Guanidinium Toxins and Their Interactions with Voltage-Gated Sodium Ion Channels

• Published in: Marine drugs Vol. 15; no. 10; p. 303
• Main Authors: Durán-Riveroll, Lorena, Cembella, Allan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 13.10.2017; MDPI
• Subjects: Alkaloids; Amphibians; Analogs; Animals; Aquatic ecosystems; Aquatic reptiles; Bacteria; Biogeography; Biological activity; Biological evolution; Biosynthesis; Biotechnology; Brackish water; Capacity; Chemical defense; Cyanobacteria; Cyanobacteria - metabolism; Detection; Dinoflagellates; Dinoflagellida - metabolism; Divergence; Drugs; Ecosystems; Exploitation; Genes; Guanidine - chemistry; Guanidine - pharmacology; guanidinium; Humans; Inland water environment; Interactions; Invertebrates; Ion channels; Ion flux; Marine invertebrates; Microorganisms; Mode of action; neurotoxin; Pain; paralytic shellfish toxin (PST); Pharmacology; Pyrrophycophyta; Review; Saxitoxin; saxitoxin (STX); Saxitoxin - chemistry; Saxitoxin - pharmacology; Shellfish; Sodium; Sodium Channel Blockers - chemistry; Sodium Channel Blockers - pharmacology; Sodium channels (voltage-gated); Symbionts; Terrestrial ecosystems; Tetrodotoxin; tetrodotoxin (TTX); Tetrodotoxin - chemistry; Tetrodotoxin - pharmacology; Therapeutic applications; Toxigenicity; Toxins; Toxins, Biological - chemistry; Toxins, Biological - pharmacology; voltage-gated sodium channels; Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels - drug effects; Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels - metabolism; Yields; saxitoxin (STX); guanidinium; paralytic shellfish toxin (PST); neurotoxin; tetrodotoxin (TTX); voltage-gated sodium channels; ion channels

Guanidinium toxins, such as saxitoxin (STX), tetrodotoxin (TTX) and their analogs, are naturally occurring alkaloids with divergent evolutionary origins and biogeographical distribution, but which share the common chemical feature of guanidinium moieties. These guanidinium groups confer high biologi...