Combined effects of exonic polymorphisms in CRHR1 and AVPR1B genes in a case/control study for panic disorder
Accumulating evidence from animal studies suggests that the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) neuropeptide systems, contribute to anxiety behavior. To investigate whether polymorphisms in the genes regulating these two systems may alter susceptibility to anxiety di...
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Published in | American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics Vol. 147B; no. 7; pp. 1196 - 1204 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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05.10.2008
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Abstract | Accumulating evidence from animal studies suggests that the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) neuropeptide systems, contribute to anxiety behavior. To investigate whether polymorphisms in the genes regulating these two systems may alter susceptibility to anxiety disorders in humans, we genotyped 71 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CRH, CRHR1, CRHR2, AVP, AVPR1A, AVPR1B in a German sample from Munich with patients suffering from panic disorder and matched healthy controls (n = 186/n = 299). Significant associations were then replicated in a second German sample with 173 patients with panic disorder and 495 controls. In both samples separately and the combined sample, SNPs within CHRH1 and AVPR1B were nominally associated with panic disorder. We then tested two locus multiplicative and interaction effects of polymorphisms of these two genes on panic disorder. Fifteen SNP pairs showed significant multiplicative effects in both samples. The SNP pair with the most significant association in the combined sample (P = 0.00057), which withstood correction for multiple testing, was rs878886 in CRHR1 and rs28632197 in AVPR1B. Both SNPs are of potential functional relevance as rs878886 is located in the 3′ untranslated region of the CRHR1 and rs28632197 leads to an arginine to histidine amino acid exchange at position 364 of AVPR1B which is located in the intracellular C‐terminal domain of the receptor. These data suggest that polymorphisms in the AVPR1B and the CRHR1 genes alter the susceptibility to panic disorder. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. |
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AbstractList | Accumulating evidence from animal studies suggests that the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) neuropeptide systems, contribute to anxiety behavior. To investigate whether polymorphisms in the genes regulating these two systems may alter susceptibility to anxiety disorders in humans, we genotyped 71 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CRH, CRHR1, CRHR2, AVP, AVPR1A, AVPR1B in a German sample from Munich with patients suffering from panic disorder and matched healthy controls (n = 186/n = 299). Significant associations were then replicated in a second German sample with 173 patients with panic disorder and 495 controls. In both samples separately and the combined sample, SNPs within CHRH1 and AVPR1B were nominally associated with panic disorder. We then tested two locus multiplicative and interaction effects of polymorphisms of these two genes on panic disorder. Fifteen SNP pairs showed significant multiplicative effects in both samples. The SNP pair with the most significant association in the combined sample (P = 0.00057), which withstood correction for multiple testing, was rs878886 in CRHR1 and rs28632197 in AVPR1B. Both SNPs are of potential functional relevance as rs878886 is located in the 3' untranslated region of the CRHR1 and rs28632197 leads to an arginine to histidine amino acid exchange at position 364 of AVPR1B which is located in the intracellular C-terminal domain of the receptor. These data suggest that polymorphisms in the AVPR1B and the CRHR1 genes alter the susceptibility to panic disorder. Accumulating evidence from animal studies suggests that the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) neuropeptide systems, contribute to anxiety behavior. To investigate whether polymorphisms in the genes regulating these two systems may alter susceptibility to anxiety disorders in humans, we genotyped 71 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CRH, CRHR1, CRHR2, AVP, AVPR1A, AVPR1B in a German sample from Munich with patients suffering from panic disorder and matched healthy controls (n = 186/n = 299). Significant associations were then replicated in a second German sample with 173 patients with panic disorder and 495 controls. In both samples separately and the combined sample, SNPs within CHRH1 and AVPR1B were nominally associated with panic disorder. We then tested two locus multiplicative and interaction effects of polymorphisms of these two genes on panic disorder. Fifteen SNP pairs showed significant multiplicative effects in both samples. The SNP pair with the most significant association in the combined sample ( P = 0.00057), which withstood correction for multiple testing, was rs878886 in CRHR1 and rs28632197 in AVPR1B. Both SNPs are of potential functional relevance as rs878886 is located in the 3′ untranslated region of the CRHR1 and rs28632197 leads to an arginine to histidine amino acid exchange at position 364 of AVPR1B which is located in the intracellular C‐terminal domain of the receptor. These data suggest that polymorphisms in the AVPR1B and the CRHR1 genes alter the susceptibility to panic disorder. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Accumulating evidence from animal studies suggests that the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) neuropeptide systems, contribute to anxiety behavior. To investigate whether polymorphisms in the genes regulating these two systems may alter susceptibility to anxiety disorders in humans, we genotyped 71 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CRH, CRHR1, CRHR2, AVP, AVPR1A, AVPR1B in a German sample from Munich with patients suffering from panic disorder and matched healthy controls (n = 186/n = 299). Significant associations were then replicated in a second German sample with 173 patients with panic disorder and 495 controls. In both samples separately and the combined sample, SNPs within CHRH1 and AVPR1B were nominally associated with panic disorder. We then tested two locus multiplicative and interaction effects of polymorphisms of these two genes on panic disorder. Fifteen SNP pairs showed significant multiplicative effects in both samples. The SNP pair with the most significant association in the combined sample (P = 0.00057), which withstood correction for multiple testing, was rs878886 in CRHR1 and rs28632197 in AVPR1B. Both SNPs are of potential functional relevance as rs878886 is located in the 3' untranslated region of the CRHR1 and rs28632197 leads to an arginine to histidine amino acid exchange at position 364 of AVPR1B which is located in the intracellular C-terminal domain of the receptor. These data suggest that polymorphisms in the AVPR1B and the CRHR1 genes alter the susceptibility to panic disorder.Accumulating evidence from animal studies suggests that the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) neuropeptide systems, contribute to anxiety behavior. To investigate whether polymorphisms in the genes regulating these two systems may alter susceptibility to anxiety disorders in humans, we genotyped 71 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CRH, CRHR1, CRHR2, AVP, AVPR1A, AVPR1B in a German sample from Munich with patients suffering from panic disorder and matched healthy controls (n = 186/n = 299). Significant associations were then replicated in a second German sample with 173 patients with panic disorder and 495 controls. In both samples separately and the combined sample, SNPs within CHRH1 and AVPR1B were nominally associated with panic disorder. We then tested two locus multiplicative and interaction effects of polymorphisms of these two genes on panic disorder. Fifteen SNP pairs showed significant multiplicative effects in both samples. The SNP pair with the most significant association in the combined sample (P = 0.00057), which withstood correction for multiple testing, was rs878886 in CRHR1 and rs28632197 in AVPR1B. Both SNPs are of potential functional relevance as rs878886 is located in the 3' untranslated region of the CRHR1 and rs28632197 leads to an arginine to histidine amino acid exchange at position 364 of AVPR1B which is located in the intracellular C-terminal domain of the receptor. These data suggest that polymorphisms in the AVPR1B and the CRHR1 genes alter the susceptibility to panic disorder. Accumulating evidence from animal studies suggests that the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) neuropeptide systems, contribute to anxiety behavior. To investigate whether polymorphisms in the genes regulating these two systems may alter susceptibility to anxiety disorders in humans, we genotyped 71 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CRH, CRHR1, CRHR2, AVP, AVPR1A, AVPR1B in a German sample from Munich with patients suffering from panic disorder and matched healthy controls (n = 186/n = 299). Significant associations were then replicated in a second German sample with 173 patients with panic disorder and 495 controls. In both samples separately and the combined sample, SNPs within CHRH1 and AVPR1B were nominally associated with panic disorder. We then tested two locus multiplicative and interaction effects of polymorphisms of these two genes on panic disorder. Fifteen SNP pairs showed significant multiplicative effects in both samples. The SNP pair with the most significant association in the combined sample (P = 0.00057), which withstood correction for multiple testing, was rs878886 in CRHR1 and rs28632197 in AVPR1B. Both SNPs are of potential functional relevance as rs878886 is located in the 3′ untranslated region of the CRHR1 and rs28632197 leads to an arginine to histidine amino acid exchange at position 364 of AVPR1B which is located in the intracellular C‐terminal domain of the receptor. These data suggest that polymorphisms in the AVPR1B and the CRHR1 genes alter the susceptibility to panic disorder. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. |
Author | Knorr, Carolin C. Holsboer, Florian Binder, Elisabeth B. Salyakina, Daria Lieb, Roselind Kern, Nikola Krakowitzky, Petra Maier, Wolfgang Bandelow, Borwin Müller, Marianne B. Keck, Martin E. Ising, Marcus Fritze, Jürgen Unschuld, Paul G. Deckert, Jürgen Erhardt, Angelika Müller-Myhsok, Bertram Hohoff, Christa |
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Keywords | Panic Association Gene AVPR1B SNP Anxiety disorder anxiety disorders Case control study Single nucleotide polymorphism CRHR1 |
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Notes | Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) istex:66E843DB11521E4B2E8A7B2097DA75D01F18C38D ark:/67375/WNG-CJC5V489-4 M.E. Keck and N. Kern contributed equally to the work. Please cite this article as follows: Keck ME, Kern N, Erhardt A, Unschuld PG, Ising M, Salyakina D, Müller MB, Knorr CC, Lieb R, Hohoff C, Krakowitzky P, Maier W, Bandelow B, Fritze J, Deckert J, Holsboer F, Müller-Myhsok B, Binder EB. 2008. Combined Effects of Exonic Polymorphisms in CRHR1 and AVPR1B Genes in a Case/Control Study for Panic Disorder. Am J Med Genet Part B 147B:1196-1204. German Government National Genome Research Network (NGFN) - No. 01GS0481 ArticleID:AJMG30750 Please cite this article as follows: Keck ME, Kern N, Erhardt A, Unschuld PG, Ising M, Salyakina D, Müller MB, Knorr CC, Lieb R, Hohoff C, Krakowitzky P, Maier W, Bandelow B, Fritze J, Deckert J, Holsboer F, Müller‐Myhsok B, Binder EB. 2008. Combined Effects of Exonic Polymorphisms in CRHR1 and AVPR1B Genes in a Case/Control Study for Panic Disorder. Am J Med Genet Part B 147B:1196–1204. ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 |
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References | Jacobi F, Wittchen HU, Holting C, Hofler M, Pfister H, Muller N, Lieb R. 2004. Prevalence, co-morbidity and correlates of mental disorders in the general population: Results from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey (GHS). Psychol Med 34: 597-611. Spina M, Merlo-Pich E, Akwa Y, Baducci C, Basso AM, Zorrilla EP, et al. 2002. Time-dependent induction of anxiogenic-like effects after central infusion of urocortin or corticotropin-releasing factor in the rat. Psychopharmacology 160q: 113-121. Montkowski A, Barden N, Wotjak C, Stec I, Ganster J, Meaney M, et al. 1995. Long-term antidepressant treatment reduces behavioural deficits in transgenic mice with impaired glucocorticoid receptor function. J Neuroendocrinol 7: 841-845. Gorman JM. 2003. New molecular targets for antianxiety interventions. J Clin Psychiatry 64: 28-35. Murgatroyd C, Wigger A, Frank E, Singewald N, Bunck M, Holsboer F, et al. 2004. Impaired repression at a vasopressin promoter polymorphism underlies overexpression of vasopressin in a rat model of trait anxiety. J Neurosci 24: 7762-7770. Takahashi LK. 2001. Role of cortocotropin-releasing factor 1 and corticotropin-releasing factor 2 receptors in fear and anxiety. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 25: 627-636. Griebel G, Simiand J, Stemmelin J, Serradeil-Le Gal C, Steinberg R. 2003. The vasopressin V1b receptor as a therapeutic target in stress-related disorders. Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord 2: 191-200. Keck ME, Welt T, Müller MB, Uhr M, Ohl F, Wigger A, et al. 2003. Reduction of hypothalamic vasopressinergic hyperdrive contributes to clinically relevant behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of chronic paroxetine treatment in a psychopathological rat model. Neuropsychopharmacology 28: 235-243. Gelernter J, Bonvicini K, Page G, Woods SW, Goddard AW, Kruger S, et al. 2001. Linkage genome scan for loci predisposing to panic disorder or agoraphobia. Am J Med Genet 105: 548-557. Erhardt A, Ising M, Unschuld PG, Kern N, Lucae S, Putz B, et al. 2006. Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system in patients with panic disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 31: 2515-2522. Binder EB, Salyakina D, Lichtner P, Wochnik GM, Ising M, Pütz B, et al. 2004. Polymorphisms in FKBP5 are associated with increased recurrence of depressive episodes and rapid response to antidepressant tretament. Nat Genet 36: 1319-1325. Griebel G, Simiand J, Serradeil-Le Gal C, Wagnon J, Pascal M, Scatton B, et al. 2002. Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of the non-peptide vasopressin V1b receptor antagonist, SSR 149415, suggest an innovative approach for the treatment of stress-related disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 6370-6375. Jessop DS. 1999. Review: Central non-glucocorticoid inhibitors of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Endocrinol 160: 169-180. Ramos AT, Troncone LR, Tufik S. 2006. Suppression of adrenocorticotrophic hormone secretion by simultaneous antagonism of vasopressin 1b and CRH-1 receptors on three different stress models. Neuroendocrinology 84: 309-316. Reul JMHM, Holsboer F. 2002. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors 1 and 2 in anxiety and depression. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2: 23-33. Hodgson RA, Higgins GA, Guthrie DH, Lu SX, Pond AJ, Mullins DE, et al. 2007. Comparison of the V1b antagonist, SSR149415, and the CRF1 antagonist, CP-154,526, in rodent models of anxiety and depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 86: 431-440. Manuzza S, Fyer AJ, Klein DF, Endicott J. 1986. Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia-Lifetime version modified for the study of anxiety disorders (SADS-LA): Rationale and conceptual development. J Psychiatr Res 20: 317-325. Cheng R, Juo SH, Loth JE, Nee J, Iossifov I, Blumenthal R, et al. 2006. Genome-wide linkage scan in a large bipolar disorder sample from the National Institute of Mental Health genetics initiative suggests putative loci for bipolar disorder, psychosis, suicide, and panic disorder. Mol Psychiatry 11: 252-260. Hosing VG, Schirmacher A, Kuhlenbaumer G, Freitag C, Sand P, Schlesiger C, et al. 2004. Cholecystokinin- and cholecystokinin-B-receptor gene polymorphisms in panic disorder. J Neural Transm 68 (Suppl): 147-156. Liebsch G, Landgraf R, Gerstberger R, Probst JC, Wotjak CT, Engelmann M, et al. 1995. Chronic infusion of a corticotropin-releasing hormone 1 receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotide into the central nucleus of the amygdala reduced anxiety-releated behavior in socially defeated rats. Regul Pept 59: 229-239. Wittchen HU. 1997. SKID-I: Strukturiertes klinisches Interview für DSM-IV, Achse I: Psychische Störungen. Goettingen: Hogrefe. Hamilton M. 1959. The assessment of anxiety by rating. Br J Med Psychol 32: 50-55. Robins LN, Wing J, Wittchen H-U, Helzer JE, Babor TF, Burke J, et al. 1988. The composite international diagnostic interview. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45: 1069-1077. Slawecki CJ, Somes C, Rivier JE, Ehlers CL. 1999. Neurophysiological effects of intracerebroventricular administration of urocortin. Peptides 20: 211-218. Müller MB, Holsboer F, Keck ME. 2002. Genetic modification of corticosteroid receptor signalling: Novel insights into pathophysiology and treatment strategies of human affective disorders. Neuropeptides 36: 117-131. Smoller JW, Yamaki LH, Fagerness JA, Biederman J, Racette S, Laird NM, et al. 2005. The corticotropin-releasing hormone gene and behavioral inhibition in children at risk for panic disorder. Biol Psychiatry 57: 1485-1492. Deckert J, Catalano M, Syagailo YV, Bosi M, Okladnova O, DiBella D, et al. 1999. Excess of high activity monoamine oxidase A gene promoter alleles in female patients with panic disorder. Hum Mol Genet 8: 621-624. Tharmalingam S, King N, De Luca V, Rothe C, Koszycki D, Bradwejn J, et al. 2006. Lack of association between the corticotrophin-releasing hormone receptor 2 gene and panic disorder. Psychiatr Genet 16: 93-97. Hamilton M. 1960. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 23: 56-62. Muller MB, Preil J, Renner U, Zimmermann S, Kresse AE, Stalla GK, et al. 2001. Expression of CRHR1 and CRHR2 in mouse pituitary and adrenal gland: Implications for HPA system regulation. Endocrinology 142: 4150-4153. Smoller JW, Acierno JS, Rosenbaum JF, Biederman J, Bulzacchelli M, Slaugenhaupt SA. 2001. Targeted genome screen of panic disorder and anxiety disorder proneness using homology to murine QTL regions. Am J Med Genet 105: 195-206. Perlis RH, Mischoulon D, Smoller JW, Wan YJ, Lamon-Fava S, Lin KM, et al. 2003. Serotonin transporter polymorphisms and adverse effects with fluoxetine treatment. Biol Psychiatry 54: 879-883. Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Chakrabarti A. 1998. Anxiogenic activity of intraventricularly administered arginine vasopressin in the rat. Biogenic Amines 14: 367-385. Hamilton SP, Slager SL, Heiman GA, Deng Z, Haghigi F, Klein DF, et al. 2002. Evidence for a susceptibility locus for paanic disorder near the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene on chromosome 22. Biol Psychiatry 51: 591-601. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, et al. 1994. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51: 8-19. Crowe RR, Goedken R, Samuelson S, Wilson R, Nelson J, Noyes R. 2001. Genomewide survey of panic disorder. Am J Med Genet 105: 105-109. Sanchez MM, Young LJ, Plotsky PM, Insel TR. 1999. Autoradiographic and in situ hybridization localization of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 and 2 receptors in nonhuman primate brain. J Comp Neurol 408: 365-377. Coryell W, Noyes R, Schlechte J. 1989. The significance of HPA axis disturbance in panic disorder. Biol Psychiatry 25: 989-1002. Domschke K, Hohoff C, Jacob C, Maier W, Fritze J, Bandelow B, et al. 2007. Chromosome 4q31-34panic disorder risk locus: Association of neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor variants. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. Finn DA, Rutledge-Gorman MT, Crabbe JC. 2003. Genetic animal models of anxiety. Neurogenetics 4: 109-135. Deckert J, Nothen MM, Franke P, Delmo C, Fritze J, Knapp M, et al. 1998. Systematic mutation screening and association study of the A(1) and A(2a) adenosine receptor genes in panic disorder suggest a contribution of the A(2a) gene to the development of disease. Mol Psychiatry 3: 81-85. Uhr M, Steckler T, Yassouridis A, Holsboer F. 2000. Penetration of amitriptyline, but not of fluoxetine, into brain is enhanced in mice with blood-brain barrier deficiency due to mdr1a P-glycoprotein gene disruption. Neuropsychopharmacology 22: 380-387. Sen S, Villafuerte S, Nesse R, Stoltenberg SF, Hopcian J, Gleiberman L, et al. 2004. Serotonin transporter and GABAA alpha 6 receptor variants are associated with neuroticism. Biol Psychiatry 55: 244-249. Keck ME, Wigger A, Welt T, Muller MB, Gesing A, Reul JM, et al. 2002. Vasopressin mediates the response of the combined dexamethasone/CRH test in hyper-anxious rats: Implications for pathogenesis of affective disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 26: 94-105. Zobel AW, Nickel T, Kunzel HE, Ackl N, Sonntag A, Ising M, Holsboer F. 2000. Effects of the high-affinity corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 antagonist R121919 in major depression: The first 20 patients treated. J Psychiatr Res 34: 171-181. Barrett JC, Fry B, Maller J, Daly MJ. 2005. Haploview: Analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps. Bioinformatics 21: 263-265. Dunn AJ, Berridge CW. 1990. Physiological and behavioral responses to corticotropin-releasing factor administration: Is CRF a mediator of anxiety or stress responses? Brain Res Rev 15: 71-100. Wittchen HU, Lachner G, Wunderlich U, Pfister H. 1998. Test-retest reliability of the computerized DSM-IV version of the Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 33: 568-578. Hamilton SP, Slager SL, Helleby L, Heiman GA, Klein DF, Hodge SE, et al. 2001. No association or linkage between polymorphisms in the genes encoding cholecystokinin and the cholecystokinin B receptor and 2006; 31 2001; 142 1990; 15 2002; 51 2002; 99 2004; 68 2004; 24 2004; 9 2005; 21 1999; 82 1998; 43 2005; 29 2003; 54 1999; 408 2001; 105 2004; 36 2003; 6 2004; 34 2003; 2 2003; 4 1988; 45 1959; 32 1996a; 153 1998; 55 1998; 14 2002; 36 1996b; 53 2003; 976 1995; 59 2006; 11 2006; 16 2000; 22 2002; 160q 1996; 93 2002; 2 1997 2007 1999; 20 1998; 138 1999; 8 1989; 25 2001; 25 1996; 10 1983; 36 1999 1995; 7 1993; 14 2004; 55 2002; 26 2007; 316 2006; 84 2001; 6 1986; 20 1960; 23 2004; 16 2000; 34 1999; 160 1994; 14 1998; 3 2003; 28 2007; 86 2003; 64 2001; 158 1994; 51 1998; 33 2005; 57 2005; 14 e_1_2_6_51_1 Gorman JM (e_1_2_6_21_1) 2003; 64 e_1_2_6_53_1 e_1_2_6_32_1 e_1_2_6_70_1 e_1_2_6_30_1 Muller MB (e_1_2_6_45_1) 2001; 142 e_1_2_6_19_1 Bandelow B (e_1_2_6_5_1) 1999 e_1_2_6_13_1 e_1_2_6_11_1 e_1_2_6_34_1 e_1_2_6_17_1 e_1_2_6_55_1 e_1_2_6_15_1 e_1_2_6_38_1 e_1_2_6_57_1 e_1_2_6_62_1 e_1_2_6_64_1 Domschke K (e_1_2_6_16_1) 2007 e_1_2_6_43_1 Bhattacharya SK (e_1_2_6_8_1) 1998; 14 e_1_2_6_20_1 e_1_2_6_41_1 e_1_2_6_60_1 e_1_2_6_9_1 e_1_2_6_7_1 e_1_2_6_24_1 e_1_2_6_49_1 e_1_2_6_3_1 e_1_2_6_22_1 e_1_2_6_66_1 e_1_2_6_28_1 e_1_2_6_26_1 e_1_2_6_47_1 e_1_2_6_68_1 e_1_2_6_52_1 e_1_2_6_54_1 e_1_2_6_10_1 e_1_2_6_31_1 e_1_2_6_50_1 Wittchen HU (e_1_2_6_67_1) 1997 e_1_2_6_14_1 e_1_2_6_35_1 e_1_2_6_12_1 e_1_2_6_33_1 e_1_2_6_18_1 e_1_2_6_39_1 e_1_2_6_56_1 e_1_2_6_37_1 e_1_2_6_58_1 Spina M (e_1_2_6_59_1) 2002; 160 e_1_2_6_63_1 e_1_2_6_42_1 e_1_2_6_65_1 e_1_2_6_40_1 e_1_2_6_61_1 Keck ME (e_1_2_6_36_1) 2002; 26 e_1_2_6_4_1 e_1_2_6_6_1 e_1_2_6_25_1 e_1_2_6_48_1 e_1_2_6_23_1 e_1_2_6_2_1 e_1_2_6_29_1 e_1_2_6_44_1 e_1_2_6_27_1 e_1_2_6_46_1 e_1_2_6_69_1 |
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Mol Psychiatry 3: 81-85. – reference: Cheng R, Juo SH, Loth JE, Nee J, Iossifov I, Blumenthal R, et al. 2006. Genome-wide linkage scan in a large bipolar disorder sample from the National Institute of Mental Health genetics initiative suggests putative loci for bipolar disorder, psychosis, suicide, and panic disorder. Mol Psychiatry 11: 252-260. – reference: Sen S, Villafuerte S, Nesse R, Stoltenberg SF, Hopcian J, Gleiberman L, et al. 2004. Serotonin transporter and GABAA alpha 6 receptor variants are associated with neuroticism. Biol Psychiatry 55: 244-249. – reference: Montkowski A, Barden N, Wotjak C, Stec I, Ganster J, Meaney M, et al. 1995. Long-term antidepressant treatment reduces behavioural deficits in transgenic mice with impaired glucocorticoid receptor function. J Neuroendocrinol 7: 841-845. – reference: Dunn AJ, Berridge CW. 1990. Physiological and behavioral responses to corticotropin-releasing factor administration: Is CRF a mediator of anxiety or stress responses? Brain Res Rev 15: 71-100. – reference: Zobel AW, Nickel T, Kunzel HE, Ackl N, Sonntag A, Ising M, Holsboer F. 2000. Effects of the high-affinity corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 antagonist R121919 in major depression: The first 20 patients treated. J Psychiatr Res 34: 171-181. – reference: Liebsch G, Landgraf R, Gerstberger R, Probst JC, Wotjak CT, Engelmann M, et al. 1995. Chronic infusion of a corticotropin-releasing hormone 1 receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotide into the central nucleus of the amygdala reduced anxiety-releated behavior in socially defeated rats. Regul Pept 59: 229-239. – reference: Barberis C, Tribollet E. 1996. Vasopressin and oxytocin receptors in the central nervous system. Crit Rev Neurobiol 10: 119-154. – reference: Uhr M, Steckler T, Yassouridis A, Holsboer F. 2000. Penetration of amitriptyline, but not of fluoxetine, into brain is enhanced in mice with blood-brain barrier deficiency due to mdr1a P-glycoprotein gene disruption. Neuropsychopharmacology 22: 380-387. – reference: Deckert J, Catalano M, Syagailo YV, Bosi M, Okladnova O, DiBella D, et al. 1999. Excess of high activity monoamine oxidase A gene promoter alleles in female patients with panic disorder. Hum Mol Genet 8: 621-624. – reference: Tharmalingam S, King N, De Luca V, Rothe C, Koszycki D, Bradwejn J, et al. 2006. Lack of association between the corticotrophin-releasing hormone receptor 2 gene and panic disorder. Psychiatr Genet 16: 93-97. – reference: Stenzel-Poore MP, Heinrichs SC, Rivest S, Koob GF, Vale WW. 1994. Overproduction of corticotropin-releasing factor in transgenic mice: A genetic model of anxiogenic behavior. J Neurosci 14: 2579-2584. – reference: Ramos AT, Troncone LR, Tufik S. 2006. Suppression of adrenocorticotrophic hormone secretion by simultaneous antagonism of vasopressin 1b and CRH-1 receptors on three different stress models. Neuroendocrinology 84: 309-316. – reference: Abelson JL, Curtis GC. 1996b. 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Title | Combined effects of exonic polymorphisms in CRHR1 and AVPR1B genes in a case/control study for panic disorder |
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