Pigment characterization for the 2011 bloom in Qinhuangdao implicated ＂brown tide＂ events in China

A large-scale bloom occurred from May to June in 2011 in sea area near Qinhuangdao of the Bohai Sea, leading to huge damage of the scallop culture industry. Similar blooms have been observed in this region for three years. The causative species of the bloom, which dominated the phytoplankton communi...

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Published in	Chinese journal of oceanology and limnology Vol. 30; no. 3; pp. 361 - 370
Main Author	孔凡洲于仁成张清春颜天周名江
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Heidelberg Springer-Verlag 01.05.2012 SP Science Press Springer Nature B.V
Subjects	Algae algal blooms Analytical methods Biology Brown tides Cell culture Cell density Cell size Chemical oceanography China Chlorophyll Chlorophylls Coasts Density Earth and Environmental Science Earth Sciences Fucoxanthin Haptophyta industry Marine Marine aquaculture Marine molluscs mollusc culture Oceanography Phytoplankton Pigments Plankton blooms Scallop culture Scallops Shellfish summer United States 中国事件扇贝养殖业浮游植物群落秦皇岛细胞密度表征颜料 China INW, China, People's Rep., Hebei Prov., Qinhuangdao USA China, People's Rep INW, Bohai Sea United States pigment harmful algal bloom HPLC 19-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin pelagophyte haptophyte
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ISSN	0254-4059 2096-5508 1993-5005 2523-3521
DOI	10.1007/s00343-012-1239-z

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Abstract	A large-scale bloom occurred from May to June in 2011 in sea area near Qinhuangdao of the Bohai Sea, leading to huge damage of the scallop culture industry. Similar blooms have been observed in this region for three years. The causative species of the bloom, which dominated the phytoplankton community with the maximum cell density around 109 cell/L, could not be identified with morphological features due to the small cell size （-2 μm）. A pigment analytical method was then adopted to analyze the pigment profile of the phytoplankton samples collected from the blooming sea area. It was found that pico-sized （〈2 μm）, nano-sized （2-20 μm）, and bulk phytoplankton samples had similar pigment profile, representing the pigment signature of the bloom-causative species. The major pigments detected included 19-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin （But-fuco）, fucoxanthin （Fuco）, diadinoxanthin （Diad） and chlorophyll a （Chl a）, and high content of But-fuco was the most significant characteristics of the phytoplankton samples. Based on the pigment composition and content, the bloom-causative species could be tentatively identified as pelagophyte, ＂type 8＂ group of haptophyte, or silicoflagellate. Some unique features of the bloom, such as the extremely high cell density, small-sized and But-fuco containing cells, occurring in early summer, and the feeding-cessation effects on scallops, suggest it be a ＂brown tide＂ event similar to those reported in the east coast of the United States of America. The recurrent ＂brown tide＂ events and their dramatic impacts on the shellfish mariculture industry in QirLhuangdao need close attention in the coming years.
AbstractList	A large-scale bloom occurred from May to June in 2011 in sea area near Qinhuangdao of the Bohai Sea, leading to huge damage of the scallop culture industry. Similar blooms have been observed in this region for three years. The causative species of the bloom, which dominated the phytoplankton community with the maximum cell density around 109 cell/L, could not be identified with morphological features due to the small cell size （-2 μm）. A pigment analytical method was then adopted to analyze the pigment profile of the phytoplankton samples collected from the blooming sea area. It was found that pico-sized （〈2 μm）, nano-sized （2-20 μm）, and bulk phytoplankton samples had similar pigment profile, representing the pigment signature of the bloom-causative species. The major pigments detected included 19-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin （But-fuco）, fucoxanthin （Fuco）, diadinoxanthin （Diad） and chlorophyll a （Chl a）, and high content of But-fuco was the most significant characteristics of the phytoplankton samples. Based on the pigment composition and content, the bloom-causative species could be tentatively identified as pelagophyte, ＂type 8＂ group of haptophyte, or silicoflagellate. Some unique features of the bloom, such as the extremely high cell density, small-sized and But-fuco containing cells, occurring in early summer, and the feeding-cessation effects on scallops, suggest it be a ＂brown tide＂ event similar to those reported in the east coast of the United States of America. The recurrent ＂brown tide＂ events and their dramatic impacts on the shellfish mariculture industry in QirLhuangdao need close attention in the coming years. A large-scale bloom occurred from May to June in 2011 in sea area near Qinhuangdao of the Bohai Sea, leading to huge damage of the scallop culture industry. Similar blooms have been observed in this region for three years. The causative species of the bloom, which dominated the phytoplankton community with the maximum cell density around 109 cell/L, could not be identified with morphological features due to the small cell size (∼2 m m). A pigment analytical method was then adopted to analyze the pigment profile of the phytoplankton samples collected from the blooming sea area. It was found that pico-sized (<2 m m), nano-sized (2–20 m m), and bulk phytoplankton samples had similar pigment profile, representing the pigment signature of the bloom-causative species. The major pigments detected included 19-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin (But-fuco), fucoxanthin (Fuco), diadinoxanthin (Diad) and chlorophyll a (Chl a), and high content of But-fuco was the most significant characteristics of the phytoplankton samples. Based on the pigment composition and content, the bloom-causative species could be tentatively identified as pelagophyte, “type 8” group of haptophyte, or silicoflagellate. Some unique features of the bloom, such as the extremely high cell density, small-sized and But-fuco containing cells, occurring in early summer, and the feeding-cessation effects on scallops, suggest it be a “brown tide” event similar to those reported in the east coast of the United States of America. The recurrent “brown tide” events and their dramatic impacts on the shellfish mariculture industry in Qinhuangdao need close attention in the coming years. A large-scale bloom occurred from May to June in 2011 in sea area near Qinhuangdao of the Bohai Sea, leading to huge damage of the scallop culture industry. Similar blooms have been observed in this region for three years. The causative species of the bloom, which dominated the phytoplankton community with the maximum cell density around 109 cell/L, could not be identified with morphological features due to the small cell size (˜¼2 m m). A pigment analytical method was then adopted to analyze the pigment profile of the phytoplankton samples collected from the blooming sea area. It was found that pico-sized (<2 m m), nano-sized (2-20 m m), and bulk phytoplankton samples had similar pigment profile, representing the pigment signature of the bloom-causative species. The major pigments detected included 19-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin (But-fuco), fucoxanthin (Fuco), diadinoxanthin (Diad) and chlorophyll a (Chl a), and high content of But-fuco was the most significant characteristics of the phytoplankton samples. Based on the pigment composition and content, the bloom-causative species could be tentatively identified as pelagophyte, "type 8" group of haptophyte, or silicoflagellate. Some unique features of the bloom, such as the extremely high cell density, small-sized and But-fuco containing cells, occurring in early summer, and the feeding-cessation effects on scallops, suggest it be a "brown tide" event similar to those reported in the east coast of the United States of America. The recurrent "brown tide" events and their dramatic impacts on the shellfish mariculture industry in Qinhuangdao need close attention in the coming years. A large-scale bloom occurred from May to June in 2011 in sea area near Qinhuangdao of the Bohai Sea, leading to huge damage of the scallop culture industry. Similar blooms have been observed in this region for three years. The causative species of the bloom, which dominated the phytoplankton community with the maximum cell density around 10 9 cell/L, could not be identified with morphological features due to the small cell size (∼2 m m). A pigment analytical method was then adopted to analyze the pigment profile of the phytoplankton samples collected from the blooming sea area. It was found that pico-sized (<2 m m), nano-sized (2–20 m m), and bulk phytoplankton samples had similar pigment profile, representing the pigment signature of the bloom-causative species. The major pigments detected included 19-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin (But-fuco), fucoxanthin (Fuco), diadinoxanthin (Diad) and chlorophyll a (Chl a ), and high content of But-fuco was the most significant characteristics of the phytoplankton samples. Based on the pigment composition and content, the bloom-causative species could be tentatively identified as pelagophyte, “type 8” group of haptophyte, or silicoflagellate. Some unique features of the bloom, such as the extremely high cell density, small-sized and But-fuco containing cells, occurring in early summer, and the feeding-cessation effects on scallops, suggest it be a “brown tide” event similar to those reported in the east coast of the United States of America. The recurrent “brown tide” events and their dramatic impacts on the shellfish mariculture industry in Qinhuangdao need close attention in the coming years. A large-scale bloom occurred from May to June in 2011 in sea area near Qinhuangdao of the Bohai Sea, leading to huge damage of the scallop culture industry. Similar blooms have been observed in this region for three years. The causative species of the bloom, which dominated the phytoplankton community with the maximum cell density around 10 super(9) cell/L, could not be identified with morphological features due to the small cell size (2 m m). A pigment analytical method was then adopted to analyze the pigment profile of the phytoplankton samples collected from the blooming sea area. It was found that pico-sized (<2 m m), nano-sized (2-20 m m), and bulk phytoplankton samples had similar pigment profile, representing the pigment signature of the bloom-causative species. The major pigments detected included 19-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin (But-fuco), fucoxanthin (Fuco), diadinoxanthin (Diad) and chlorophyll a (Chl a), and high content of But-fuco was the most significant characteristics of the phytoplankton samples. Based on the pigment composition and content, the bloom-causative species could be tentatively identified as pelagophyte, "type 8" group of haptophyte, or silicoflagellate. Some unique features of the bloom, such as the extremely high cell density, small-sized and But-fuco containing cells, occurring in early summer, and the feeding-cessation effects on scallops, suggest it be a "brown tide" event similar to those reported in the east coast of the United States of America. The recurrent "brown tide" events and their dramatic impacts on the shellfish mariculture industry in Qinhuangdao need close attention in the coming years.
Author	Yu, Rencheng Zhang, Qingchun Kong, Fanzhou Zhou, Mingjiang Yan, Tian
AuthorAffiliation	Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Qingdao 266071, China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Notes	A large-scale bloom occurred from May to June in 2011 in sea area near Qinhuangdao of the Bohai Sea, leading to huge damage of the scallop culture industry. Similar blooms have been observed in this region for three years. The causative species of the bloom, which dominated the phytoplankton community with the maximum cell density around 109 cell/L, could not be identified with morphological features due to the small cell size （-2 μm）. A pigment analytical method was then adopted to analyze the pigment profile of the phytoplankton samples collected from the blooming sea area. It was found that pico-sized （〈2 μm）, nano-sized （2-20 μm）, and bulk phytoplankton samples had similar pigment profile, representing the pigment signature of the bloom-causative species. The major pigments detected included 19-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin （But-fuco）, fucoxanthin （Fuco）, diadinoxanthin （Diad） and chlorophyll a （Chl a）, and high content of But-fuco was the most significant characteristics of the phytoplankton samples. Based on the pigment composition and content, the bloom-causative species could be tentatively identified as pelagophyte, ＂type 8＂ group of haptophyte, or silicoflagellate. Some unique features of the bloom, such as the extremely high cell density, small-sized and But-fuco containing cells, occurring in early summer, and the feeding-cessation effects on scallops, suggest it be a ＂brown tide＂ event similar to those reported in the east coast of the United States of America. The recurrent ＂brown tide＂ events and their dramatic impacts on the shellfish mariculture industry in QirLhuangdao need close attention in the coming years. 37-1150/P harmful algal bloom; pigment; HPLC; 19-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin; pelagophyte; haptophyte http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-012-1239-z ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23
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PublicationDate	2012-05-01
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PublicationPlace	Heidelberg
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PublicationTitle	Chinese journal of oceanology and limnology
PublicationTitleAbbrev	Chin. J. Ocean. Limnol
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PublicationYear	2012
Publisher	Springer-Verlag SP Science Press Springer Nature B.V
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volume-title: Introduction to the Algae year: 1985 ident: 1239_CR5 – volume: 28 start-page: 1 589 issue: 13 year: 2008 ident: 1239_CR8 publication-title: Continental Shelf Research doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2007.02.012 – start-page: 37 volume-title: Phytoplankton Pigments in Oceanography: Guidelines to Modern Methods year: 2005 ident: 1239_CR22 – volume: 176 start-page: 69 issue: 1 year: 1994 ident: 1239_CR28 publication-title: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology a nd Ecology doi: 10.1016/0022-0981(94)90198-8 – volume: 53 start-page: 43 issue: 1–2 year: 2005 ident: 1239_CR32 publication-title: Journal of Sea Research doi: 10.1016/j.seares.2004.01.008 – volume: 45 start-page: 137 issue: 1 year: 2009 ident: 1239_CR3 publication-title: Journal o f Phycology doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00629.x – volume: 270 start-page: 83 year: 2004 ident: 1239_CR45 publication-title: Marine Ecology Progress Series doi: 10.3354/meps270083 – volume: 3 start-page: 273 issue: 4 year: 2004 ident: 1239_CR25 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Snippet	A large-scale bloom occurred from May to June in 2011 in sea area near Qinhuangdao of the Bohai Sea, leading to huge damage of the scallop culture industry....
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SubjectTerms	Algae algal blooms Analytical methods Biology Brown tides Cell culture Cell density Cell size Chemical oceanography China Chlorophyll Chlorophylls Coasts Density Earth and Environmental Science Earth Sciences Fucoxanthin Haptophyta industry Marine Marine aquaculture Marine molluscs mollusc culture Oceanography Phytoplankton Pigments Plankton blooms Scallop culture Scallops Shellfish summer United States 中国事件扇贝养殖业浮游植物群落秦皇岛细胞密度表征颜料
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Title	Pigment characterization for the 2011 bloom in Qinhuangdao implicated ＂brown tide＂ events in China
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