Effect of slope and footwear on running economy and kinematics
Lower energy cost of running (Cr) has been reported when wearing minimal (MS) vs traditional shoes (TS) on level terrain, but the effect of slope on this difference is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare Cr, physiological, and kinematic variables from running in MS and TS on different slop...
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| Published in | Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism Vol. 23; no. 4; pp. e246 - e253 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Denmark
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.08.2013
NRC Research Press (Canadian Science Publishing) |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Lower energy cost of running (Cr) has been reported when wearing minimal (MS) vs traditional shoes (TS) on level terrain, but the effect of slope on this difference is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare Cr, physiological, and kinematic variables from running in MS and TS on different slope conditions. Fourteen men (23.4 ± 4.4 years; 177.5 ± 5.2 cm; 69.5 ± 5.3 kg) ran 14 5‐min trials in a randomized sequence at 10 km/h on a treadmill. Subjects ran once wearing MS and once wearing TS on seven slopes, from −8% to +8%. We found that Cr increased with slope gradient (P < 0.01) and was on average 1.3% lower in MS than TS (P < 0.01). However, slope did not influence the Cr difference between MS and TS. In MS, contact times were lower (P < 0.01), flight times (P = 0.01) and step frequencies (P = 0.02) were greater at most slope gradients, and plantar‐foot angles – and often ankle plantar‐flexion (P = 0.01) – were greater (P < 0.01). The 1.3% difference between footwear identified here most likely stemmed from the difference in shoe mass considering that the Cr difference was independent of slope gradient and that the between‐footwear kinematic alterations with slope provided limited explanations. |
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| AbstractList | Lower energy cost of running (Cr) has been reported when wearing minimal (MS) vs traditional shoes (TS) on level terrain, but the effect of slope on this difference is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare Cr, physiological, and kinematic variables from running in MS and TS on different slope conditions. Fourteen men (23.4 ± 4.4 years; 177.5 ± 5.2 cm; 69.5 ± 5.3 kg) ran 14 5-min trials in a randomized sequence at 10 km/h on a treadmill. Subjects ran once wearing MS and once wearing TS on seven slopes, from -8% to +8%. We found that Cr increased with slope gradient (P < 0.01) and was on average 1.3% lower in MS than TS (P < 0.01). However, slope did not influence the Cr difference between MS and TS. In MS, contact times were lower (P < 0.01), flight times (P = 0.01) and step frequencies (P = 0.02) were greater at most slope gradients, and plantar-foot angles - and often ankle plantar-flexion (P = 0.01) - were greater (P < 0.01). The 1.3% difference between footwear identified here most likely stemmed from the difference in shoe mass considering that the Cr difference was independent of slope gradient and that the between-footwear kinematic alterations with slope provided limited explanations. The aim of this study was to assess potential changes in the performance and cardiorespiratory responses of elite cross-country skiers following transition from the classic (CL) to the skating (SK) technique during a simulated skiathlon. Eight elite male skiers performed two 6 km (2 × 3 km) roller-skiing time trials on a treadmill at racing speed: one starting with the classic and switching to the skating technique (CL1–SK2) and another employing the skating technique throughout (SK1–SK2), with continuous monitoring of gas exchanges, heart rates, and kinematics (video). The overall performance times in the CL1–SK2 (21:12 ± 1:24) and SK1–SK2 (20:48 ± 2:00) trials were similar, and during the second section of each performance times and overall cardiopulmonary responses were also comparable. However, in comparison with SK1–SK2, the CL1–SK2 trial involved significantly higher increases in minute ventilation (V̇ E , 89.8 ± 26.8 vs. 106.8 ± 17.6 L·min −1 ) and oxygen uptake (V̇O 2 ; 3.1 ± 0.8 vs 3.5 ± 0.5 L·min −1 ) 2 min after the transition as well as longer time constants for V̇ E , V̇O 2 , and heart rate during the first 3 min after the transition. This higher cardiopulmonary exertion was associated with ∼3% faster cycle rates. In conclusion, overall performance during the 2 time trials did not differ. The similar performance times during the second sections were achieved with comparable mean cardiopulmonary responses. However, the observation that during the initial 3-min post-transition following classic skiing cardiopulmonary responses and cycle rates were slightly higher supports the conclusion that an initial section of classic skiing exerts an impact on performance during a subsequent section of skate skiing. Lower energy cost of running (Cr) has been reported when wearing minimal (MS) vs traditional shoes (TS) on level terrain, but the effect of slope on this difference is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare Cr, physiological, and kinematic variables from running in MS and TS on different slope conditions. Fourteen men (23.4 plus or minus 4.4 years; 177.5 plus or minus 5.2 cm; 69.5 plus or minus 5.3 kg) ran 14 5-min trials in a randomized sequence at 10 km/h on a treadmill. Subjects ran once wearing MS and once wearing TS on seven slopes, from -8% to +8%. We found that Cr increased with slope gradient (P < 0.01) and was on average 1.3% lower in MS than TS (P < 0.01). However, slope did not influence the Cr difference between MS and TS. In MS, contact times were lower (P < 0.01), flight times (P = 0.01) and step frequencies (P = 0.02) were greater at most slope gradients, and plantar-foot angles - and often ankle plantar-flexion (P = 0.01) - were greater (P < 0.01). The 1.3% difference between footwear identified here most likely stemmed from the difference in shoe mass considering that the Cr difference was independent of slope gradient and that the between-footwear kinematic alterations with slope provided limited explanations. Lower energy cost of running (Cr) has been reported when wearing minimal (MS) vs traditional shoes (TS) on level terrain, but the effect of slope on this difference is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare Cr, physiological, and kinematic variables from running in MS and TS on different slope conditions. Fourteen men (23.4±4.4 years; 177.5±5.2cm; 69.5±5.3kg) ran 14 5-min trials in a randomized sequence at 10km/h on a treadmill. Subjects ran once wearing MS and once wearing TS on seven slopes, from -8% to +8%. We found that Cr increased with slope gradient (P<0.01) and was on average 1.3% lower in MS than TS (P<0.01). However, slope did not influence the Cr difference between MS and TS. In MS, contact times were lower (P<0.01), flight times (P=0.01) and step frequencies (P=0.02) were greater at most slope gradients, and plantar-foot angles - and often ankle plantar-flexion (P=0.01) - were greater (P<0.01). The 1.3% difference between footwear identified here most likely stemmed from the difference in shoe mass considering that the Cr difference was independent of slope gradient and that the between-footwear kinematic alterations with slope provided limited explanations. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Lower energy cost of running (Cr) has been reported when wearing minimal (MS) vs traditional shoes (TS) on level terrain, but the effect of slope on this difference is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare Cr, physiological, and kinematic variables from running in MS and TS on different slope conditions. Fourteen men (23.4 ± 4.4 years; 177.5 ± 5.2 cm; 69.5 ± 5.3 kg) ran 14 5‐min trials in a randomized sequence at 10 km/h on a treadmill. Subjects ran once wearing MS and once wearing TS on seven slopes, from −8% to +8%. We found that Cr increased with slope gradient (P < 0.01) and was on average 1.3% lower in MS than TS (P < 0.01). However, slope did not influence the Cr difference between MS and TS. In MS, contact times were lower (P < 0.01), flight times (P = 0.01) and step frequencies (P = 0.02) were greater at most slope gradients, and plantar‐foot angles – and often ankle plantar‐flexion (P = 0.01) – were greater (P < 0.01). The 1.3% difference between footwear identified here most likely stemmed from the difference in shoe mass considering that the Cr difference was independent of slope gradient and that the between‐footwear kinematic alterations with slope provided limited explanations. Lower energy cost of running (Cr) has been reported when wearing minimal (MS) vs traditional shoes (TS) on level terrain, but the effect of slope on this difference is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare Cr, physiological, and kinematic variables from running in MS and TS on different slope conditions. Fourteen men (23.4 ± 4.4 years; 177.5 ± 5.2 cm; 69.5 ± 5.3 kg) ran 14 5-min trials in a randomized sequence at 10 km/h on a treadmill. Subjects ran once wearing MS and once wearing TS on seven slopes, from -8% to +8%. We found that Cr increased with slope gradient (P < 0.01) and was on average 1.3% lower in MS than TS (P < 0.01). However, slope did not influence the Cr difference between MS and TS. In MS, contact times were lower (P < 0.01), flight times (P = 0.01) and step frequencies (P = 0.02) were greater at most slope gradients, and plantar-foot angles - and often ankle plantar-flexion (P = 0.01) - were greater (P < 0.01). The 1.3% difference between footwear identified here most likely stemmed from the difference in shoe mass considering that the Cr difference was independent of slope gradient and that the between-footwear kinematic alterations with slope provided limited explanations.Lower energy cost of running (Cr) has been reported when wearing minimal (MS) vs traditional shoes (TS) on level terrain, but the effect of slope on this difference is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare Cr, physiological, and kinematic variables from running in MS and TS on different slope conditions. Fourteen men (23.4 ± 4.4 years; 177.5 ± 5.2 cm; 69.5 ± 5.3 kg) ran 14 5-min trials in a randomized sequence at 10 km/h on a treadmill. Subjects ran once wearing MS and once wearing TS on seven slopes, from -8% to +8%. We found that Cr increased with slope gradient (P < 0.01) and was on average 1.3% lower in MS than TS (P < 0.01). However, slope did not influence the Cr difference between MS and TS. In MS, contact times were lower (P < 0.01), flight times (P = 0.01) and step frequencies (P = 0.02) were greater at most slope gradients, and plantar-foot angles - and often ankle plantar-flexion (P = 0.01) - were greater (P < 0.01). The 1.3% difference between footwear identified here most likely stemmed from the difference in shoe mass considering that the Cr difference was independent of slope gradient and that the between-footwear kinematic alterations with slope provided limited explanations. Lower energy cost of running ( C r) has been reported when wearing minimal ( MS ) vs traditional shoes ( TS ) on level terrain, but the effect of slope on this difference is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare C r, physiological, and kinematic variables from running in MS and TS on different slope conditions. Fourteen men (23.4 ± 4.4 years; 177.5 ± 5.2 cm; 69.5 ± 5.3 kg) ran 14 5‐min trials in a randomized sequence at 10 km/h on a treadmill. Subjects ran once wearing MS and once wearing TS on seven slopes, from −8% to +8%. We found that C r increased with slope gradient ( P < 0.01) and was on average 1.3% lower in MS than TS ( P < 0.01). However, slope did not influence the C r difference between MS and TS . In MS , contact times were lower ( P < 0.01), flight times ( P = 0.01) and step frequencies ( P = 0.02) were greater at most slope gradients, and plantar‐foot angles – and often ankle plantar‐flexion ( P = 0.01) – were greater ( P < 0.01). The 1.3% difference between footwear identified here most likely stemmed from the difference in shoe mass considering that the C r difference was independent of slope gradient and that the between‐footwear kinematic alterations with slope provided limited explanations. Lower energy cost of running (Cr) has been reported when wearing minimal (MS) vs traditional shoes (TS) on level terrain, but the effect of slope on this difference is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare Cr, physiological, and kinematic variables from running in MS and TS on different slope conditions. Fourteen men (23.4 +/- 4.4 years; 177.5 +/- 5.2cm; 69.5 +/- 5.3kg) ran 14 5-min trials in a randomized sequence at 10km/h on a treadmill. Subjects ran once wearing MS and once wearing TS on seven slopes, from -8% to +8%. We found that Cr increased with slope gradient (P<0.01) and was on average 1.3% lower in MS than TS (P<0.01). However, slope did not influence the Cr difference between MS and TS. In MS, contact times were lower (P<0.01), flight times (P=0.01) and step frequencies (P=0.02) were greater at most slope gradients, and plantar-foot angles - and often ankle plantar-flexion (P=0.01) - were greater (P<0.01). The 1.3% difference between footwear identified here most likely stemmed from the difference in shoe mass considering that the Cr difference was independent of slope gradient and that the between-footwear kinematic alterations with slope provided limited explanations. |
| Author | Fabre, N. Hébert-Losier, K. Lussiana, T. Mourot, L. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: T. surname: Lussiana fullname: Lussiana, T. organization: Research Unit EA4660, Culture Sport Health Society and Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France – sequence: 2 givenname: N. surname: Fabre fullname: Fabre, N. organization: Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden – sequence: 3 givenname: K. surname: Hébert-Losier fullname: Hébert-Losier, K. organization: Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden – sequence: 4 givenname: L. surname: Mourot fullname: Mourot, L. email: laurent.mourot@univ-fcomte.fr organization: Research Unit EA4660, Culture Sport Health Society and Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France |
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| Copyright | 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License |
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| Keywords | running kinematics energy expenditure oxygen consumption shoes running energy expenditure oxygen consumption kinematics shoes |
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| References | Cairns MA, Burdett RG, Pisciotta JC, Simon, SR. A biomechanical analysis of racewalking gait. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1986: 18(4): 446-453. De Wit B, De Clercq D, Aerts P. Biomechanical analysis of the stance phase during barefoot and shod running. J Biomech 2000: 33: 269-278. Divert C, Mornieux G, Freychat P, Baly L, Mayer F, Belli A. Barefoot-shod running differences: shoe or mass effect? Int J Sports Med 2008: 29: 512-518. Divert C, Mornieux G, Baur H, Mayer F, Belli A. Mechanical comparison of barefoot and shod running. Int J Sports Med 2005: 26: 593-598. Perl DP, Daoud AI, Lieberman DE. Effects of footwear and strike type on running economy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012: 44: 1335-1343. Cavagna GA, Saibene FP, Margaria R. Mechanical work in running. J Appl Physiol 1964: 19: 249-256. Franz JR, Wierzbinski CM, Kram R. Metabolic cost of running barefoot versus shod: is lighter better? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012: 44: 1519-1525. Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Update - ethical standards in sport and exercise science research. Int J Sports Med 2011: 32: 819-821. Alexander RM. Energy-saving mechanisms in walking and running. J Exp Biol 1991: 160: 55-69. Bingisser R, Kaplan V, Scherer T, Russi EW, Bloch KE. Effect of training on repeatability of cardiopulmonary exercise performance in normal men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997: 29: 1499-1504. Lieberman DE, Venkadesan M, Werbel WA, Daoud AI, D'Andrea S, Davis IS, Mang'eni RO, Pitsiladis Y. Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners. Nature 2010: 463: 531-535. Frederick EC. Measuring the effects of shoes and surfaces on the economy of locomotion. International Symposium on biomechanical aspects of sport shoes and playing surfaces. Calgary, University of Calgary, 1983. Cavagna GA, Heglund NC, Taylor CR. Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure. Am J Physiol 1977: 233: R243-R261. Leger L, Boucher R. An indirect continuous running multistage field test: the Universite de Montreal track test. Can J Appl Sport Sci 1980: 5: 77-84. Debaere S, Jonkers I, Delecluse C. The contribution of step characteristics to sprint running performance in high-level male and female athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2012: 27: 116-124. Padulo J, Annino G, Migliaccio GM, D′Ottavio S, Tihanyi J. Kinematics of running at different slopes and speeds. J Strength Cond Res 2012: 26(5): 1331-1339. Saunders PU, Pyne DB, Telford RD, Hawley JA. Factors affecting running economy in trained distance runners. Sports Med 2004: 34: 465-485. Minetti AE, Ardigo LP, Saibene F. Mechanical determinants of the minimum energy cost of gradient running in humans. J Exp Biol 1994: 195: 211-225. Minetti AE, Moia C, Roi GS, Susta D, Ferretti G. Energy cost of walking and running at extreme uphill and downhill slopes. J Appl Physiol 2002: 93: 1039-1046. Snyder KL, Farley CT. Energetically optimal stride frequency in running: the effects of incline and decline. J Exp Biol 2011: 214: 2089-2095. Fabre N, Perrey S, Arbez L, Rouillon JD. Neuro-mechanical and chemical influences on locomotor respiratory coupling in humans. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2007: 155: 128-136. McLaughlin JE, King GA, Howley ET, Bassett DR, Ainsworth BE. Validation of the COSMED K4 b2 portable metabolic system. Int J Sports Med 2000: 22: 280-284. Kram R, Taylor CR. Energetics of running: a new perspective. Nature 1990: 346(6281): 265-267. Frederick EC. Physiological and ergonomics factors in running shoe design. Appl Ergon 1984: 15: 281-287. Gottschall JS, Kram R. Ground reaction forces during downhill and uphill running. J Biomech 2005: 38: 445-452. Rixe JA, Gallo RA, Silvis ML. The barefoot debate: can minimalist shoes reduce running-related injuries? Curr Sports Med Rep 2012: 11: 160-165. Swanson SC, Caldwell GE. An integrated biomechanical analysis of high speed incline and level treadmill running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000: 32: 1146-1155. Hamill CJ, Clarke TE, Frederick EC, Goodyear LJ, Howley ET. Effects of grade running on kinematics and impact force. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1984: 16(2): 185, 1984 A. Roberts TJ, Kram R, Weyand PG, Taylor CR. Energetics of bipedal running. I. Metabolic cost of generating force. J Exp Biol 1998: 201: 2745-2751. Abe D, Fukuoka Y, Muraki S, Yasukouchi A, Sakaguchi Y, Niihata S. Effects of load and gradient on energy cost of running. J Physiol Anthropol 2011: 30: 153-160. Ardigo LP, Lafortuna C, Minetti AE, Mognoni P, Saibene F. Metabolic and mechanical aspects of foot landing type, forefoot and rearfoot strike, in human running. Acta Physiol Scand 1995: 155: 17-22. Cunningham CB, Schilling N, Anders C, Carrier DR. The influence of foot posture on the cost of transport in humans. J Exp Biol 2010: 213: 790-797. Derrick TR, Hamill J, Caldwell GE. Energy absorption of impacts during running at various stride lengths. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998: 30(1): 128-135. 2011; 214 1990; 346 2000; 22 1994; 195 2011; 30 1997; 29 2010; 463 1986; 18 2011; 32 1995; 155 2005; 26 2012; 11 1964; 19 1984; 15 1984; 16 2010; 213 2008; 29 2000; 32 1991; 160 2000; 33 2007; 155 2004; 34 1980; 5 1983 2002; 93 2012; 27 2012; 26 1998; 30 1977; 233 2005; 38 1998; 201 2012; 44 e_1_2_7_6_1 e_1_2_7_5_1 e_1_2_7_4_1 e_1_2_7_3_1 e_1_2_7_9_1 e_1_2_7_8_1 e_1_2_7_7_1 e_1_2_7_19_1 e_1_2_7_18_1 Frederick EC (e_1_2_7_17_1) 1983 e_1_2_7_16_1 e_1_2_7_2_1 e_1_2_7_15_1 e_1_2_7_14_1 e_1_2_7_13_1 e_1_2_7_12_1 e_1_2_7_11_1 e_1_2_7_10_1 Leger L (e_1_2_7_23_1) 1980; 5 Minetti AE (e_1_2_7_26_1) 1994; 195 e_1_2_7_27_1 e_1_2_7_28_1 e_1_2_7_29_1 e_1_2_7_30_1 e_1_2_7_25_1 e_1_2_7_31_1 e_1_2_7_24_1 e_1_2_7_32_1 e_1_2_7_33_1 e_1_2_7_22_1 e_1_2_7_34_1 e_1_2_7_21_1 e_1_2_7_20_1 |
| References_xml | – reference: Swanson SC, Caldwell GE. An integrated biomechanical analysis of high speed incline and level treadmill running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000: 32: 1146-1155. – reference: Fabre N, Perrey S, Arbez L, Rouillon JD. Neuro-mechanical and chemical influences on locomotor respiratory coupling in humans. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2007: 155: 128-136. – reference: Cairns MA, Burdett RG, Pisciotta JC, Simon, SR. A biomechanical analysis of racewalking gait. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1986: 18(4): 446-453. – reference: Leger L, Boucher R. An indirect continuous running multistage field test: the Universite de Montreal track test. Can J Appl Sport Sci 1980: 5: 77-84. – reference: Lieberman DE, Venkadesan M, Werbel WA, Daoud AI, D'Andrea S, Davis IS, Mang'eni RO, Pitsiladis Y. Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners. Nature 2010: 463: 531-535. – reference: Kram R, Taylor CR. Energetics of running: a new perspective. Nature 1990: 346(6281): 265-267. – reference: Ardigo LP, Lafortuna C, Minetti AE, Mognoni P, Saibene F. Metabolic and mechanical aspects of foot landing type, forefoot and rearfoot strike, in human running. Acta Physiol Scand 1995: 155: 17-22. – reference: Cavagna GA, Saibene FP, Margaria R. Mechanical work in running. J Appl Physiol 1964: 19: 249-256. – reference: Frederick EC. Measuring the effects of shoes and surfaces on the economy of locomotion. International Symposium on biomechanical aspects of sport shoes and playing surfaces. Calgary, University of Calgary, 1983. – reference: Minetti AE, Ardigo LP, Saibene F. Mechanical determinants of the minimum energy cost of gradient running in humans. J Exp Biol 1994: 195: 211-225. – reference: Abe D, Fukuoka Y, Muraki S, Yasukouchi A, Sakaguchi Y, Niihata S. Effects of load and gradient on energy cost of running. J Physiol Anthropol 2011: 30: 153-160. – reference: Bingisser R, Kaplan V, Scherer T, Russi EW, Bloch KE. Effect of training on repeatability of cardiopulmonary exercise performance in normal men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997: 29: 1499-1504. – reference: De Wit B, De Clercq D, Aerts P. Biomechanical analysis of the stance phase during barefoot and shod running. J Biomech 2000: 33: 269-278. – reference: Roberts TJ, Kram R, Weyand PG, Taylor CR. Energetics of bipedal running. I. Metabolic cost of generating force. J Exp Biol 1998: 201: 2745-2751. – reference: Alexander RM. Energy-saving mechanisms in walking and running. J Exp Biol 1991: 160: 55-69. – reference: Divert C, Mornieux G, Freychat P, Baly L, Mayer F, Belli A. Barefoot-shod running differences: shoe or mass effect? Int J Sports Med 2008: 29: 512-518. – reference: Snyder KL, Farley CT. Energetically optimal stride frequency in running: the effects of incline and decline. J Exp Biol 2011: 214: 2089-2095. – reference: Saunders PU, Pyne DB, Telford RD, Hawley JA. Factors affecting running economy in trained distance runners. Sports Med 2004: 34: 465-485. – reference: Rixe JA, Gallo RA, Silvis ML. The barefoot debate: can minimalist shoes reduce running-related injuries? Curr Sports Med Rep 2012: 11: 160-165. – reference: Hamill CJ, Clarke TE, Frederick EC, Goodyear LJ, Howley ET. Effects of grade running on kinematics and impact force. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1984: 16(2): 185, 1984 A. – reference: Debaere S, Jonkers I, Delecluse C. The contribution of step characteristics to sprint running performance in high-level male and female athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2012: 27: 116-124. – reference: Derrick TR, Hamill J, Caldwell GE. Energy absorption of impacts during running at various stride lengths. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998: 30(1): 128-135. – reference: Perl DP, Daoud AI, Lieberman DE. Effects of footwear and strike type on running economy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012: 44: 1335-1343. – reference: Frederick EC. Physiological and ergonomics factors in running shoe design. Appl Ergon 1984: 15: 281-287. – reference: McLaughlin JE, King GA, Howley ET, Bassett DR, Ainsworth BE. Validation of the COSMED K4 b2 portable metabolic system. Int J Sports Med 2000: 22: 280-284. – reference: Divert C, Mornieux G, Baur H, Mayer F, Belli A. Mechanical comparison of barefoot and shod running. Int J Sports Med 2005: 26: 593-598. – reference: Franz JR, Wierzbinski CM, Kram R. Metabolic cost of running barefoot versus shod: is lighter better? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012: 44: 1519-1525. – reference: Cunningham CB, Schilling N, Anders C, Carrier DR. The influence of foot posture on the cost of transport in humans. J Exp Biol 2010: 213: 790-797. – reference: Gottschall JS, Kram R. Ground reaction forces during downhill and uphill running. J Biomech 2005: 38: 445-452. – reference: Padulo J, Annino G, Migliaccio GM, D′Ottavio S, Tihanyi J. Kinematics of running at different slopes and speeds. J Strength Cond Res 2012: 26(5): 1331-1339. – reference: Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Update - ethical standards in sport and exercise science research. Int J Sports Med 2011: 32: 819-821. – reference: Cavagna GA, Heglund NC, Taylor CR. Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure. Am J Physiol 1977: 233: R243-R261. – reference: Minetti AE, Moia C, Roi GS, Susta D, Ferretti G. Energy cost of walking and running at extreme uphill and downhill slopes. J Appl Physiol 2002: 93: 1039-1046. – volume: 38 start-page: 445 year: 2005 end-page: 452 article-title: Ground reaction forces during downhill and uphill running publication-title: J Biomech – volume: 463 start-page: 531 year: 2010 end-page: 535 article-title: Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners publication-title: Nature – year: 1983 – volume: 32 start-page: 1146 year: 2000 end-page: 1155 article-title: An integrated biomechanical analysis of high speed incline and level treadmill running publication-title: Med Sci Sports Exerc – volume: 160 start-page: 55 year: 1991 end-page: 69 article-title: Energy‐saving mechanisms in walking and running publication-title: J Exp Biol – volume: 22 start-page: 280 year: 2000 end-page: 284 article-title: Validation of the COSMED K4 b2 portable metabolic system publication-title: Int J Sports Med – volume: 233 start-page: R243 year: 1977 end-page: R261 article-title: Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure publication-title: Am J Physiol – volume: 33 start-page: 269 year: 2000 end-page: 278 article-title: Biomechanical analysis of the stance phase during barefoot and shod running publication-title: J Biomech – volume: 26 start-page: 1331 issue: 5 year: 2012 end-page: 1339 article-title: Kinematics of running at different slopes and speeds publication-title: J Strength Cond Res – volume: 155 start-page: 17 year: 1995 end-page: 22 article-title: Metabolic and mechanical aspects of foot landing type, forefoot and rearfoot strike, in human running publication-title: Acta Physiol Scand – volume: 15 start-page: 281 year: 1984 end-page: 287 article-title: Physiological and ergonomics factors in running shoe design publication-title: Appl Ergon – volume: 26 start-page: 593 year: 2005 end-page: 598 article-title: Mechanical comparison of barefoot and shod running publication-title: Int J Sports Med – volume: 195 start-page: 211 year: 1994 end-page: 225 article-title: Mechanical determinants of the minimum energy cost of gradient running in humans publication-title: J Exp Biol – volume: 214 start-page: 2089 year: 2011 end-page: 2095 article-title: Energetically optimal stride frequency in running: the effects of incline and decline publication-title: J Exp Biol – volume: 30 start-page: 128 issue: 1 year: 1998 end-page: 135 article-title: Energy absorption of impacts during running at various stride lengths publication-title: Med Sci Sports Exerc – volume: 29 start-page: 512 year: 2008 end-page: 518 article-title: Barefoot‐shod running differences: shoe or mass effect? publication-title: Int J Sports Med – volume: 155 start-page: 128 year: 2007 end-page: 136 article-title: Neuro‐mechanical and chemical influences on locomotor respiratory coupling in humans publication-title: Respir Physiol Neurobiol – volume: 5 start-page: 77 year: 1980 end-page: 84 article-title: An indirect continuous running multistage field test: the Universite de Montreal track test publication-title: Can J Appl Sport Sci – volume: 44 start-page: 1335 year: 2012 end-page: 1343 article-title: Effects of footwear and strike type on running economy publication-title: Med Sci Sports Exerc – volume: 27 start-page: 116 year: 2012 end-page: 124 article-title: The contribution of step characteristics to sprint running performance in high‐level male and female athletes publication-title: J Strength Cond Res – volume: 44 start-page: 1519 year: 2012 end-page: 1525 article-title: Metabolic cost of running barefoot versus shod: is lighter better? publication-title: Med Sci Sports Exerc – volume: 29 start-page: 1499 year: 1997 end-page: 1504 article-title: Effect of training on repeatability of cardiopulmonary exercise performance in normal men and women publication-title: Med Sci Sports Exerc – volume: 19 start-page: 249 year: 1964 end-page: 256 article-title: Mechanical work in running publication-title: J Appl Physiol – volume: 213 start-page: 790 year: 2010 end-page: 797 article-title: The influence of foot posture on the cost of transport in humans publication-title: J Exp Biol – volume: 11 start-page: 160 year: 2012 end-page: 165 article-title: The barefoot debate: can minimalist shoes reduce running‐related injuries? publication-title: Curr Sports Med Rep – volume: 32 start-page: 819 year: 2011 end-page: 821 article-title: Update – ethical standards in sport and exercise science research publication-title: Int J Sports Med – volume: 34 start-page: 465 year: 2004 end-page: 485 article-title: Factors affecting running economy in trained distance runners publication-title: Sports Med – volume: 18 start-page: 446 issue: 4 year: 1986 end-page: 453 article-title: A biomechanical analysis of racewalking gait publication-title: Med Sci Sports Exerc – volume: 93 start-page: 1039 year: 2002 end-page: 1046 article-title: Energy cost of walking and running at extreme uphill and downhill slopes publication-title: J Appl Physiol – volume: 346 start-page: 265 issue: 6281 year: 1990 end-page: 267 article-title: Energetics of running: a new perspective publication-title: Nature – volume: 16 start-page: 185 issue: 2 year: 1984 article-title: Effects of grade running on kinematics and impact force publication-title: Med Sci Sports Exerc – volume: 30 start-page: 153 year: 2011 end-page: 160 article-title: Effects of load and gradient on energy cost of running publication-title: J Physiol Anthropol – volume: 201 start-page: 2745 year: 1998 end-page: 2751 article-title: Energetics of bipedal running. 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| Snippet | Lower energy cost of running (Cr) has been reported when wearing minimal (MS) vs traditional shoes (TS) on level terrain, but the effect of slope on this... Lower energy cost of running ( C r) has been reported when wearing minimal ( MS ) vs traditional shoes ( TS ) on level terrain, but the effect of slope on this... The aim of this study was to assess potential changes in the performance and cardiorespiratory responses of elite cross-country skiers following transition... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Biomechanical Phenomena Economics Energy expenditure Energy Metabolism - physiology Equipment Design Exercise Test Humans Kinematics Life Sciences Male Oxygen consumption Oxygen Consumption - physiology Running Running - physiology Shoes Shoes & boots Slope stability Young Adult |
| Title | Effect of slope and footwear on running economy and kinematics |
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