A wintertime in situ profile of BrO between 17 and 27 km in the Arctic vortex
The vertical profile of bromine oxide (BrO) was measured in situ from a balloon launched near Kiruna, Sweden (68°N, 21°E) at sunrise on February 3, 1995. BrO mixing ratios of 10±2 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) were observed at high solar zenith angles (90–92°) between 20 and 23 km in a layer t...
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Published in | Geophysical research letters Vol. 24; no. 8; pp. 853 - 856 |
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Main Authors | , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Washington, DC
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
15.04.1997
American Geophysical Union |
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Abstract | The vertical profile of bromine oxide (BrO) was measured in situ from a balloon launched near Kiruna, Sweden (68°N, 21°E) at sunrise on February 3, 1995. BrO mixing ratios of 10±2 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) were observed at high solar zenith angles (90–92°) between 20 and 23 km in a layer that coincided with significantly enhanced abundances of ClO. Above 23 km, where ClO mixing ratios typical of midlatitudes were observed, BrO mixing ratios ranged from 5 to 11 pptv, increasing nearly monotonically with increasing altitude and decreasing solar zenith angle. The measurements indicate that 30 to 60% of the total bromine (assuming 18 pptv total bromine) is in the form of BrO between 23 and 27 km at these latitudes in winter. These results are consistent with lower altitude measurements of BrO from the NASA ER‐2 at similar latitudes and season. Observations of higher fractions of BrO (50 to 95% of total bromine) in the chemically perturbed region at sunrise imply the rapid release of bromine from a photolabile reservoir species, such as BrCl. |
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AbstractList | The vertical profile of bromine oxide (BrO) was measured in situ from a balloon launched near Kiruna, Sweden (68 degree N, 21 degree E) at sunrise on February 3, 1995. BrO mixing ratios of 10 plus or minus 2 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) were observed at high solar zenith angles (90-92 degree ) between 20 and 23 km in a layer that coincided with significantly enhanced abundances of ClO. Above 23 km, where ClO mixing ratios typical of midlatitudes were observed, BrO mixing ratios ranged from 5 to 11 pptv, increasing nearly monotonically with increasing altitude and decreasing solar zenith angle. The measurements indicate that 30 to 60% of the total bromine (assuming 18 pptv total bromine) is in the form of BrO between 23 and 27 km at these latitudes in winter. These results are consistent with lower altitude measurements of BrO from the NASA ER-2 at similar latitudes and season. Observations of higher fractions of BrO (50 to 95% of total bromine) in the chemically perturbed region at sunrise imply the rapid release of bromine from a photolabile reservoir species, such as BrCl. The vertical profile of bromine oxide (BrO) was measured in situ from a balloon launched near Kiruna, Sweden (68°N, 21°E) at sunrise on February 3, 1995. BrO mixing ratios of 10±2 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) were observed at high solar zenith angles (90–92°) between 20 and 23 km in a layer that coincided with significantly enhanced abundances of ClO. Above 23 km, where ClO mixing ratios typical of midlatitudes were observed, BrO mixing ratios ranged from 5 to 11 pptv, increasing nearly monotonically with increasing altitude and decreasing solar zenith angle. The measurements indicate that 30 to 60% of the total bromine (assuming 18 pptv total bromine) is in the form of BrO between 23 and 27 km at these latitudes in winter. These results are consistent with lower altitude measurements of BrO from the NASA ER‐2 at similar latitudes and season. Observations of higher fractions of BrO (50 to 95% of total bromine) in the chemically perturbed region at sunrise imply the rapid release of bromine from a photolabile reservoir species, such as BrCl. The vertical profile of bromine oxide (BrO) was measured in situ from a balloon launched near Kiruna, Sweden (68 degrees N, 21 degrees E) at sunrise on February 3, 1995. BrO mixing ratios of 10 plus or minus 2 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) were observed at high solar zenith angles (90-92 degrees ) between 20 and 23 km in a layer that coincided with significantly enhanced abundances of ClO. Above 23 km, where ClO mixing ratios typical of midlatitudes were observed, BrO mixing ratios ranged from 5 to 11 pptv, increasing nearly monotonically with increasing altitude and decreasing solar zenith angle. The measurements indicate that 30 to 60% of the total bromine (assuming 18 pptv total bromine) is in the form of BrO between 23 and 27 km at these latitudes in winter. These results are consistent with lower altitude measurements of BrO from the NASA ER-2 at similar latitudes and season. Observations of higher fractions of BrO (50 to 95% of total bromine) in the chemically perturbed region at sunrise imply the rapid release of bromine from a photolabile reservoir species, such as BrCl. |
Author | McKinney, Karena A. Toohey, Darin W. Pierson, James M. |
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References | Avallone, L. M.D. W. TooheyM. H. ProffittJ. J. MargitanK. R. ChanJ. G. Anderson, In situ measurements of ClO at mid-latitudes: Is there an effect from Mt. Pinatubo? Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2519, 1993 Wahner, A.J. CalliesH.-P. DornU. PlattC. Schiller, Near UV atmospheric absorption measurements of column abundances during Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition, January-February 1989: 3. BrO observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 517, 1990 Brune, W. H.J. G. AndersonK. R. Chan, In situ observations of BrO over Antarctica: ER-2 aircraft results from 5°S to 72°S latitude, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 16639, 1989 Schauffler, S. M.L. E. HeidtW. H. PollockT. M. GilpinJ. F. VedderS. SolomonR. A. LuebE. L. Atlas, Measurements of halogenated organic compounds near the tropical tropopause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2567, 1993 Wofsy, S. C.M. B. McElroyY. L. Yung, The chemistry of atmospheric bromine, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2, 215, 1975 Carroll, M. A.R. W. SandersS. SolomonA. L. Schmeltekopf, Visible and near-ultraviolet spectroscopy at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, 6. Observations of BrO, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 16633, 1989 Brune, W. H.J. G. Anderson, In situ observations of midlatitude stratospheric ClO and BrO, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 1391, 1986 Fabian, P.R. BorchersK. Kourtidis, Bromine-containing source gases during EASOE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1219, 1994 Toohey, D. W.J. G. AndersonW. H. BruneK. R. Chan, In situ measurements of BrO in the Arctic stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 513, 1990 Wahner, A.C. Schiller, Twilight variation of vertical column abundances of OClO and BrO in the North Polar region, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 8047, 1992 Pierson, J. M.K. A. McKinneyD. W. TooheyA. EngelP. A. Newman, In situ balloon measurement and modeling studies of ClO in the Arctic Vortex, J. Atm. Chem., 1997 Fish, D. J.R. L. JonesE. K. Strong, Midlatitude observations of the diurnal variation of stratospheric BrO, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18863, 1995 Avallone, L. M.D. W. TooheyS. M. SchaufflerW. H. PollockL. E. HeidtE. L. Atlas, In situ measurements of BrO during AASE II, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 831, 1995 1997 1975; 2 1989; 94 1994 1995; 100 1992; 97 1990; 17 1986; 13 1993; 20 1995; 22 1994; 21 e_1_2_1_7_1 e_1_2_1_8_1 e_1_2_1_5_1 e_1_2_1_6_1 Pierson J. M. (e_1_2_1_9_1) 1997 e_1_2_1_3_1 e_1_2_1_12_1 e_1_2_1_4_1 e_1_2_1_13_1 e_1_2_1_10_1 e_1_2_1_2_1 e_1_2_1_11_1 e_1_2_1_14_1 e_1_2_1_15_1 |
References_xml | – volume: 2 start-page: 215 year: 1975 article-title: The chemistry of atmospheric bromine publication-title: Geophys. Res. Lett. – year: 1997 article-title: In situ balloon measurement and modeling studies of ClO in the Arctic Vortex publication-title: J. Atm. Chem. – volume: 20 start-page: 2519 year: 1993 article-title: In situ measurements of ClO at mid‐latitudes: Is there an effect from Mt. Pinatubo? publication-title: Geophys. Res. Lett. – volume: 22 start-page: 831 year: 1995 article-title: In situ measurements of BrO during AASE II publication-title: Geophys. Res. Lett. – volume: 13 start-page: 1391 year: 1986 article-title: In situ observations of midlatitude stratospheric ClO and BrO publication-title: Geophys. Res. Lett. – volume: 17 start-page: 517 year: 1990 article-title: Near UV atmospheric absorption measurements of column abundances during Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition, January‐February 1989: 3. BrO observations publication-title: Geophys. Res. Lett. – volume: 94 start-page: 16633 year: 1989 article-title: Visible and near‐ultraviolet spectroscopy at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, 6. Observations of BrO publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. – volume: 20 start-page: 2567 year: 1993 article-title: Measurements of halogenated organic compounds near the tropical tropopause publication-title: Geophys. Res. Lett. – volume: 94 start-page: 16639 year: 1989 article-title: In situ observations of BrO over Antarctica: ER‐2 aircraft results from 5°S to 72°S latitude publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. – volume: 21 start-page: 1219 year: 1994 article-title: Bromine‐containing source gases during EASOE publication-title: Geophys. Res. Lett. – year: 1994 – volume: 100 start-page: 18863 year: 1995 article-title: Midlatitude observations of the diurnal variation of stratospheric BrO publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. – volume: 17 start-page: 513 year: 1990 article-title: In situ measurements of BrO in the Arctic stratosphere publication-title: Geophys. Res. Lett. – volume: 97 start-page: 8047 year: 1992 article-title: Twilight variation of vertical column abundances of OClO and BrO in the North Polar region publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. – ident: e_1_2_1_14_1 – ident: e_1_2_1_3_1 doi: 10.1029/95GL00393 – ident: e_1_2_1_12_1 doi: 10.1029/GL017i004p00517 – ident: e_1_2_1_11_1 doi: 10.1029/GL017i004p00513 – ident: e_1_2_1_13_1 doi: 10.1029/91JD01513 – ident: e_1_2_1_15_1 doi: 10.1029/GL002i006p00215 – ident: e_1_2_1_4_1 doi: 10.1029/GL013i013p01391 – ident: e_1_2_1_5_1 doi: 10.1029/JD094iD14p16639 – ident: e_1_2_1_6_1 doi: 10.1029/JD094iD14p16633 – ident: e_1_2_1_8_1 doi: 10.1029/95JD01944 – ident: e_1_2_1_2_1 doi: 10.1029/93GL02418 – ident: e_1_2_1_10_1 doi: 10.1029/93GL02840 – ident: e_1_2_1_7_1 doi: 10.1029/93GL03044 – year: 1997 ident: e_1_2_1_9_1 article-title: In situ balloon measurement and modeling studies of ClO in the Arctic Vortex publication-title: J. Atm. Chem. contributor: fullname: Pierson J. M. |
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Snippet | The vertical profile of bromine oxide (BrO) was measured in situ from a balloon launched near Kiruna, Sweden (68°N, 21°E) at sunrise on February 3, 1995. BrO... The vertical profile of bromine oxide (BrO) was measured in situ from a balloon launched near Kiruna, Sweden (68 degree N, 21 degree E) at sunrise on February... The vertical profile of bromine oxide (BrO) was measured in situ from a balloon launched near Kiruna, Sweden (68 degrees N, 21 degrees E) at sunrise on... |
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SubjectTerms | Altitude Atmospheric composition. Chemical and photochemical reactions Bromine Bromine compounds Chlorine compounds Earth, ocean, space Exact sciences and technology External geophysics Latitude Mixing ratios NASA Physics of the high neutral atmosphere Q1 Sunrise Winter Zenith |
Title | A wintertime in situ profile of BrO between 17 and 27 km in the Arctic vortex |
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