.001610
– volume: 16
  year: 2001
  ident: B10
  article-title: Gender Differences in Cytokine Secretion by Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: Role of Estrogen in Modulating LPS-Induced Cytokine Secretion in an Ex Vivo Septic Model
  publication-title: Shock
  doi: 10.1097/00024382-200116050-00003
– volume: 95
  start-page: 27
  year: 2011
  ident: B101
  article-title: Urinary Tract Infections in Women
  publication-title: Med Clin
  doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2010.08.023
– volume: 303
  year: 2010
  ident: B70
  article-title: Pandemic 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Virus Illness Among Pregnant Women in the United States
  publication-title: JAMA
  doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.479
SSID ssj0000493335
Score 2.5667925
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet Epidemiological studies and clinical observations show evidence of sexual dimorphism in infectious diseases. Women are at less risk than men when it comes to...
SourceID doaj
pubmedcentral
hal
proquest
pubmed
crossref
SourceType Open Website
Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
StartPage 698121
SubjectTerms Bacteriology
Cardiology and cardiovascular system
Communicable Diseases
Emerging diseases
Female
gender
Human health and pathology
Humans
Immunology
infectious disease
Infectious diseases
Life Sciences
Male
Microbiology and Parasitology
Parasitology
personalized medicine
Sex Characteristics
sex hormones
sexual dimorphism
Virology
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals (WRLC)
  dbid: DOA
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV3dS9xAEF-KUOiL1Lba-FFi6ZMQTTL7-Whr5VrEl3rg27JfwSteLL07of-9s9nccVGwL-Zxs9kkv1-SmckMvyHkCzgeagemAK7qglJLC8MaXqBlEVZKE61crLa45KMx_XnNrtdafcWasCQPnIA7YdQpqIA7Th3lAJZZdGFKqQLlaHx8_PqizVsLpn4nvxcAWEpjYhSmTprJdLrAeLCujrlCq1YNDFGn14_m5SZWQz51NR9XTK6ZoPO3ZLP3HfPTdM1b5FVo35HXqZvkv_cEfnXyyfkZwo_oTWbT3LQ-T83i8kmb_-gLrxYznNPlZWYfyPj8-9W3UdH3RCgcxibzwoKUiIUMTjAqOLUqSM8tN9LXxjML1JhSBe8bI0wJsgmVkGAx0OWsMc7DNtlo79rwkeTS4Ua9cL7xGEV6a5HQ2kUBtkZa7zJSLgHSrhcMj30rbjUGDhFT3WGqI6Y6YZqRo9Uhf5JaxnOTv0bUVxOj0HU3gPTrnn79P_oz8hk5G6wxOr3QcawE6BKf93imwyWlGt-emBIxbUC0dQyouECfrMzITqJ4tRZQ4KJiMiNiQP7gZMM97eSmU-iWAIqpcvcl7nCPvImgxf_Jdb1PNuZ_F-EAHaG5_dQ98w-c2wO2
  priority: 102
  providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals
Title Sexual Dimorphism and Gender in Infectious Diseases
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34367158
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2559673970
https://amu.hal.science/hal-03300038
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC8339590
https://doaj.org/article/54c93136c64c4633b5b507089e46415d
Volume 12
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1Lb9QwELaqVkhcUMsztFQBcUJKSTJ-5VChQlsWBFxgpb1ZfqVd1E3bfVTtv2fsZFcNrTiRQw6JH_I3tmY-z2iGkLdguS8t6Ax4VWaUGpppVvMMNYswUuqg5UK0xQ8-GNKvIzZaI8vyVh2As3upXagnNZye7V1f3nzAA78fGCfq2_f1eDJZINUriz1eocJCMrSBiomHTf69s_Z_t8YwALDWt3l_z552ikn8UeechhDJu_bn32GUt_TS8SZ51BmU6UG7A7bImm8ekwdticmbJwR-xpzK6SHKBCEdzyapblzaVpBLx036pYvGWsywTXTWzJ6S4fHRr0-DrCuUkFkkLPPMgJTccumtYFRwaiovHTdcS1dqxwxQrfPKO1droXOQtS-EBIPsl7NaWwfPyHpz3vgXJJUWH-qEdbVDaumMQSmXNmRlq6VxNiH5EiBluyzioZjFmUI2ETBVEVMVMFUtpgl5t-py0abQ-FfjjwH1VcOQ_Tp-OJ-eqO4wKUZtBQXgkqmlHMAwg2ZtLitPORokLiFvUGa9MQYH31T4lgNEb-gVzvR6KVKFRyr4SXTjEW0VWBYXaKjlCXneing1FlDgomAyIaIn_N5k_T_N-DSm7ZYAFavyl_9jhdvkYQAtXDKX5Q5Zn08X_hVaR3OzG28V8P15VOzG_f8H6PwO6Q
linkProvider Scholars Portal
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sexual+Dimorphism+and+Gender+in+Infectious+Diseases&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+immunology&rft.au=Laetitia+Gay&rft.au=Cl%C3%A9a+Melenotte&rft.au=Cl%C3%A9a+Melenotte&rft.au=Ines+Lakbar&rft.date=2021-07-22&rft.pub=Frontiers+Media+S.A&rft.eissn=1664-3224&rft.volume=12&rft_id=info:doi/10.3389%2Ffimmu.2021.698121&rft.externalDBID=DOA&rft.externalDocID=oai_doaj_org_article_54c93136c64c4633b5b507089e46415d
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1664-3224&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1664-3224&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1664-3224&client=summon