Air pollution caused by phthalates and cyclic siloxanes in Hanoi, Vietnam: Levels, distribution characteristics, and implications for inhalation exposure
Contamination status and distribution characteristics of ten phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and three cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (CSs) were determined in the air (gas and particle) samples collected from indoor and outdoor spaces of several chemistry laboratories, offices, and homes from urban ar...
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| Published in | Science of The Total Environment Vol. 760; p. 143380 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Netherlands
Elsevier B.V
15.03.2021
Elsevier BV |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0048-9697 1879-1026 1879-1026 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380 |
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| Abstract | Contamination status and distribution characteristics of ten phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and three cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (CSs) were determined in the air (gas and particle) samples collected from indoor and outdoor spaces of several chemistry laboratories, offices, and homes from urban area of Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam. Air concentrations of Σ10PAEs (median 688; range 142–2390 ng m−3) and Σ3CSs (171; not detected–1100 ng m−3) in the indoor air samples were significantly higher than those measured in the outdoor ones (Σ10PAEs: 161; 34.1–515 ng m−3 and Σ3CSs: 43.2; not detected–258 ng m−3), partly suggesting the predominance of indoor emission sources of these substances. There were significant positive correlations in total air concentrations of phthalates and siloxanes between the indoor and outdoor air samples. The most predominant phthalates were diethyl-, di-n-butyl-, diisobutyl-, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. For siloxanes, D5 and D6 were more abundant than D4 in most samples. Except for di(2-ethylhexyl)- and di-n-octyl phthalate in some locations, almost all the compounds were likely associated with gas phase than particle phase. Daily intake doses of airborne phthalates and siloxanes, and non-cancer and cancer risks of selected phthalates were estimated for different exposure groups such as adults, children, and university subjects (e.g., laboratory staff and students), indicating relatively low levels of risk.
[Display omitted]
•Phthalates and cyclic siloxanes were analyzed in indoor/outdoor air of Hanoi, Vietnam.•Concentrations of phthalates and siloxanes in indoor air were higher than in outdoor air.•DEP, DnBP, DiBP, DEHP, D5, and D6 were major compounds detected.•Most compounds were abundant in the gas phase than in particulate phase.•Non-cancer and cancer risks of airborne phthalates were relatively low. |
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| AbstractList | Contamination status and distribution characteristics of ten phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and three cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (CSs) were determined in the air (gas and particle) samples collected from indoor and outdoor spaces of several chemistry laboratories, offices, and homes from urban area of Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam. Air concentrations of Σ10PAEs (median 688; range 142-2390 ng m-3) and Σ3CSs (171; not detected-1100 ng m-3) in the indoor air samples were significantly higher than those measured in the outdoor ones (Σ10PAEs: 161; 34.1-515 ng m-3 and Σ3CSs: 43.2; not detected-258 ng m-3), partly suggesting the predominance of indoor emission sources of these substances. There were significant positive correlations in total air concentrations of phthalates and siloxanes between the indoor and outdoor air samples. The most predominant phthalates were diethyl-, di-n-butyl-, diisobutyl-, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. For siloxanes, D5 and D6 were more abundant than D4 in most samples. Except for di(2-ethylhexyl)- and di-n-octyl phthalate in some locations, almost all the compounds were likely associated with gas phase than particle phase. Daily intake doses of airborne phthalates and siloxanes, and non-cancer and cancer risks of selected phthalates were estimated for different exposure groups such as adults, children, and university subjects (e.g., laboratory staff and students), indicating relatively low levels of risk.Contamination status and distribution characteristics of ten phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and three cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (CSs) were determined in the air (gas and particle) samples collected from indoor and outdoor spaces of several chemistry laboratories, offices, and homes from urban area of Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam. Air concentrations of Σ10PAEs (median 688; range 142-2390 ng m-3) and Σ3CSs (171; not detected-1100 ng m-3) in the indoor air samples were significantly higher than those measured in the outdoor ones (Σ10PAEs: 161; 34.1-515 ng m-3 and Σ3CSs: 43.2; not detected-258 ng m-3), partly suggesting the predominance of indoor emission sources of these substances. There were significant positive correlations in total air concentrations of phthalates and siloxanes between the indoor and outdoor air samples. The most predominant phthalates were diethyl-, di-n-butyl-, diisobutyl-, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. For siloxanes, D5 and D6 were more abundant than D4 in most samples. Except for di(2-ethylhexyl)- and di-n-octyl phthalate in some locations, almost all the compounds were likely associated with gas phase than particle phase. Daily intake doses of airborne phthalates and siloxanes, and non-cancer and cancer risks of selected phthalates were estimated for different exposure groups such as adults, children, and university subjects (e.g., laboratory staff and students), indicating relatively low levels of risk. Contamination status and distribution characteristics of ten phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and three cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (CSs) were determined in the air (gas and particle) samples collected from indoor and outdoor spaces of several chemistry laboratories, offices, and homes from urban area of Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam. Air concentrations of Σ10PAEs (median 688; range 142-2390 ng m ) and Σ3CSs (171; not detected-1100 ng m ) in the indoor air samples were significantly higher than those measured in the outdoor ones (Σ10PAEs: 161; 34.1-515 ng m and Σ3CSs: 43.2; not detected-258 ng m ), partly suggesting the predominance of indoor emission sources of these substances. There were significant positive correlations in total air concentrations of phthalates and siloxanes between the indoor and outdoor air samples. The most predominant phthalates were diethyl-, di-n-butyl-, diisobutyl-, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. For siloxanes, D5 and D6 were more abundant than D4 in most samples. Except for di(2-ethylhexyl)- and di-n-octyl phthalate in some locations, almost all the compounds were likely associated with gas phase than particle phase. Daily intake doses of airborne phthalates and siloxanes, and non-cancer and cancer risks of selected phthalates were estimated for different exposure groups such as adults, children, and university subjects (e.g., laboratory staff and students), indicating relatively low levels of risk. Contamination status and distribution characteristics of ten phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and three cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (CSs) were determined in the air (gas and particle) samples collected from indoor and outdoor spaces of several chemistry laboratories, offices, and homes from urban area of Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam. Air concentrations of Σ10PAEs (median 688; range 142–2390 ng m⁻³) and Σ3CSs (171; not detected–1100 ng m⁻³) in the indoor air samples were significantly higher than those measured in the outdoor ones (Σ10PAEs: 161; 34.1–515 ng m⁻³ and Σ3CSs: 43.2; not detected–258 ng m⁻³), partly suggesting the predominance of indoor emission sources of these substances. There were significant positive correlations in total air concentrations of phthalates and siloxanes between the indoor and outdoor air samples. The most predominant phthalates were diethyl-, di-n-butyl-, diisobutyl-, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. For siloxanes, D5 and D6 were more abundant than D4 in most samples. Except for di(2-ethylhexyl)- and di-n-octyl phthalate in some locations, almost all the compounds were likely associated with gas phase than particle phase. Daily intake doses of airborne phthalates and siloxanes, and non-cancer and cancer risks of selected phthalates were estimated for different exposure groups such as adults, children, and university subjects (e.g., laboratory staff and students), indicating relatively low levels of risk. Contamination status and distribution characteristics of ten phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and three cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (CSs) were determined in the air (gas and particle) samples collected from indoor and outdoor spaces of several chemistry laboratories, offices, and homes from urban area of Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam. Air concentrations of Σ10PAEs (median 688; range 142–2390 ng m−3) and Σ3CSs (171; not detected–1100 ng m−3) in the indoor air samples were significantly higher than those measured in the outdoor ones (Σ10PAEs: 161; 34.1–515 ng m−3 and Σ3CSs: 43.2; not detected–258 ng m−3), partly suggesting the predominance of indoor emission sources of these substances. There were significant positive correlations in total air concentrations of phthalates and siloxanes between the indoor and outdoor air samples. The most predominant phthalates were diethyl-, di-n-butyl-, diisobutyl-, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. For siloxanes, D5 and D6 were more abundant than D4 in most samples. Except for di(2-ethylhexyl)- and di-n-octyl phthalate in some locations, almost all the compounds were likely associated with gas phase than particle phase. Daily intake doses of airborne phthalates and siloxanes, and non-cancer and cancer risks of selected phthalates were estimated for different exposure groups such as adults, children, and university subjects (e.g., laboratory staff and students), indicating relatively low levels of risk. [Display omitted] •Phthalates and cyclic siloxanes were analyzed in indoor/outdoor air of Hanoi, Vietnam.•Concentrations of phthalates and siloxanes in indoor air were higher than in outdoor air.•DEP, DnBP, DiBP, DEHP, D5, and D6 were major compounds detected.•Most compounds were abundant in the gas phase than in particulate phase.•Non-cancer and cancer risks of airborne phthalates were relatively low. |
| ArticleNumber | 143380 |
| Author | Anh, Hoang Quoc Minh, Tu Binh Nguyen, Ha My Nu Tran, Khiem Quang Do, Trung Quang Tran, Tri Manh |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Hoang Quoc surname: Anh fullname: Anh, Hoang Quoc organization: Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam – sequence: 2 givenname: Ha My Nu surname: Nguyen fullname: Nguyen, Ha My Nu organization: Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam – sequence: 3 givenname: Trung Quang surname: Do fullname: Do, Trung Quang organization: Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam – sequence: 4 givenname: Khiem Quang surname: Tran fullname: Tran, Khiem Quang organization: Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam – sequence: 5 givenname: Tu Binh surname: Minh fullname: Minh, Tu Binh organization: Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam – sequence: 6 givenname: Tri Manh surname: Tran fullname: Tran, Tri Manh email: manhtri0908@gmail.com organization: Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam |
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| Keywords | Phase distribution Indoor/outdoor variation Siloxanes Risk assessment Phthalates |
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27 Tue (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0280) 2013; 51 Li (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0140) 2018; 178 Gao (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0090) 2016; 541 Anh (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0020) 2020; 247 Duong (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0065) 2014; 107 Liang (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0145) 2015; 103 Tran (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0265) 2017; 184 Wu (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0315) 2011; 45 Schossler (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0220) 2011; 409 Duong (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0070) 2015; 22 US EPA (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0305) Chi (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0050) 2017; 55 Serrano (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0225) 2014; 13 Tran (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0250) 2015; 78 Lucattini (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0150) 2018; 201 Gaj (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0080) 2018; 89 Dekant (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0060) 2016; 74 Bolling (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0030) 2020; 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92 Calvo-Flores (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0035) 2018 Chau (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0040) 2018; 25 US EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0310) Anh (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0005) 2019; 167 Horii (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0105) 2008; 55 Xu (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0330) 2015; 505 Tran (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0240) 2015; 68 Sha (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0230) 2018; 241 Ouyang (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0185) 2019; 86 US EPA (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0295) Xu (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0325) 2012; 46 Zarean (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0350) 2016; 23 US EPA (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380_bb0300) |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult air Air Pollutants Air Pollutants - analysis Air Pollution Air Pollution, Indoor Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis Child Cities Dust Dust - analysis environment Environmental Exposure Environmental Exposure - analysis Humans Indoor/outdoor variation Inhalation Exposure Phase distribution Phthalates phthalic acid Phthalic Acids Phthalic Acids - analysis Risk assessment Siloxanes Siloxanes - analysis urban areas Vietnam |
| Title | Air pollution caused by phthalates and cyclic siloxanes in Hanoi, Vietnam: Levels, distribution characteristics, and implications for inhalation exposure |
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