Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and Lamb’s Quarters (Chenopodium album L.) Populations Exhibit a High Degree of Morphological and Biochemical Diversity
Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Chenopodium album L. are noxious weeds that have a cosmopolitan distribution. These species successfully invade and are adapted to a wide variety of diverse climates. In this paper, we evaluated the morphology and biochemistry of 16 populations of A. retroflexus L. and...
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| Published in | Frontiers in plant science Vol. 12; p. 593037 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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| Abstract | Amaranthus retroflexus
L. and
Chenopodium album
L. are noxious weeds that have a cosmopolitan distribution. These species successfully invade and are adapted to a wide variety of diverse climates. In this paper, we evaluated the morphology and biochemistry of 16 populations of
A. retroflexus
L. and 17 populations of
C. album
L. Seeds from populations collected from Spain, France, and Iran were grown together at the experimental field of the agriculture research of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, and a suite of morphological traits and biochemical traits were assessed. Among the populations of
A. retroflexus
L. and of
C. album
L. were observed significant differences for all the measured traits. The number of branches (BN) for
A. retroflexus
L. (12.22) and inflorescence length (FL; 14.34) for
C. album
L. were the two characteristics that exhibited the maximum coefficient of variation. Principal component analysis of these data identified four principal components for each species that explained 83.54 (
A. retroflexus
L.) and 88.98 (
C. album
L.) of the total variation. A dendrogram based on unweighted neighbor-joining method clustered all the
A. retroflexus
L. and
C. album
L. into two main clusters and four sub-clusters. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to evaluate relationships between climate classification of origin and traits. Similarly, the measured characteristics did not group along Köppen climate classification. Both analyses support the conclusion that
A. retroflexus
L. and
C. album
L. exhibit high levels of diversity despite similar environmental histories. Both species also exhibit a high diversity of the measured biochemical compounds indicating that they exhibit different metabolic profiles even when grown concurrently and sympatrically. Several of the biochemical constituents identified in our study could serve as effective indices for indirect selection of stresses resistance/tolerance of
A. retroflexus
L. and
C. album
L. The diversity of the morphological and biochemical traits observed among these populations illustrates how the unique selection pressures faced by each population can alter the biology of these plants. This understanding provides new insights to how these invasive plant species successfully colonize diverse ecosystems and suggests methods for their management under novel and changing environmental conditions. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Chenopodium album L. are noxious weeds that have a cosmopolitan distribution. These species successfully invade and are adapted to a wide variety of diverse climates. In this paper, we evaluated the morphology and biochemistry of 16 populations of A. retroflexus L. and 17 populations of C. album L. Seeds from populations collected from Spain, France, and Iran were grown together at the experimental field of the agriculture research of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, and a suite of morphological traits and biochemical traits were assessed. Among the populations of A. retroflexus L. and of C. album L. were observed significant differences for all the measured traits. The number of branches (BN) for A. retroflexus L. (12.22) and inflorescence length (FL; 14.34) for C. album L. were the two characteristics that exhibited the maximum coefficient of variation. Principal component analysis of these data identified four principal components for each species that explained 83.54 (A. retroflexus L.) and 88.98 (C. album L.) of the total variation. A dendrogram based on unweighted neighbor-joining method clustered all the A. retroflexus L. and C. album L. into two main clusters and four sub-clusters. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to evaluate relationships between climate classification of origin and traits. Similarly, the measured characteristics did not group along Köppen climate classification. Both analyses support the conclusion that A. retroflexus L. and C. album L. exhibit high levels of diversity despite similar environmental histories. Both species also exhibit a high diversity of the measured biochemical compounds indicating that they exhibit different metabolic profiles even when grown concurrently and sympatrically. Several of the biochemical constituents identified in our study could serve as effective indices for indirect selection of stresses resistance/tolerance of A. retroflexus L. and C. album L. The diversity of the morphological and biochemical traits observed among these populations illustrates how the unique selection pressures faced by each population can alter the biology of these plants. This understanding provides new insights to how these invasive plant species successfully colonize diverse ecosystems and suggests methods for their management under novel and changing environmental conditions. Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Chenopodium album L. are noxious weeds that have a cosmopolitan distribution. These species successfully invade and are adapted to a wide variety of diverse climates. In this paper, we evaluated the morphology and biochemistry of 16 populations of A. retroflexus L. and 17 populations of C. album L. Seeds from populations collected from Spain, France, and Iran were grown together at the experimental field of the agriculture research of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, and a suite of morphological traits and biochemical traits were assessed. Among the populations of A. retroflexus L. and of C. album L. were observed significant differences for all the measured traits. The number of branches (BN) for A. retroflexus L. (12.22) and inflorescence length (FL; 14.34) for C. album L. were the two characteristics that exhibited the maximum coefficient of variation. Principal component analysis of these data identified four principal components for each species that explained 83.54 ( A. retroflexus L.) and 88.98 ( C. album L.) of the total variation. A dendrogram based on unweighted neighbor-joining method clustered all the A. retroflexus L. and C. album L. into two main clusters and four sub-clusters. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to evaluate relationships between climate classification of origin and traits. Similarly, the measured characteristics did not group along Köppen climate classification. Both analyses support the conclusion that A. retroflexus L. and C. album L. exhibit high levels of diversity despite similar environmental histories. Both species also exhibit a high diversity of the measured biochemical compounds indicating that they exhibit different metabolic profiles even when grown concurrently and sympatrically. Several of the biochemical constituents identified in our study could serve as effective indices for indirect selection of stresses resistance/tolerance of A. retroflexus L. and C. album L. The diversity of the morphological and biochemical traits observed among these populations illustrates how the unique selection pressures faced by each population can alter the biology of these plants. This understanding provides new insights to how these invasive plant species successfully colonize diverse ecosystems and suggests methods for their management under novel and changing environmental conditions. Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Chenopodium album L. are noxious weeds that have a cosmopolitan distribution. These species successfully invade and are adapted to a wide variety of diverse climates. In this paper, we evaluated the morphology and biochemistry of 16 populations of A. retroflexus L. and 17 populations of C. album L. Seeds from populations collected from Spain, France, and Iran were grown together at the experimental field of the agriculture research of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, and a suite of morphological traits and biochemical traits were assessed. Among the populations of A. retroflexus L. and of C. album L. were observed significant differences for all the measured traits. The number of branches (BN) for A. retroflexus L. (12.22) and inflorescence length (FL; 14.34) for C. album L. were the two characteristics that exhibited the maximum coefficient of variation. Principal component analysis of these data identified four principal components for each species that explained 83.54 (A. retroflexus L.) and 88.98 (C. album L.) of the total variation. A dendrogram based on unweighted neighbor-joining method clustered all the A. retroflexus L. and C. album L. into two main clusters and four sub-clusters. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to evaluate relationships between climate classification of origin and traits. Similarly, the measured characteristics did not group along Köppen climate classification. Both analyses support the conclusion that A. retroflexus L. and C. album L. exhibit high levels of diversity despite similar environmental histories. Both species also exhibit a high diversity of the measured biochemical compounds indicating that they exhibit different metabolic profiles even when grown concurrently and sympatrically. Several of the biochemical constituents identified in our study could serve as effective indices for indirect selection of stresses resistance/tolerance of A. retroflexus L. and C. album L. The diversity of the morphological and biochemical traits observed among these populations illustrates how the unique selection pressures faced by each population can alter the biology of these plants. This understanding provides new insights to how these invasive plant species successfully colonize diverse ecosystems and suggests methods for their management under novel and changing environmental conditions.Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Chenopodium album L. are noxious weeds that have a cosmopolitan distribution. These species successfully invade and are adapted to a wide variety of diverse climates. In this paper, we evaluated the morphology and biochemistry of 16 populations of A. retroflexus L. and 17 populations of C. album L. Seeds from populations collected from Spain, France, and Iran were grown together at the experimental field of the agriculture research of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, and a suite of morphological traits and biochemical traits were assessed. Among the populations of A. retroflexus L. and of C. album L. were observed significant differences for all the measured traits. The number of branches (BN) for A. retroflexus L. (12.22) and inflorescence length (FL; 14.34) for C. album L. were the two characteristics that exhibited the maximum coefficient of variation. Principal component analysis of these data identified four principal components for each species that explained 83.54 (A. retroflexus L.) and 88.98 (C. album L.) of the total variation. A dendrogram based on unweighted neighbor-joining method clustered all the A. retroflexus L. and C. album L. into two main clusters and four sub-clusters. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to evaluate relationships between climate classification of origin and traits. Similarly, the measured characteristics did not group along Köppen climate classification. Both analyses support the conclusion that A. retroflexus L. and C. album L. exhibit high levels of diversity despite similar environmental histories. Both species also exhibit a high diversity of the measured biochemical compounds indicating that they exhibit different metabolic profiles even when grown concurrently and sympatrically. Several of the biochemical constituents identified in our study could serve as effective indices for indirect selection of stresses resistance/tolerance of A. retroflexus L. and C. album L. The diversity of the morphological and biochemical traits observed among these populations illustrates how the unique selection pressures faced by each population can alter the biology of these plants. This understanding provides new insights to how these invasive plant species successfully colonize diverse ecosystems and suggests methods for their management under novel and changing environmental conditions. L. and L. are noxious weeds that have a cosmopolitan distribution. These species successfully invade and are adapted to a wide variety of diverse climates. In this paper, we evaluated the morphology and biochemistry of 16 populations of L. and 17 populations of L. Seeds from populations collected from Spain, France, and Iran were grown together at the experimental field of the agriculture research of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, and a suite of morphological traits and biochemical traits were assessed. Among the populations of L. and of L. were observed significant differences for all the measured traits. The number of branches (BN) for L. (12.22) and inflorescence length (FL; 14.34) for L. were the two characteristics that exhibited the maximum coefficient of variation. Principal component analysis of these data identified four principal components for each species that explained 83.54 ( L.) and 88.98 ( L.) of the total variation. A dendrogram based on unweighted neighbor-joining method clustered all the L. and L. into two main clusters and four sub-clusters. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to evaluate relationships between climate classification of origin and traits. Similarly, the measured characteristics did not group along Köppen climate classification. Both analyses support the conclusion that L. and L. exhibit high levels of diversity despite similar environmental histories. Both species also exhibit a high diversity of the measured biochemical compounds indicating that they exhibit different metabolic profiles even when grown concurrently and sympatrically. Several of the biochemical constituents identified in our study could serve as effective indices for indirect selection of stresses resistance/tolerance of L. and L. The diversity of the morphological and biochemical traits observed among these populations illustrates how the unique selection pressures faced by each population can alter the biology of these plants. This understanding provides new insights to how these invasive plant species successfully colonize diverse ecosystems and suggests methods for their management under novel and changing environmental conditions. |
| Author | Hamidzadeh Moghadam, Shiva Tobeh, Ahmad MacGregor, Dana R. Mohebodini, Mehdi Alebrahim, Mohammad Taghi Werck-Reichhart, Danièle Tseng, Te Ming |
| AuthorAffiliation | 3 Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, CNRS, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France 5 Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University , Starkville, MS , United States 2 Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili , Ardabil , Iran 1 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili , Ardabil , Iran 4 Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research , Harpenden , United Kingdom |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 3 Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, CNRS, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France – name: 2 Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili , Ardabil , Iran – name: 4 Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research , Harpenden , United Kingdom – name: 5 Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University , Starkville, MS , United States – name: 1 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili , Ardabil , Iran |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Shiva surname: Hamidzadeh Moghadam fullname: Hamidzadeh Moghadam, Shiva – sequence: 2 givenname: Mohammad Taghi surname: Alebrahim fullname: Alebrahim, Mohammad Taghi – sequence: 3 givenname: Ahmad surname: Tobeh fullname: Tobeh, Ahmad – sequence: 4 givenname: Mehdi surname: Mohebodini fullname: Mohebodini, Mehdi – sequence: 5 givenname: Danièle surname: Werck-Reichhart fullname: Werck-Reichhart, Danièle – sequence: 6 givenname: Dana R. surname: MacGregor fullname: MacGregor, Dana R. – sequence: 7 givenname: Te Ming surname: Tseng fullname: Tseng, Te Ming |
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| Copyright | Copyright © 2021 Hamidzadeh Moghadam, Alebrahim, Tobeh, Mohebodini, Werck-Reichhart, MacGregor and Tseng. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Copyright © 2021 Hamidzadeh Moghadam, Alebrahim, Tobeh, Mohebodini, Werck-Reichhart, MacGregor and Tseng. 2021 Hamidzadeh Moghadam, Alebrahim, Tobeh, Mohebodini, Werck-Reichhart, MacGregor and Tseng |
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| Keywords | noxious weeds cluster analysis principal component analysis morphological and biochemical traits climate change |
| Language | English |
| License | Copyright © 2021 Hamidzadeh Moghadam, Alebrahim, Tobeh, Mohebodini, Werck-Reichhart, MacGregor and Tseng. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Edited by: Boris Rewald, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria This article was submitted to Functional Plant Ecology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science Reviewed by: Nora Mitchell, University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire, United States; Ranjita Thapa, Texas A&M University, United States |
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| Snippet | Amaranthus retroflexus
L. and
Chenopodium album
L. are noxious weeds that have a cosmopolitan distribution. These species successfully invade and are adapted... L. and L. are noxious weeds that have a cosmopolitan distribution. These species successfully invade and are adapted to a wide variety of diverse climates. In... Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Chenopodium album L. are noxious weeds that have a cosmopolitan distribution. These species successfully invade and are adapted... |
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| SubjectTerms | climate change cluster analysis Life Sciences morphological and biochemical traits noxious weeds Plant Science principal component analysis Vegetal Biology |
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| Title | Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and Lamb’s Quarters (Chenopodium album L.) Populations Exhibit a High Degree of Morphological and Biochemical Diversity |
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