Cellular Mechanisms in Higher Plants Governing Tolerance to Cadmium Toxicity

Cadmium (Cd) is an inorganic mineral in the earth's crust. Cadmium entry into the environment occurs through geogenic and anthropogenic sources. Industrial activities including mining, electroplating, iron and steel plants, and battery production employ Cd during their processes and often relea...

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Published inCritical reviews in plant sciences Vol. 33; no. 5; pp. 374 - 391
Main Authors Choppala, Girish, Saifullah, Bolan, Nanthi, Bibi, Sadia, Iqbal, Muhammad, Rengel, Zed, Kunhikrishnan, Anitha, Ashwath, Nanjappa, Ok, Yong Sik
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Philadelphia, PA Taylor & Francis 03.09.2014
Taylor & Francis Ltd
Subjects
Agricultural ecosystems
agroecosystems
anthropogenic activities
Anthropogenic factors
antioxidant activity
Biological and medical sciences
Botany
Cadmium
Cellular
Chlorophyll
compartmentalization
Crop production
defense mechanisms
Ecosystem studies
Electroplating
enzymes
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
growth retardation
Industrial areas
Iron
Iron and steel plants
leaves
Manganese
metal tolerance
Metallothioneins
mining
neutralization
Nutrient concentrations
nutrient content
Photosynthesis
phytochelatins
Phytotoxicity
Plant growth
plants
Protective
roots
Selenium
soil
steel
Strategy
stress mitigation
Toxicity
Transpiration
vacuoles
Zinc
Compartmentalization
Cadmium
phytochelatins
Toxicity
Tolerance
Review
Mechanism
Stress
stress mitigation
plants
Spermatophyta
Plant sciences
metallothioneins
Metallothionein
Phytochelatin
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Abstract Cadmium (Cd) is an inorganic mineral in the earth's crust. Cadmium entry into the environment occurs through geogenic and anthropogenic sources. Industrial activities including mining, electroplating, iron and steel plants, and battery production employ Cd during their processes and often release Cd into the environment. When disseminated into soil, Cd can be detrimental to agro-ecosystems because it is relatively mobile and phytotoxic even at low concentrations. Cadmium's phytotoxicity is due to reductions in the rate of transpiration and photosynthesis and chlorophyll concentration resulting in retardation of plant growth, and an alteration in the nutrient concentration in roots and leaves. In response to Cd toxicity, plants have developed protective cellular mechanisms such as synthesis of phytochelatins and metallothioneins, metal compartmentalization in vacuoles, and the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes to neutralize Cd-induced toxicity. While these direct protective mechanisms can help alleviate Cd toxicity, other indirect mechanisms such as microelements (zinc, iron, manganese, and selenium) interfering with Cd uptake may decrease Cd concentration in plants. This comprehensive review encompasses the significance of Cd, portals of contamination and toxicity to plants, and implications for crop production. Various mitigation strategies with the beneficial effects of zinc, iron, manganese, and selenium in activating defence mechanisms against Cd stress are discussed. Furthermore, this review systematically identifies and summarises suitable strategies for mitigating Cd-induced toxicity in plants.
AbstractList Cadmium (Cd) is an inorganic mineral in the earth's crust. Cadmium entry into the environment occurs through geogenic and anthropogenic sources. Industrial activities including mining, electroplating, iron and steel plants, and battery production employ Cd during their processes and often release Cd into the environment. When disseminated into soil, Cd can be detrimental to agro-ecosystems because it is relatively mobile and phytotoxic even at low concentrations. Cadmium's phytotoxicity is due to reductions in the rate of transpiration and photosynthesis and chlorophyll concentration resulting in retardation of plant growth, and an alteration in the nutrient concentration in roots and leaves. In response to Cd toxicity, plants have developed protective cellular mechanisms such as synthesis of phytochelatins and metallothioneins, metal compartmentalization in vacuoles, and the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes to neutralize Cd-induced toxicity. While these direct protective mechanisms can help alleviate Cd toxicity, other indirect mechanisms such as microelements (zinc, iron, manganese, and selenium) interfering with Cd uptake may decrease Cd concentration in plants. This comprehensive review encompasses the significance of Cd, portals of contamination and toxicity to plants, and implications for crop production. Various mitigation strategies with the beneficial effects of zinc, iron, manganese, and selenium in activating defence mechanisms against Cd stress are discussed. Furthermore, this review systematically identifies and summarises suitable strategies for mitigating Cd-induced toxicity in plants.
Author Iqbal, Muhammad
Kunhikrishnan, Anitha
Saifullah
Bibi, Sadia
Ok, Yong Sik
Choppala, Girish
Ashwath, Nanjappa
Rengel, Zed
Bolan, Nanthi
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Girish
  surname: Choppala
  fullname: Choppala, Girish
  organization: Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, PO Box 486
– sequence: 2
  surname: Saifullah
  fullname: Saifullah
  email: saifullagoraya@gmail.com
  organization: Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Nanthi
  surname: Bolan
  fullname: Bolan, Nanthi
  organization: Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, PO Box 486
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Sadia
  surname: Bibi
  fullname: Bibi, Sadia
  organization: Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Muhammad
  surname: Iqbal
  fullname: Iqbal, Muhammad
  organization: Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Zed
  surname: Rengel
  fullname: Rengel, Zed
  organization: School of Earth and Environment, M087, University of Western Australia 35-Stirling Highway
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Anitha
  surname: Kunhikrishnan
  fullname: Kunhikrishnan, Anitha
  organization: Chemical Safety Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Nanjappa
  surname: Ashwath
  fullname: Ashwath, Nanjappa
  organization: Centre for Plant and Water Science, Central Queensland University
– sequence: 9
  givenname: Yong Sik
  surname: Ok
  fullname: Ok, Yong Sik
  organization: Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University
BackLink http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=28610394$$DView record in Pascal Francis
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CODEN CRPSD3
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Keywords Compartmentalization
Cadmium
phytochelatins
Toxicity
Tolerance
Review
Mechanism
Stress
stress mitigation
plants
Spermatophyta
Plant sciences
metallothioneins
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Snippet Cadmium (Cd) is an inorganic mineral in the earth's crust. Cadmium entry into the environment occurs through geogenic and anthropogenic sources. Industrial...
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SubjectTerms Agricultural ecosystems
agroecosystems
anthropogenic activities
Anthropogenic factors
antioxidant activity
Biological and medical sciences
Botany
Cadmium
Cellular
Chlorophyll
compartmentalization
Crop production
defense mechanisms
Ecosystem studies
Electroplating
enzymes
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
growth retardation
Industrial areas
Iron
Iron and steel plants
leaves
Manganese
metal tolerance
Metallothioneins
mining
neutralization
Nutrient concentrations
nutrient content
Photosynthesis
phytochelatins
Phytotoxicity
Plant growth
plants
Protective
roots
Selenium
soil
steel
Strategy
stress mitigation
Toxicity
Transpiration
vacuoles
Zinc
Title Cellular Mechanisms in Higher Plants Governing Tolerance to Cadmium Toxicity
URI https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07352689.2014.903747
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Volume 33
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