In Vitro Free Radical Scavenging Properties and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ilex paraguariensis (Maté) and the Ability of Its Major Chemical Markers to Inhibit the Production of Proinflammatory Mediators
Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae), popularly known as “yerba mate,” has great economic and social significance for the population of Southern Latin America. This study was conducted (1) to investigate the phytochemical composition of four different standardized extracts, (2) to investi...
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| Published in | Mediators of inflammation Vol. 2021; pp. 7688153 - 13 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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United States
Hindawi
2021
Hindawi Limited Wiley |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae), popularly known as “yerba mate,” has great economic and social significance for the population of Southern Latin America. This study was conducted (1) to investigate the phytochemical composition of four different standardized extracts, (2) to investigate its free radical scavenging properties, and (3) to investigate the anti-inflammatory action of I. paraguariensis and its major chemical markers. The chemical profile was achieved by Folin-Ciocalteu, by LC/DAD, and by LC/MS assays, while the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were investigated, respectively, by DPPH assay and by inhibition of nitric oxide (Griess reaction) and TNF-α (ELISA). Our results demonstrated that the IA (aqueous infusion extract) showed higher amounts of total phenolic contents (266.62±10.85 mg CAE·g-1 DE), the highest amounts of all six chemical markers (theobromine, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeine, and rutin), and stronger antioxidant activity (EC50=54.4±5.14 μg·mL−1). The IA extract also showed the lowest inhibition of NOx secretion (50.10±8.97%) as well as inhibition of TNF-α (83.33±4.01%). Regarding the chemical markers, all compounds showed strong inhibition of NOx secretion, especially theobromine, which was 200x more potent than dexamethasone. Furthermore, TNF-α secretion was also significantly decreased by THEO at 0.033 μM (22.15±6.49%), NCA at 1.97 μM (27.46±3.98%), CCA at 0.35 μM (39.76±5.73%), CGA at 0.56 μM (23.58±5.79%), CAF at 0.52 μM (26.45±5.34%), and RUT at 0.16 μM (40.18±3.70%). Our results suggest that I. paraguariensis and its major chemical markers have strong free radical scavenging properties as well as showed important anti-inflammatory activity and that these compounds in a plant extract may work based on several different mechanisms synergistically, resulting in moderating the immune system. |
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| AbstractList | Ilex paraguariensis
A. St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae), popularly known as “
yerba mate
,” has great economic and social significance for the population of Southern Latin America. This study was conducted (1) to investigate the phytochemical composition of four different standardized extracts, (2) to investigate its free radical scavenging properties, and (3) to investigate the anti-inflammatory action of
I. paraguariensis
and its major chemical markers. The chemical profile was achieved by Folin-Ciocalteu, by LC/DAD, and by LC/MS assays, while the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were investigated, respectively, by DPPH assay and by inhibition of nitric oxide (Griess reaction) and TNF-
α
(ELISA). Our results demonstrated that the IA (aqueous infusion extract) showed higher amounts of total phenolic contents (266.62 ± 10.85 mg CAE·g
−1
DE), the highest amounts of all six chemical markers (theobromine, 5-
O
-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-
O
-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-
O
-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeine, and rutin), and stronger antioxidant activity (EC
50
= 54.4 ± 5.14
μ
g · mL
−1
). The IA extract also showed the lowest inhibition of NOx secretion (50.10 ± 8.97%) as well as inhibition of TNF-
α
(83.33 ± 4.01%). Regarding the chemical markers, all compounds showed strong inhibition of NOx secretion, especially theobromine, which was 200x more potent than dexamethasone. Furthermore, TNF-
α
secretion was also significantly decreased by THEO at 0.033
μ
M (22.15 ± 6.49%), NCA at 1.97
μ
M (27.46 ± 3.98%), CCA at 0.35
μ
M (39.76 ± 5.73%), CGA at 0.56
μ
M (23.58 ± 5.79%), CAF at 0.52
μ
M (26.45 ± 5.34%), and RUT at 0.16
μ
M (40.18 ± 3.70%). Our results suggest that
I. paraguariensis
and its major chemical markers have strong free radical scavenging properties as well as showed important anti-inflammatory activity and that these compounds in a plant extract may work based on several different mechanisms synergistically, resulting in moderating the immune system. Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae), popularly known as "yerba mate," has great economic and social significance for the population of Southern Latin America. This study was conducted (1) to investigate the phytochemical composition of four different standardized extracts, (2) to investigate its free radical scavenging properties, and (3) to investigate the anti-inflammatory action of I. paraguariensis and its major chemical markers. The chemical profile was achieved by Folin-Ciocalteu, by LC/DAD, and by LC/MS assays, while the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were investigated, respectively, by DPPH assay and by inhibition of nitric oxide (Griess reaction) and TNF-α (ELISA). Our results demonstrated that the IA (aqueous infusion extract) showed higher amounts of total phenolic contents (266.62±10.85mg CAE·g[sup.-1] DE), the highest amounts of all six chemical markers (theobromine, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeine, and rutin), and stronger antioxidant activity (EC[sub.50]=54.4±5.14μ g·mL[sup.-1]). The IA extract also showed the lowest inhibition of NOx secretion (50.10±8.97%) as well as inhibition of TNF-α (83.33±4.01%). Regarding the chemical markers, all compounds showed strong inhibition of NOx secretion, especially theobromine, which was 200x more potent than dexamethasone. Furthermore, TNF-α secretion was also significantly decreased by THEO at 0.033μ M (22.15±6.49%), NCA at 1.97μ M (27.46±3.98%), CCA at 0.35μ M (39.76±5.73%), CGA at 0.56μ M (23.58±5.79%), CAF at 0.52μ M (26.45±5.34%), and RUT at 0.16μ M (40.18±3.70%). Our results suggest that I. paraguariensis and its major chemical markers have strong free radical scavenging properties as well as showed important anti-inflammatory activity and that these compounds in a plant extract may work based on several different mechanisms synergistically, resulting in moderating the immune system. Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae), popularly known as “yerba mate,” has great economic and social significance for the population of Southern Latin America. This study was conducted (1) to investigate the phytochemical composition of four different standardized extracts, (2) to investigate its free radical scavenging properties, and (3) to investigate the anti-inflammatory action of I. paraguariensis and its major chemical markers. The chemical profile was achieved by Folin-Ciocalteu, by LC/DAD, and by LC/MS assays, while the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were investigated, respectively, by DPPH assay and by inhibition of nitric oxide (Griess reaction) and TNF-α (ELISA). Our results demonstrated that the IA (aqueous infusion extract) showed higher amounts of total phenolic contents (266.62±10.85 mg CAE·g-1 DE), the highest amounts of all six chemical markers (theobromine, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeine, and rutin), and stronger antioxidant activity (EC50=54.4±5.14 μg·mL−1). The IA extract also showed the lowest inhibition of NOx secretion (50.10±8.97%) as well as inhibition of TNF-α (83.33±4.01%). Regarding the chemical markers, all compounds showed strong inhibition of NOx secretion, especially theobromine, which was 200x more potent than dexamethasone. Furthermore, TNF-α secretion was also significantly decreased by THEO at 0.033 μM (22.15±6.49%), NCA at 1.97 μM (27.46±3.98%), CCA at 0.35 μM (39.76±5.73%), CGA at 0.56 μM (23.58±5.79%), CAF at 0.52 μM (26.45±5.34%), and RUT at 0.16 μM (40.18±3.70%). Our results suggest that I. paraguariensis and its major chemical markers have strong free radical scavenging properties as well as showed important anti-inflammatory activity and that these compounds in a plant extract may work based on several different mechanisms synergistically, resulting in moderating the immune system. A. St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae), popularly known as " ," has great economic and social significance for the population of Southern Latin America. This study was conducted (1) to investigate the phytochemical composition of four different standardized extracts, (2) to investigate its free radical scavenging properties, and (3) to investigate the anti-inflammatory action of and its major chemical markers. The chemical profile was achieved by Folin-Ciocalteu, by LC/DAD, and by LC/MS assays, while the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were investigated, respectively, by DPPH assay and by inhibition of nitric oxide (Griess reaction) and TNF- (ELISA). Our results demonstrated that the IA (aqueous infusion extract) showed higher amounts of total phenolic contents (266.62 ± 10.85 mg CAE·g DE), the highest amounts of all six chemical markers (theobromine, 5- -caffeoylquinic acid, 4- -caffeoylquinic acid, 3- -caffeoylquinic acid, caffeine, and rutin), and stronger antioxidant activity (EC = 54.4 ± 5.14 g · mL ). The IA extract also showed the lowest inhibition of NOx secretion (50.10 ± 8.97%) as well as inhibition of TNF- (83.33 ± 4.01%). Regarding the chemical markers, all compounds showed strong inhibition of NOx secretion, especially theobromine, which was 200x more potent than dexamethasone. Furthermore, TNF- secretion was also significantly decreased by THEO at 0.033 M (22.15 ± 6.49%), NCA at 1.97 M (27.46 ± 3.98%), CCA at 0.35 M (39.76 ± 5.73%), CGA at 0.56 M (23.58 ± 5.79%), CAF at 0.52 M (26.45 ± 5.34%), and RUT at 0.16 M (40.18 ± 3.70%). Our results suggest that and its major chemical markers have strong free radical scavenging properties as well as showed important anti-inflammatory activity and that these compounds in a plant extract may work based on several different mechanisms synergistically, resulting in moderating the immune system. Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae), popularly known as “yerba mate,” has great economic and social significance for the population of Southern Latin America. This study was conducted (1) to investigate the phytochemical composition of four different standardized extracts, (2) to investigate its free radical scavenging properties, and (3) to investigate the anti-inflammatory action of I. paraguariensis and its major chemical markers. The chemical profile was achieved by Folin-Ciocalteu, by LC/DAD, and by LC/MS assays, while the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were investigated, respectively, by DPPH assay and by inhibition of nitric oxide (Griess reaction) and TNF-α (ELISA). Our results demonstrated that the IA (aqueous infusion extract) showed higher amounts of total phenolic contents ( 266.62 ± 10.85 mg CAE·g-1 DE), the highest amounts of all six chemical markers (theobromine, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeine, and rutin), and stronger antioxidant activity ( E C 50 = 54.4 ± 5.14 μ g · m L − 1 ). The IA extract also showed the lowest inhibition of NOx secretion ( 50.10 ± 8.97 % ) as well as inhibition of TNF-α ( 83.33 ± 4.01 % ). Regarding the chemical markers, all compounds showed strong inhibition of NOx secretion, especially theobromine, which was 200x more potent than dexamethasone. Furthermore, TNF-α secretion was also significantly decreased by THEO at 0.033 μM ( 22.15 ± 6.49 % ), NCA at 1.97 μM ( 27.46 ± 3.98 % ), CCA at 0.35 μM ( 39.76 ± 5.73 % ), CGA at 0.56 μM ( 23.58 ± 5.79 % ), CAF at 0.52 μM ( 26.45 ± 5.34 % ), and RUT at 0.16 μM ( 40.18 ± 3.70 % ). Our results suggest that I. paraguariensis and its major chemical markers have strong free radical scavenging properties as well as showed important anti-inflammatory activity and that these compounds in a plant extract may work based on several different mechanisms synergistically, resulting in moderating the immune system. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Fratoni, Eduarda Dalmarco, Eduardo Monguilhott de Campos, Angela Machado Reginatto, Flavio Henrique Farias, Ingrid Vicente Theindl, Lais Cristina |
| AuthorAffiliation | Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Ingrid Vicente orcidid: 0000-0002-6020-7869 surname: Farias fullname: Farias, Ingrid Vicente organization: Programa de Pós-Graduação em FarmáciaCentro de Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina88040-900 FlorianópolisBrazilufsc.br – sequence: 2 givenname: Eduarda orcidid: 0000-0002-0818-8592 surname: Fratoni fullname: Fratoni, Eduarda organization: Programa de Pós-Graduação em FarmáciaCentro de Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina88040-900 FlorianópolisBrazilufsc.br – sequence: 3 givenname: Lais Cristina orcidid: 0000-0003-2039-1419 surname: Theindl fullname: Theindl, Lais Cristina organization: Programa de Pós-Graduação em FarmáciaCentro de Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina88040-900 FlorianópolisBrazilufsc.br – sequence: 4 givenname: Angela Machado orcidid: 0000-0001-8936-3059 surname: de Campos fullname: de Campos, Angela Machado organization: Programa de Pós-Graduação em FarmáciaCentro de Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina88040-900 FlorianópolisBrazilufsc.br – sequence: 5 givenname: Eduardo Monguilhott orcidid: 0000-0002-5220-5396 surname: Dalmarco fullname: Dalmarco, Eduardo Monguilhott organization: Programa de Pós-Graduação em FarmáciaCentro de Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina88040-900 FlorianópolisBrazilufsc.br – sequence: 6 givenname: Flavio Henrique orcidid: 0000-0002-4710-8540 surname: Reginatto fullname: Reginatto, Flavio Henrique organization: Programa de Pós-Graduação em FarmáciaCentro de Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina88040-900 FlorianópolisBrazilufsc.br |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34759771$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_micpath_2024_106687 crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_estlett_3c00226 crossref_primary_10_3390_ma16145083 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_resconrec_2023_107000 crossref_primary_10_1080_15287394_2022_2035873 |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Copyright © 2021 Ingrid Vicente Farias et al. COPYRIGHT 2021 Hindawi Limited Copyright © 2021 Ingrid Vicente Farias et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Copyright © 2021 Ingrid Vicente Farias et al. 2021 |
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| References | 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 2 Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Brasil) (27) 2010 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 21 22 23 24 25 28 29 Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Secretaría de Políticas, Regulación y Relaciones Sanitarias (26) 2003 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 |
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| Snippet | Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae), popularly known as “yerba mate,” has great economic and social significance for the population of Southern... A. St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae), popularly known as " ," has great economic and social significance for the population of Southern Latin America. This study was... Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae), popularly known as "yerba mate," has great economic and social significance for the population of Southern... Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae), popularly known as “ yerba mate ,” has great economic and social significance for the population of Southern... |
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| SubjectTerms | Acids Anti-inflammatory agents Anti-Inflammatory Agents - pharmacology Anti-inflammatory drugs Antioxidants Antioxidants - chemistry Antioxidants - pharmacology Atherosclerosis B cells Biological products Caffeine Cytotoxicity Dexamethasone Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Free Radicals Gas flow Ilex paraguariensis Ilex paraguariensis - chemistry Immune system Inflammation Kinases Natural products Nitric oxide Nitrogen Phenolic compounds Phenols Plant extracts Plant Extracts - chemistry Plant Extracts - pharmacology Reproducibility Rutin Solvents Tumor necrosis factor Tumor necrosis factor-α |
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| Title | In Vitro Free Radical Scavenging Properties and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ilex paraguariensis (Maté) and the Ability of Its Major Chemical Markers to Inhibit the Production of Proinflammatory Mediators |
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