Characterizing background heterogeneity in visual communication

How is a visual signal effectively transmitted through an environment triggering a response by a perceiver? Experimental and theoretical works in disparate fields, such as sexual selection and plant–animal interactions, have demonstrated selection based on signal conspicuousness. However, to properl...

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Published inBasic and applied ecology Vol. 15; no. 4; pp. 326 - 335
Main Authors Camargo, Maria Gabriela G., Cazetta, Eliana, Morellato, Leonor Patrícia C., Schaefer, H. Martin
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Munich Elsevier GmbH 01.06.2014
Elsevier
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Abstract How is a visual signal effectively transmitted through an environment triggering a response by a perceiver? Experimental and theoretical works in disparate fields, such as sexual selection and plant–animal interactions, have demonstrated selection based on signal conspicuousness. However, to properly describe the conspicuousness of a signal, it is necessary to quantify the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of background coloration of a signaler. We intend to compare the effectiveness of four methods developed to characterize background heterogeneity. To describe the background in a seasonal vegetation, we collected reflectance data in dry and wet seasons of (i) target leaves (those leaves against which a signal is predominantly displayed); (ii) overall leaves (leaves from the most common plant species in the community); (iii) frames in a limited area in space, by measuring the reflectance of all material found in the background; and (iv) background items from the most common species, based on their abundance along transects. We analyzed seasonal color changes in terms of hue, chroma and brightness and described the conspicuousness of fruit coloration according to avian vision. All methods found significant differences in the background coloration between seasons, with higher reflectance values in the dry season. Hue values were higher in the dry season, and chroma values were higher in the wet season. Only the methods most restricted in space (target leaves and frames) recorded seasonal differences in fruit conspicuousness. The transects and frames methods are useful for describing the backgrounds of non-stationary signals (i.e., those of most animals). For plant signals, which are displayed against a fixed background in space, we recommend specific sampling of target leaves. Our results support the importance of measuring the seasonal heterogeneity of the background but also indicate that a monthly sampling design is not necessary to evaluate the conspicuousness of fruit signals. Was beeinflusst die Effektivität von visuellen Signalen, so dass sie eine Antwort von Empfängern auslösen? Experimentelle und theoretische Arbeiten in so unterschiedlichen Feldern wie sexueller Selektion und Pflanze-Tier Interaktionen haben eine Selektion auf höhere Auffälligkeit von Signalen nachgewiesen. Um die Auffälligkeit von Signalen bestimmen zu können, ist es notwendig, die räumliche und zeitliche Heterogenität des Hintergrundes zu quantifizieren. Hier vergleichen wir vier Methoden, die die Heterogenität des Hintergrundes beschreiben. In einer saisonalen Flora haben wir Reflexionsdaten in der Trocken- und Regenzeit gesammelt, die (i) nur von den Blättern der Zielarten stammen, vor denen die Signale zu sehen sind; (ii) von allen häufigen Pflanzen der Busch- und Strauchschicht; (iii) von allen Hintergrundmaterialien, die an Zufallspunkten in der Umgebung von Fruchtständen gefunden wurden; (iv) von Hintergrundobjekten, die entlang von Transekten erhoben wurden. Wir haben saisonale Farbänderungen als Farbton, Sättigung und Helligkeit analysiert und außerdem die Auffälligkeit von Fruchtfarben für das Sehvermögen von Vögeln modelliert. Alle Methoden fanden saisonale Unterschiede in der Farbe des Hintergrundes. Die Farbtöne waren gelblich-grüner in der Trockenzeit und gesättigter in der Regenzeit. Nur die räumlich stark begrenzten Methoden i und iii fanden saisonale Unterschiede in der Fruchtauffälligkeit für Vögel. Für Pflanzensignale, die vor einem konstanten Hintergrund gesehen werden, bietet sich die Methode der Zielarten an. Unsere Studie belegt die Wichtigkeit die saisonale Heterogenität der Hintergründe zu beachten; sie zeigt auch dass eine monatliche Datenaufnahme von Reflexionsdaten nicht notwendig ist, um die Auffälligkeit von Fruchtsignalen zu evaluieren.
AbstractList How is a visual signal effectively transmitted through an environment triggering a response by a perceiver? Experimental and theoretical works in disparate fields, such as sexual selection and plant–animal interactions, have demonstrated selection based on signal conspicuousness. However, to properly describe the conspicuousness of a signal, it is necessary to quantify the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of background coloration of a signaler. We intend to compare the effectiveness of four methods developed to characterize background heterogeneity. To describe the background in a seasonal vegetation, we collected reflectance data in dry and wet seasons of (i) target leaves (those leaves against which a signal is predominantly displayed); (ii) overall leaves (leaves from the most common plant species in the community); (iii) frames in a limited area in space, by measuring the reflectance of all material found in the background; and (iv) background items from the most common species, based on their abundance along transects. We analyzed seasonal color changes in terms of hue, chroma and brightness and described the conspicuousness of fruit coloration according to avian vision. All methods found significant differences in the background coloration between seasons, with higher reflectance values in the dry season. Hue values were higher in the dry season, and chroma values were higher in the wet season. Only the methods most restricted in space (target leaves and frames) recorded seasonal differences in fruit conspicuousness. The transects and frames methods are useful for describing the backgrounds of non-stationary signals (i.e., those of most animals). For plant signals, which are displayed against a fixed background in space, we recommend specific sampling of target leaves. Our results support the importance of measuring the seasonal heterogeneity of the background but also indicate that a monthly sampling design is not necessary to evaluate the conspicuousness of fruit signals. Was beeinflusst die Effektivität von visuellen Signalen, so dass sie eine Antwort von Empfängern auslösen? Experimentelle und theoretische Arbeiten in so unterschiedlichen Feldern wie sexueller Selektion und Pflanze-Tier Interaktionen haben eine Selektion auf höhere Auffälligkeit von Signalen nachgewiesen. Um die Auffälligkeit von Signalen bestimmen zu können, ist es notwendig, die räumliche und zeitliche Heterogenität des Hintergrundes zu quantifizieren. Hier vergleichen wir vier Methoden, die die Heterogenität des Hintergrundes beschreiben. In einer saisonalen Flora haben wir Reflexionsdaten in der Trocken- und Regenzeit gesammelt, die (i) nur von den Blättern der Zielarten stammen, vor denen die Signale zu sehen sind; (ii) von allen häufigen Pflanzen der Busch- und Strauchschicht; (iii) von allen Hintergrundmaterialien, die an Zufallspunkten in der Umgebung von Fruchtständen gefunden wurden; (iv) von Hintergrundobjekten, die entlang von Transekten erhoben wurden. Wir haben saisonale Farbänderungen als Farbton, Sättigung und Helligkeit analysiert und außerdem die Auffälligkeit von Fruchtfarben für das Sehvermögen von Vögeln modelliert. Alle Methoden fanden saisonale Unterschiede in der Farbe des Hintergrundes. Die Farbtöne waren gelblich-grüner in der Trockenzeit und gesättigter in der Regenzeit. Nur die räumlich stark begrenzten Methoden i und iii fanden saisonale Unterschiede in der Fruchtauffälligkeit für Vögel. Für Pflanzensignale, die vor einem konstanten Hintergrund gesehen werden, bietet sich die Methode der Zielarten an. Unsere Studie belegt die Wichtigkeit die saisonale Heterogenität der Hintergründe zu beachten; sie zeigt auch dass eine monatliche Datenaufnahme von Reflexionsdaten nicht notwendig ist, um die Auffälligkeit von Fruchtsignalen zu evaluieren.
How is a visual signal effectively transmitted through an environment triggering a response by a perceiver? Experimental and theoretical works in disparate fields, such as sexual selection and plant–animal interactions, have demonstrated selection based on signal conspicuousness. However, to properly describe the conspicuousness of a signal, it is necessary to quantify the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of background coloration of a signaler. We intend to compare the effectiveness of four methods developed to characterize background heterogeneity. To describe the background in a seasonal vegetation, we collected reflectance data in dry and wet seasons of (i) target leaves (those leaves against which a signal is predominantly displayed); (ii) overall leaves (leaves from the most common plant species in the community); (iii) frames in a limited area in space, by measuring the reflectance of all material found in the background; and (iv) background items from the most common species, based on their abundance along transects. We analyzed seasonal color changes in terms of hue, chroma and brightness and described the conspicuousness of fruit coloration according to avian vision. All methods found significant differences in the background coloration between seasons, with higher reflectance values in the dry season. Hue values were higher in the dry season, and chroma values were higher in the wet season. Only the methods most restricted in space (target leaves and frames) recorded seasonal differences in fruit conspicuousness. The transects and frames methods are useful for describing the backgrounds of non-stationary signals (i.e., those of most animals). For plant signals, which are displayed against a fixed background in space, we recommend specific sampling of target leaves. Our results support the importance of measuring the seasonal heterogeneity of the background but also indicate that a monthly sampling design is not necessary to evaluate the conspicuousness of fruit signals.
Author Morellato, Leonor Patrícia C.
Camargo, Maria Gabriela G.
Schaefer, H. Martin
Cazetta, Eliana
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  organization: Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Fenologia, Grupo de Fenologia e Dispersão de Sementes, UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24A 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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  givenname: Leonor Patrícia C.
  surname: Morellato
  fullname: Morellato, Leonor Patrícia C.
  organization: Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Fenologia, Grupo de Fenologia e Dispersão de Sementes, UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24A 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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  givenname: H. Martin
  surname: Schaefer
  fullname: Schaefer, H. Martin
  organization: Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Issue 4
Keywords Crypsis
Signal
Fruit color
Plant–animal interactions
Camouflage
Seasonality
Cerrado savanna
Fruit contrast
Frugivory
Pollination
Fruit
Savannah
Color
Frugivorous
Plant-animal interactions
Heterogeneity
Biome
Visual communication
Animal plant relation
Seasonal variation
Cerrado
Language English
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Snippet How is a visual signal effectively transmitted through an environment triggering a response by a perceiver? Experimental and theoretical works in disparate...
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SubjectTerms Animal and plant ecology
Animal, plant and microbial ecology
Autoecology
Biological and medical sciences
birds
Camouflage
Cerrado savanna
color
Crypsis
dry season
Frames
Frugivory
Fruit color
Fruit contrast
Fruits
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Heterogeneity
Leaves
Plants and fungi
Plant–animal interactions
Pollination
Reflectance
Reflectivity
Sampling
seasonal variation
Seasonality
sexual selection
Signal
vegetation
vision
Wet season
Title Characterizing background heterogeneity in visual communication
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2014.06.002
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1627970971
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1642262554
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2000179888
Volume 15
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