High expression of ALDH1 and SOX2 diffuse staining pattern of oral squamous cell carcinomas correlates to lymph node metastasis

One of the major factors involved in the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients is metastasis. Recent progress in cancer stem‐like cell/cancer‐initiating cell (CSC/CIC) research indicates that CSCs are related to metastasis. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 – (ALDH1) and SRY‐related HMG‐b...

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Published in	Pathology international Vol. 62; no. 10; pp. 684 - 689
Main Authors	Michifuri, Yoshitaka, Hirohashi, Yoshihiko, Torigoe, Toshihiko, Miyazaki, Akihiro, Kobayashi, Junichi, Sasaki, Takanori, Fujino, Jyunki, Asanuma, Hiroko, Tamura, Yasuaki, Nakamori, Kenji, Hasegawa, Tadashi, Hiratsuka, Hiroyoshi, Sato, Noriyuki
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Melbourne, Australia Blackwell Publishing Asia 01.10.2012
Subjects	Aged ALDH1 Biomarkers, Tumor - metabolism cancer stem cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell - metabolism Carcinoma, Squamous Cell - secondary Female Humans Isoenzymes - metabolism lymph node metastasis Lymph Nodes - metabolism Lymph Nodes - pathology Lymphatic Metastasis Male Middle Aged Mouth Neoplasms - metabolism Mouth Neoplasms - pathology Neoplasm Grading Neoplastic Stem Cells - metabolism Neoplastic Stem Cells - pathology oral squamous cell carcinoma Prognosis Retinal Dehydrogenase - metabolism SOX2 SOXB1 Transcription Factors - metabolism
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Abstract	One of the major factors involved in the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients is metastasis. Recent progress in cancer stem‐like cell/cancer‐initiating cell (CSC/CIC) research indicates that CSCs are related to metastasis. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 – (ALDH1) and SRY‐related HMG‐box gene 2 (SOX2) have recently been shown to be putative CSC markers for several human malignancies. The aim of this study was to determine the association of ALDH1 and SOX2 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemical staining of ALDH1, SOX2 and Ki67 was performed in 80 OSCC tissues. High expression rates of ALDH1 (2%–40%) were found to be related to lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0017). Interestingly, we found that SOX2 staining could be classified into two patterns: (i) peripheral staining pattern; and (ii) diffuse staining pattern. The diffuse staining pattern showed a significant correlation with lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001). No correlation was found between Ki67 staining and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.4724). The ALDH1 positive staining rates in metastatic lymph nodes were higher than that in corresponding primary OSCC tissues. These results indicate that high expression rates of ALDH1 and SOX2 diffuse staining patterns might be novel prediction markers for OSCC lymph node metastasis.
AbstractList	One of the major factors involved in the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients is metastasis. Recent progress in cancer stem-like cell/cancer-initiating cell (CSC/CIC) research indicates that CSCs are related to metastasis. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 - (ALDH1) and SRY-related HMG-box gene 2 (SOX2) have recently been shown to be putative CSC markers for several human malignancies. The aim of this study was to determine the association of ALDH1 and SOX2 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemical staining of ALDH1, SOX2 and Ki67 was performed in 80 OSCC tissues. High expression rates of ALDH1 (2%-40%) were found to be related to lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0017). Interestingly, we found that SOX2 staining could be classified into two patterns: (i) peripheral staining pattern; and (ii) diffuse staining pattern. The diffuse staining pattern showed a significant correlation with lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001). No correlation was found between Ki67 staining and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.4724). The ALDH1 positive staining rates in metastatic lymph nodes were higher than that in corresponding primary OSCC tissues. These results indicate that high expression rates of ALDH1 and SOX2 diffuse staining patterns might be novel prediction markers for OSCC lymph node metastasis. One of the major factors involved in the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients is metastasis. Recent progress in cancer stem‐like cell/cancer‐initiating cell (CSC/CIC) research indicates that CSCs are related to metastasis. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 – (ALDH1) and SRY‐related HMG‐box gene 2 (SOX2) have recently been shown to be putative CSC markers for several human malignancies. The aim of this study was to determine the association of ALDH1 and SOX2 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemical staining of ALDH1, SOX2 and Ki67 was performed in 80 OSCC tissues. High expression rates of ALDH1 (2%–40%) were found to be related to lymph node metastasis ( P = 0.0017). Interestingly, we found that SOX2 staining could be classified into two patterns: (i) peripheral staining pattern; and (ii) diffuse staining pattern. The diffuse staining pattern showed a significant correlation with lymph node metastasis ( P < 0.001). No correlation was found between Ki67 staining and lymph node metastasis ( P = 0.4724). The ALDH1 positive staining rates in metastatic lymph nodes were higher than that in corresponding primary OSCC tissues. These results indicate that high expression rates of ALDH1 and SOX2 diffuse staining patterns might be novel prediction markers for OSCC lymph node metastasis. One of the major factors involved in the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients is metastasis. Recent progress in cancer stem-like cell/cancer-initiating cell (CSC/CIC) research indicates that CSCs are related to metastasis. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 - (ALDH1) and SRY-related HMG-box gene 2 (SOX2) have recently been shown to be putative CSC markers for several human malignancies. The aim of this study was to determine the association of ALDH1 and SOX2 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemical staining of ALDH1, SOX2 and Ki67 was performed in 80 OSCC tissues. High expression rates of ALDH1 (2%-40%) were found to be related to lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0017). Interestingly, we found that SOX2 staining could be classified into two patterns: (i) peripheral staining pattern; and (ii) diffuse staining pattern. The diffuse staining pattern showed a significant correlation with lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001). No correlation was found between Ki67 staining and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.4724). The ALDH1 positive staining rates in metastatic lymph nodes were higher than that in corresponding primary OSCC tissues. These results indicate that high expression rates of ALDH1 and SOX2 diffuse staining patterns might be novel prediction markers for OSCC lymph node metastasis.One of the major factors involved in the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients is metastasis. Recent progress in cancer stem-like cell/cancer-initiating cell (CSC/CIC) research indicates that CSCs are related to metastasis. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 - (ALDH1) and SRY-related HMG-box gene 2 (SOX2) have recently been shown to be putative CSC markers for several human malignancies. The aim of this study was to determine the association of ALDH1 and SOX2 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemical staining of ALDH1, SOX2 and Ki67 was performed in 80 OSCC tissues. High expression rates of ALDH1 (2%-40%) were found to be related to lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0017). Interestingly, we found that SOX2 staining could be classified into two patterns: (i) peripheral staining pattern; and (ii) diffuse staining pattern. The diffuse staining pattern showed a significant correlation with lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001). No correlation was found between Ki67 staining and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.4724). The ALDH1 positive staining rates in metastatic lymph nodes were higher than that in corresponding primary OSCC tissues. These results indicate that high expression rates of ALDH1 and SOX2 diffuse staining patterns might be novel prediction markers for OSCC lymph node metastasis.
Author	Asanuma, Hiroko Michifuri, Yoshitaka Kobayashi, Junichi Hiratsuka, Hiroyoshi Miyazaki, Akihiro Tamura, Yasuaki Torigoe, Toshihiko Sato, Noriyuki Fujino, Jyunki Hasegawa, Tadashi Sasaki, Takanori Hirohashi, Yoshihiko Nakamori, Kenji
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References_xml	– reference: Park CY, Tseng D, Weissman IL. Cancer stem cell-directed therapies: Recent data from the laboratory and clinic. Mol Ther 2009; 17: 219-30. – reference: Yoshida A. Molecular genetics of human aldehyde dehydrogenase. Pharmacogenetics 1992; 2: 139-47. – reference: Nakatsugawa M, Takahashi A, Hirohashi Y et al. SOX2 is overexpressed in stem-like cells of human lung adenocarcinoma and augments the tumorigenicity. Lab Invest 2011; 91: 1796-804. – reference: Yao M, Epstein JB, Modi BJ, Pytynia KB, Mundt AJ, Feldman LE. Current surgical treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Oral Oncol 2007; 43: 213-23. – reference: Nishida S, Hirohashi Y, Torigoe T et al. Gene expression profiles of prostate cancer stem cells isolated by ALDH activity assay. J Urol 2012; 188: 294-9. – reference: Rodrigues VC, Moss SM, Tuomainen H. Oral cancer in the UK: To screen or not to screen. Oral Oncol 1998; 34: 454-65. – reference: Armstrong L, Stojkovic M, Dimmick I et al. Phenotypic characterization of murine primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells isolated on basis of aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. Stem Cells 2004; 22: 1142-51. – reference: Du L, Yang Y, Xiao X et al. Sox2 nuclear expression is closely associated with poor prognosis in patients with histologically node-negative oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2011; 47: 709-13. – reference: Hirohashi Y, Torigoe T, Inoda S et al. Immune response against tumor antigens expressed on human cancer stem-like cells/tumor-initiating cells. Immunotherapy 2010; 2: 201-11. – reference: Freier K, Knoepfle K, Flechtenmacher C et al. Recurrent copy number gain of transcription factor SOX2 and corresponding high protein expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2010; 49: 9-16. – reference: Wang J, Rao S, Chu J et al. A protein interaction network for pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. 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Snippet	One of the major factors involved in the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients is metastasis. Recent progress in cancer stem‐like... One of the major factors involved in the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients is metastasis. Recent progress in cancer stem-like...
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SubjectTerms	Aged ALDH1 Biomarkers, Tumor - metabolism cancer stem cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell - metabolism Carcinoma, Squamous Cell - secondary Female Humans Isoenzymes - metabolism lymph node metastasis Lymph Nodes - metabolism Lymph Nodes - pathology Lymphatic Metastasis Male Middle Aged Mouth Neoplasms - metabolism Mouth Neoplasms - pathology Neoplasm Grading Neoplastic Stem Cells - metabolism Neoplastic Stem Cells - pathology oral squamous cell carcinoma Prognosis Retinal Dehydrogenase - metabolism SOX2 SOXB1 Transcription Factors - metabolism
Title	High expression of ALDH1 and SOX2 diffuse staining pattern of oral squamous cell carcinomas correlates to lymph node metastasis
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