Are Sex Differences in Human Brain Structure Associated With Sex Differences in Behavior?

On average, men and women differ in brain structure and behavior, raising the possibility of a link between sex differences in brain and behavior. But women and men are also subject to different societal and cultural norms. We navigated this challenge by investigating variability of sex-differentiat...

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Published inPsychological science Vol. 32; no. 8; pp. 1183 - 1197
Main Authors van Eijk, Liza, Zhu, Dajiang, Couvy-Duchesne, Baptiste, Strike, Lachlan T., Lee, Anthony J., Hansell, Narelle K., Thompson, Paul M., de Zubicaray, Greig I., McMahon, Katie L., Wright, Margaret J., Zietsch, Brendan P.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Los Angeles, CA SAGE Publications 01.08.2021
SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC
Association for Psychological Science
Subjects
Behavior
Brain
Brain - diagnostic imaging
Brain size
Brain structure
Causality
Connectome
Cultural differences
Female
Gender differences
Humans
Individual differences
Life Sciences
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Male
Psychological Science in the Public Eye
Sex Characteristics
Sex differences
Twins
Women
open data
MRI
brain structure
masculinization
twin modeling
neuroimaging
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0956-7976
1467-9280
1467-9280
DOI10.1177/0956797621996664

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Abstract On average, men and women differ in brain structure and behavior, raising the possibility of a link between sex differences in brain and behavior. But women and men are also subject to different societal and cultural norms. We navigated this challenge by investigating variability of sex-differentiated brain structure within each sex. Using data from the Queensland Twin IMaging study (n = 1,040) and Human Connectome Project (n = 1,113), we obtained data-driven measures of individual differences along a male–female dimension for brain and behavior based on average sex differences in brain structure and behavior, respectively. We found a weak association between these brain and behavioral differences, driven by brain size. These brain and behavioral differences were moderately heritable. Our findings suggest that behavioral sex differences are, to some extent, related to sex differences in brain structure but that this is mainly driven by differences in brain size, and causality should be interpreted cautiously.
AbstractList On average, men and women differ in brain structure and behavior, raising the possibility of a link between sex differences in brain and behavior. But women and men are also subject to different societal and cultural norms. We navigated this challenge by investigating variability of sex-differentiated brain structure within each sex. Using data from the Queensland Twin IMaging study ( n = 1,040) and Human Connectome Project ( n = 1,113), we obtained data-driven measures of individual differences along a male–female dimension for brain and behavior based on average sex differences in brain structure and behavior, respectively. We found a weak association between these brain and behavioral differences, driven by brain size. These brain and behavioral differences were moderately heritable. Our findings suggest that behavioral sex differences are, to some extent, related to sex differences in brain structure but that this is mainly driven by differences in brain size, and causality should be interpreted cautiously.
On average, men and women differ in brain structure and behavior, raising the possibility of a link between sex differences in brain and behavior. But women and men are also subject to different societal and cultural norms. We navigated this challenge by investigating variability of sex-differentiated brain structure within each sex. Using data from the Queensland Twin IMaging study ( = 1,040) and Human Connectome Project ( = 1,113), we obtained data-driven measures of individual differences along a male-female dimension for brain and behavior based on average sex differences in brain structure and behavior, respectively. We found a weak association between these brain and behavioral differences, driven by brain size. These brain and behavioral differences were moderately heritable. Our findings suggest that behavioral sex differences are, to some extent, related to sex differences in brain structure but that this is mainly driven by differences in brain size, and causality should be interpreted cautiously.
On average, men and women differ in brain structure and behavior, raising the possibility of a link between sex differences in brain and behavior. But women and men are also subject to different societal and cultural norms. We navigated this challenge by investigating variability of sex-differentiated brain structure within each sex. Using data from the Queensland Twin IMaging study (n = 1,040) and Human Connectome Project (n = 1,113), we obtained data-driven measures of individual differences along a male–female dimension for brain and behavior based on average sex differences in brain structure and behavior, respectively. We found a weak association between these brain and behavioral differences, driven by brain size. These brain and behavioral differences were moderately heritable. Our findings suggest that behavioral sex differences are, to some extent, related to sex differences in brain structure but that this is mainly driven by differences in brain size, and causality should be interpreted cautiously.
On average, men and women differ in brain structure and behavior, raising the possibility of a link between sex differences in brain and behavior. But women and men are also subject to different societal and cultural norms. We navigated this challenge by investigating variability of sex-differentiated brain structure within each sex. Using data from the Queensland Twin IMaging study (n = 1,040) and Human Connectome Project (n = 1,113), we obtained data-driven measures of individual differences along a male-female dimension for brain and behavior based on average sex differences in brain structure and behavior, respectively. We found a weak association between these brain and behavioral differences, driven by brain size. These brain and behavioral differences were moderately heritable. Our findings suggest that behavioral sex differences are, to some extent, related to sex differences in brain structure but that this is mainly driven by differences in brain size, and causality should be interpreted cautiously.On average, men and women differ in brain structure and behavior, raising the possibility of a link between sex differences in brain and behavior. But women and men are also subject to different societal and cultural norms. We navigated this challenge by investigating variability of sex-differentiated brain structure within each sex. Using data from the Queensland Twin IMaging study (n = 1,040) and Human Connectome Project (n = 1,113), we obtained data-driven measures of individual differences along a male-female dimension for brain and behavior based on average sex differences in brain structure and behavior, respectively. We found a weak association between these brain and behavioral differences, driven by brain size. These brain and behavioral differences were moderately heritable. Our findings suggest that behavioral sex differences are, to some extent, related to sex differences in brain structure but that this is mainly driven by differences in brain size, and causality should be interpreted cautiously.
Author McMahon, Katie L.
Couvy-Duchesne, Baptiste
Wright, Margaret J.
van Eijk, Liza
de Zubicaray, Greig I.
Zietsch, Brendan P.
Zhu, Dajiang
Strike, Lachlan T.
Lee, Anthony J.
Hansell, Narelle K.
Thompson, Paul M.
AuthorAffiliation 11 Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland
2 Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland
9 Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology
8 Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
3 Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Herston, Australia
1 Centre for Psychology and Evolution, School of Psychology, University of Queensland
6 Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland
4 Department of Psychology, James Cook University
5 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington
7 Division of Psychology, University of Stirling
10 Herston Imaging Research Facility and School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 11 Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland
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Snippet On average, men and women differ in brain structure and behavior, raising the possibility of a link between sex differences in brain and behavior. But women...
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StartPage 1183
SubjectTerms Behavior
Brain
Brain - diagnostic imaging
Brain size
Brain structure
Causality
Connectome
Cultural differences
Female
Gender differences
Humans
Individual differences
Life Sciences
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Male
Psychological Science in the Public Eye
Sex Characteristics
Sex differences
Twins
Women
Title Are Sex Differences in Human Brain Structure Associated With Sex Differences in Behavior?
URI https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0956797621996664
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34323639
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2562191681
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2556385186
https://hal.science/hal-04574511
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC8726594
Volume 32
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