High-Concentration L-Menthol Exhibits Counter-Irritancy to Neurogenic Inflammation, Thermal and Mechanical Hyperalgesia Caused by Trans-cinnamaldehyde

• Published in: The journal of pain Vol. 17; no. 8; pp. 919 - 929
• Main Authors: Andersen, Hjalte H., Gazerani, Parisa, Arendt-Nielsen, Lars
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.08.2016
• Subjects: Acrolein - adverse effects; Acrolein - analogs & derivatives; Adult; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic - adverse effects; Antipruritics - therapeutic use; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Human surrogate pain model; Humans; hyperalgesia; Hyperalgesia - chemically induced; Hyperalgesia - drug therapy; L-menthol; Male; Methionine - therapeutic use; Neurogenic Inflammation - chemically induced; Neurogenic Inflammation - drug therapy; Pain Measurement; Pain Threshold - drug effects; Physical Stimulation; Temperature; trans-cinnamaldehyde; TRPA1; TRPM8; Visual Analog Scale; Young Adult; trans-cinnamaldehyde; hyperalgesia; TRPM8; TRPA1; L-menthol; Human surrogate pain model
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.05.004
• ISSN: 1526-5900; 1528-8447

The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M 8 (TRPM8) agonist L-menthol has been used traditionally for its topical counterirritant properties. Although the use of topical L-menthol for pain is casuistically established, evidence regarding its efficacy is negligible. This study aimed to characterize the effect of L-menthol as a counterirritant on cutaneous pain and hyperalgesia provoked by topical application of the transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1 (TRPA1) agonist trans-cinnamaldehyde (CA). In a randomized, double-blinded study CA was applied to a 3 × 3-cm area of the volar forearm evoking neurogenic inflammation, pain, mechanical, and thermal hyperalgesia in 14 healthy volunteers. In different sessions, 10% CA alone or 40% L-menthol applied simultaneously with 10% CA were administered for 20 minutes, throughout which the subjects rated the pain intensity on a visual analogue scale of 0 to 10. Extensive quantitative sensory testing was conducted and superficial blood flow (neurogenic inflammation) was recorded. Administration of CA evoked spontaneous pain, neurogenic inflammation, thermal hyperalgesia, and primary and secondary mechanical hyperalgesia. Coadministration of topical L-menthol reduced spontaneous pain intensity (P < .01), neurogenic inflammation (P < .01), primary mechanical hyperalgesia (P < .05), secondary mechanical hyperalgesia (P < .05), and heat hyperalgesia (P < .05), but not cold hyperalgesia. L-menthol exhibited inhibitory effects on simultaneously established pain, hypersensitivity, and neurogenic inflammation in a human TRPA1-induced pain model. Potent TRPM8 agonists could be useful as topical antihyperalgesics. The study and the trial protocol is registered and approved by the local research ethics committee under the jurisdiction of the Danish Medicines Agency number N-20130005. The protocol also is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov under NCT02653703. Drugs interacting with transient receptor potential channels are of great therapeutic potential. In the present study we established cutaneous pain and hyperalgesia using the TRPA1 agonist CA. Subsequently, we showed that the frequently used topical counterirritant and TRPM8 agonist, L-menthol, decreased evoked pain, hyperalgesia, and inflammation, indicating direct and indirect antinociceptive mechanisms. •Topical 10% trans-cinnamaldehyde evoked pain, neurogenic inflammation, and hyperalgesia.•Co-administration of 40% L-menthol alleviated several of these established sensory symptoms.•L-menthol's counterirritant effect likely occurs through spinal inhibition and through peripheral antagonism.•Transient receptor potential cation channel M8 agonists could be useful as topical anti-hyperalgesics.