Oral Wild-Type Salmonella Typhi Challenge Induces Activation of Circulating Monocytes and Dendritic Cells in Individuals Who Develop Typhoid Disease
A new human oral challenge model with wild-type Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) was recently developed. In this model, ingestion of 104 CFU of Salmonella resulted in 65% of subjects developing typhoid fever (referred here as typhoid diagnosis -TD-) 5-10 days post-challenge. TD criteria included meeting...
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| Published in | PLoS neglected tropical diseases Vol. 9; no. 6; p. e0003837 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Public Library of Science
01.06.2015
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
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| Abstract | A new human oral challenge model with wild-type Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) was recently developed. In this model, ingestion of 104 CFU of Salmonella resulted in 65% of subjects developing typhoid fever (referred here as typhoid diagnosis -TD-) 5-10 days post-challenge. TD criteria included meeting clinical (oral temperature ≥38°C for ≥12 h) and/or microbiological (S. Typhi bacteremia) endpoints. One of the first lines of defense against pathogens are the cells of the innate immune system (e.g., monocytes, dendritic cells -DCs-). Various changes in circulating monocytes and DCs have been described in the murine S. Typhimurium model; however, whether similar changes are present in humans remains to be explored. To address these questions, a subset of volunteers (5 TD and 3 who did not develop typhoid despite oral challenge -NoTD-) were evaluated for changes in circulating monocytes and DCs. Expression of CD38 and CD40 were upregulated in monocytes and DCs in TD volunteers during the disease days (TD-0h to TD-96h). Moreover, integrin α4β7, a gut homing molecule, was upregulated on monocytes but not DCs. CD21 upregulation was only identified in DCs. These changes were not observed among NoTD volunteers despite the same oral challenge. Moreover, monocytes and DCs from NoTD volunteers showed increased binding to S. Typhi one day after challenge. These monocytes showed phosphorylation of p38MAPK, NFkB and Erk1/2 upon stimulation with S. Typhi-LPS-QDot micelles. In contrast, monocytes from TD volunteers showed only a moderate increase in S. Typhi binding 48 h and 96 h post-TD, and only Erk1/2 phosphorylation. This is the first study to describe different activation and migration profiles, as well as differential signaling patterns, in monocytes and DCs which relate directly to the clinical outcome following oral challenge with wild type S. Typhi. |
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| AbstractList |
A new human oral challenge model with wild-type Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) was recently developed. In this model, ingestion of 104 CFU of Salmonella resulted in 65% of subjects developing typhoid fever (referred here as typhoid diagnosis -TD-) 5-10 days post-challenge. TD criteria included meeting clinical (oral temperature ≥38°C for ≥12h) and/or microbiological (S. Typhi bacteremia) endpoints. One of the first lines of defense against pathogens are the cells of the innate immune system (e.g., monocytes, dendritic cells -DCs-). Various changes in circulating monocytes and DCs have been described in the murine S. Typhimurium model; however, whether similar changes are present in humans remains to be explored. To address these questions, a subset of volunteers (5 TD and 3 who did not develop typhoid despite oral challenge -NoTD-) were evaluated for changes in circulating monocytes and DCs. Expression of CD38 and CD40 were upregulated in monocytes and DCs in TD volunteers during the disease days (TD-0h to TD-96h). Moreover, integrin α4β7, a gut homing molecule, was upregulated on monocytes but not DCs. CD21 upregulation was only identified in DCs. These changes were not observed among NoTD volunteers despite the same oral challenge. Moreover, monocytes and DCs from NoTD volunteers showed increased binding to S. Typhi one day after challenge. These monocytes showed phosphorylation of p38MAPK, NFkB and Erk1/2 upon stimulation with S. Typhi-LPS-QDot micelles. In contrast, monocytes from TD volunteers showed only a moderate increase in S. Typhi binding 48h and 96h post-TD, and only Erk1/2 phosphorylation. This is the first study to describe different activation and migration profiles, as well as differential signaling patterns, in monocytes and DCs which relate directly to the clinical outcome following oral challenge with wild type S. Typhi. A new human oral challenge model with wild-type Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) was recently developed. In this model, ingestion of 104 CFU of Salmonella resulted in 65% of subjects developing typhoid fever (referred here as typhoid diagnosis -TD-) 5-10 days post-challenge. TD criteria included meeting clinical (oral temperature ≥38°C for ≥12 h) and/or microbiological (S. Typhi bacteremia) endpoints. One of the first lines of defense against pathogens are the cells of the innate immune system (e.g., monocytes, dendritic cells -DCs-). Various changes in circulating monocytes and DCs have been described in the murine S. Typhimurium model; however, whether similar changes are present in humans remains to be explored. To address these questions, a subset of volunteers (5 TD and 3 who did not develop typhoid despite oral challenge -NoTD-) were evaluated for changes in circulating monocytes and DCs. Expression of CD38 and CD40 were upregulated in monocytes and DCs in TD volunteers during the disease days (TD-0h to TD-96h). Moreover, integrin α4β7, a gut homing molecule, was upregulated on monocytes but not DCs. CD21 upregulation was only identified in DCs. These changes were not observed among NoTD volunteers despite the same oral challenge. Moreover, monocytes and DCs from NoTD volunteers showed increased binding to S. Typhi one day after challenge. These monocytes showed phosphorylation of p38MAPK, NFkB and Erk1/2 upon stimulation with S. Typhi-LPS-QDot micelles. In contrast, monocytes from TD volunteers showed only a moderate increase in S. Typhi binding 48 h and 96 h post-TD, and only Erk1/2 phosphorylation. This is the first study to describe different activation and migration profiles, as well as differential signaling patterns, in monocytes and DCs which relate directly to the clinical outcome following oral challenge with wild type S. Typhi.A new human oral challenge model with wild-type Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) was recently developed. In this model, ingestion of 104 CFU of Salmonella resulted in 65% of subjects developing typhoid fever (referred here as typhoid diagnosis -TD-) 5-10 days post-challenge. TD criteria included meeting clinical (oral temperature ≥38°C for ≥12 h) and/or microbiological (S. Typhi bacteremia) endpoints. One of the first lines of defense against pathogens are the cells of the innate immune system (e.g., monocytes, dendritic cells -DCs-). Various changes in circulating monocytes and DCs have been described in the murine S. Typhimurium model; however, whether similar changes are present in humans remains to be explored. To address these questions, a subset of volunteers (5 TD and 3 who did not develop typhoid despite oral challenge -NoTD-) were evaluated for changes in circulating monocytes and DCs. Expression of CD38 and CD40 were upregulated in monocytes and DCs in TD volunteers during the disease days (TD-0h to TD-96h). Moreover, integrin α4β7, a gut homing molecule, was upregulated on monocytes but not DCs. CD21 upregulation was only identified in DCs. These changes were not observed among NoTD volunteers despite the same oral challenge. Moreover, monocytes and DCs from NoTD volunteers showed increased binding to S. Typhi one day after challenge. These monocytes showed phosphorylation of p38MAPK, NFkB and Erk1/2 upon stimulation with S. Typhi-LPS-QDot micelles. In contrast, monocytes from TD volunteers showed only a moderate increase in S. Typhi binding 48 h and 96 h post-TD, and only Erk1/2 phosphorylation. This is the first study to describe different activation and migration profiles, as well as differential signaling patterns, in monocytes and DCs which relate directly to the clinical outcome following oral challenge with wild type S. Typhi. A new human oral challenge model with wild-type Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) was recently developed. In this model, ingestion of 104 CFU of Salmonella resulted in 65% of subjects developing typhoid fever (referred here as typhoid diagnosis -TD-) 5-10 days post-challenge. TD criteria included meeting clinical (oral temperature ≥38°C for ≥12 h) and/or microbiological (S. Typhi bacteremia) endpoints. One of the first lines of defense against pathogens are the cells of the innate immune system (e.g., monocytes, dendritic cells -DCs-). Various changes in circulating monocytes and DCs have been described in the murine S. Typhimurium model; however, whether similar changes are present in humans remains to be explored. To address these questions, a subset of volunteers (5 TD and 3 who did not develop typhoid despite oral challenge -NoTD-) were evaluated for changes in circulating monocytes and DCs. Expression of CD38 and CD40 were upregulated in monocytes and DCs in TD volunteers during the disease days (TD-0h to TD-96h). Moreover, integrin α4β7, a gut homing molecule, was upregulated on monocytes but not DCs. CD21 upregulation was only identified in DCs. These changes were not observed among NoTD volunteers despite the same oral challenge. Moreover, monocytes and DCs from NoTD volunteers showed increased binding to S. Typhi one day after challenge. These monocytes showed phosphorylation of p38MAPK, NFkB and Erk1/2 upon stimulation with S. Typhi-LPS-QDot micelles. In contrast, monocytes from TD volunteers showed only a moderate increase in S. Typhi binding 48 h and 96 h post-TD, and only Erk1/2 phosphorylation. This is the first study to describe different activation and migration profiles, as well as differential signaling patterns, in monocytes and DCs which relate directly to the clinical outcome following oral challenge with wild type S. Typhi. A new human oral challenge model with wild-type Salmonella Typhi ( S . Typhi) was recently developed. In this model, ingestion of 104 CFU of Salmonella resulted in 65% of subjects developing typhoid fever (referred here as typhoid diagnosis -TD-) 5–10 days post-challenge. TD criteria included meeting clinical (oral temperature ≥38°C for ≥12h) and/or microbiological ( S . Typhi bacteremia) endpoints. One of the first lines of defense against pathogens are the cells of the innate immune system (e.g., monocytes, dendritic cells -DCs-). Various changes in circulating monocytes and DCs have been described in the murine S . Typhimurium model; however, whether similar changes are present in humans remains to be explored. To address these questions, a subset of volunteers (5 TD and 3 who did not develop typhoid despite oral challenge -NoTD-) were evaluated for changes in circulating monocytes and DCs. Expression of CD38 and CD40 were upregulated in monocytes and DCs in TD volunteers during the disease days (TD-0h to TD-96h). Moreover, integrin α4β7, a gut homing molecule, was upregulated on monocytes but not DCs. CD21 upregulation was only identified in DCs. These changes were not observed among NoTD volunteers despite the same oral challenge. Moreover, monocytes and DCs from NoTD volunteers showed increased binding to S . Typhi one day after challenge. These monocytes showed phosphorylation of p38MAPK, NFkB and Erk1/2 upon stimulation with S . Typhi-LPS-QDot micelles. In contrast, monocytes from TD volunteers showed only a moderate increase in S . Typhi binding 48h and 96h post-TD, and only Erk1/2 phosphorylation. This is the first study to describe different activation and migration profiles, as well as differential signaling patterns, in monocytes and DCs which relate directly to the clinical outcome following oral challenge with wild type S . Typhi. Typhoid fever continues to be a public health problem and novel more effective vaccines are needed. One of the limitations in the development of new vaccines is an incomplete understanding of the host-pathogen interactions. To gain new insights into these interactions a new human oral challenge model with wild-type Salmonella Typhi ( S . Typhi) was recently developed. In this model, 65% of the challenged subjects developed typhoid fever (referred here as typhoid diagnosis-TD-). Monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) are part of the innate immune system and one of the first lines of defense against pathogens. The changes induced in these cells by S . Typhi infection were studied in a subset of volunteers (5 TD and 3 who did not develop TD despite the same oral challenge-NoTD-). Monocytes and DCs showed upregulation of different activation molecules between TD and NoTD volunteers. Furthermore, monocytes from NoTD volunteers showed enhanced S . Typhi binding and activation of signaling pathways associated with the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) TLR4, one day after challenge. In contrast, monocytes from TD volunteers had a moderate increase in S . Typhi binding and different signaling profiles. Therefore, multiple differences in monocytes and DCs from TD and NoTD volunteers following wild type S . Typhi challenge were identified. |
| Author | Toapanta, Franklin R. Blohmke, Christoph J. Angus, Brian Levine, Myron M. Pollard, Andrew J. Sztein, Marcelo B. Waddington, Claire S. Dougan, Gordon Fresnay, Stephanie Bernal, Paula J. Darton, Thomas C. Jones, Claire |
| AuthorAffiliation | 2 Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America 1 Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America 3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America 6 Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom 5 Microbial Pathogenesis Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom 4 Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, VIETNAM |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 4 Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom – name: 6 Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom – name: 5 Microbial Pathogenesis Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom – name: 2 Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America – name: 3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America – name: Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, VIETNAM – name: 1 Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Franklin R. surname: Toapanta fullname: Toapanta, Franklin R. – sequence: 2 givenname: Paula J. surname: Bernal fullname: Bernal, Paula J. – sequence: 3 givenname: Stephanie surname: Fresnay fullname: Fresnay, Stephanie – sequence: 4 givenname: Thomas C. surname: Darton fullname: Darton, Thomas C. – sequence: 5 givenname: Claire surname: Jones fullname: Jones, Claire – sequence: 6 givenname: Claire S. surname: Waddington fullname: Waddington, Claire S. – sequence: 7 givenname: Christoph J. surname: Blohmke fullname: Blohmke, Christoph J. – sequence: 8 givenname: Gordon surname: Dougan fullname: Dougan, Gordon – sequence: 9 givenname: Brian surname: Angus fullname: Angus, Brian – sequence: 10 givenname: Myron M. surname: Levine fullname: Levine, Myron M. – sequence: 11 givenname: Andrew J. surname: Pollard fullname: Pollard, Andrew J. – sequence: 12 givenname: Marcelo B. surname: Sztein fullname: Sztein, Marcelo B. |
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| Copyright | 2015 Toapanta et al 2015 Toapanta et al 2015 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Typhi Challenge Induces Activation of Circulating Monocytes and Dendritic Cells in Individuals Who Develop Typhoid Disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9(6): e0003837. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003837 |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Conceived and designed the experiments: FRT PJB MBS. Performed the experiments: FRT PJB SF. Analyzed the data: FRT PJB MBS. Wrote the paper: FRT PJB MBS SF TCD CSW GD CJ CJB BA MML AJP. Set up the challenge model and generated the clinical data: TCD CSW GD MML AJP. Collected and processed the PBMC specimens: TCD CSW CJ CJB BA. The authors have declared that no competing interest exist. |
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| Snippet | A new human oral challenge model with wild-type Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) was recently developed. In this model, ingestion of 104 CFU of Salmonella resulted... A new human oral challenge model with wild-type Salmonella Typhi ( S . Typhi) was recently developed. In this model, ingestion of 104 CFU of Salmonella... A new human oral challenge model with wild-type Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) was recently developed. In this model, ingestion of 104 CFU of Salmonella... |
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| Title | Oral Wild-Type Salmonella Typhi Challenge Induces Activation of Circulating Monocytes and Dendritic Cells in Individuals Who Develop Typhoid Disease |
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