Changing Patterns of Attendance at Religious Services in Canada, 1986-2008
According to the General Social Survey, the combined rate of weekly and monthly attendance at religious services in Canada has declined by about 20 points from 1986 to 2008. Approximately half of this decline stems from the increase in the proportion of people reporting no religion, who, for the mos...
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| Published in | Journal for the scientific study of religion Vol. 50; no. 1; pp. 187 - 200 |
|---|---|
| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Malden, USA
Blackwell Publishing Inc
01.03.2011
Wiley Subscription Services Wiley Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0021-8294 1468-5906 |
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x |
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| Abstract | According to the General Social Survey, the combined rate of weekly and monthly attendance at religious services in Canada has declined by about 20 points from 1986 to 2008. Approximately half of this decline stems from the increase in the proportion of people reporting no religion, who, for the most part, do not attend religious services. The other portion of this decline is attributable to eroding attendance rates among Catholics, particularly older Catholics, and Protestants in Québec. Attendance rates for Protestants outside of Québec show signs of increase. The reported increase in weekly attendance in Canada by the Project Canada surveys and cited by Bibby as a possible indicator of a religious renaissance is revealed as an artifact in the data due to an oversample of Protestants. I find another weighting problem in the Canadian Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating that leads to underestimates of aggregate religious attendance rates. |
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| AbstractList | According to the General Social Survey, the combined rate of weekly and monthly attendance at religious services in Canada has declined by about 20 points from 1986 to 2008. Approximately half of this decline stems from the increase in the proportion of people reporting no religion, who, for the most part, do not attend religious services. The other portion of this decline is attributable to eroding attendance rates among Catholics, particularly older Catholics, and Protestants in Quebec. Attendance rates for Protestants outside of Quebec show signs of increase. The reported increase in weekly attendance in Canada by the Project Canada surveys and cited by Bibby as a possible indicator of a religious renaissance is revealed as an artifact in the data due to an oversample of Protestants. I find another weighting problem in the Canadian Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating that leads to underestimates of aggregate religious attendance rates. Adapted from the source document. According to the General Social Survey, the combined rate of weekly and monthly attendance at religious services in Canada has declined by about 20 points from 1986 to 2008. Approximately half of this decline stems from the increase in the proportion of people reporting no religion, who, for the most part, do not attend religious services. The other portion of this decline is attributable to eroding attendance rates among Catholics, particularly older Catholics, and Protestants in Quebec. Attendance rates for Protestants outside of Quebec show signs of increase. The reported increase in weekly attendance in Canada by the Project Canada surveys and cited by Bibby as a possible indicator of a religious renaissance is revealed as an artifact in the data due to an oversample of Protestants. I find another weighting problem in the Canadian Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating that leads to underestimates of aggregate religious attendance rates. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] According to the General Social Survey, the combined rate of weekly and monthly attendance at religious services in Canada has declined by about 20 points from 1986 to 2008. Approximately half of this decline stems from the increase in the proportion of people reporting no religion, who, for the most part, do not attend religious services. The other portion of this decline is attributable to eroding attendance rates among Catholics, particularly older Catholics, and Protestants in Québec. Attendance rates for Protestants outside of Québec show signs of increase. The reported increase in weekly attendance in Canada by the Project Canada surveys and cited by Bibby as a possible indicator of a religious renaissance is revealed as an artifact in the data due to an oversample of Protestants. I find another weighting problem in the Canadian Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating that leads to underestimates of aggregate religious attendance rates. According to the General Social Survey, the combined rate of weekly and monthly attendance at religious services in Canada has declined by about 20 points from 1986 to 2008. Approximately half of this decline stems from the increase in the proportion of people reporting no religion, who, for the most part, do not attend religious services. The other portion of this decline is attributable to eroding attendance rates among Catholics, particularly older Catholics, and Protestants in Quebec. Attendance rates for Protestants outside of Quebec show signs of increase. The reported increase in weekly attendance in Canada by the Project Canada surveys and cited by Bibby as a possible indicator of a religious renaissance is revealed as an artifact in the data due to an oversample of Protestants. I find another weighting problem in the Canadian Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating that leads to underestimates of aggregate religious attendance rates. Adapted from the source document. Reprinted by permission of Society for the Scientific Study of Religion |
| Author | Eagle, David E. |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1086/595945 10.2307/2095353 10.1086/317990 10.1002/ev.1034 10.1515/9780773571334 10.32614/CRAN.package.arm 10.2307/1387338 10.1177/000842980803700301 10.1177/000842980803700302 10.2307/3088891 10.2307/2095948 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01554.x 10.1017/S0003055407070372 10.2307/1386496 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2007.00367.x 10.1017/CBO9780511791017 10.2307/2675572 |
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| References | Chaves, Mark and James C. Cavendish. 1994. More evidence on United-States Catholic-Church attendance-A research note. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 33(4):376-81. Bibby, Reginald W.. 2008. The perils of pioneering and prophecy: A response to Thiessen and Dawson. Studies in Religion 37(3-4):417-25. Kosmin, Barry and Ariela Keysar. 2009. American nones: The profile of the no religion population. Hartford , CT : Program on Public Values, Trinity College. Technical report. Abraham, Katherine, Sara Helms, and Stanley Presser. 2009. How social processes distort measurement: The impact of survey nonresponse on estimates of volunteer work in the United States. American Journal of Sociology 114(4):1129-65. Thiessen, Joel and Lorne Dawson. 2008. Is there a "renaissance" of religion in Canada? A critical look at Bibby and beyond. Studies in Religion 37(3-4):389-415. Bibby, Reginald W.. 2004a. The Future Families Project: A survey of Canadian hopes and dreams. Ottawa , ON : Vanier Institute of the Family. Technical report. Dillman, Don A., Roberta L. Sangster, John Tarnai, and Todd H. Rockwood. 1996. Understanding differences in people's answers to telephone and mail surveys. New Directions for Evaluation (70):45-61. Groves, Robert M., Eleanor Singer, and Amy Corning. 2000. Leverage-saliency theory of survey participation: Description and an illustration. Public Opinion Quarterly 64(3):299-308. Clark, Warren and Grant Schellenberg. 2006. Who's religious Canadian Social Trends 81:2-9. Clark, Warren. 2000. Patterns of religious attendance. Canadian Social Trends 59:23-27. Bibby, Reginald W.. 2004b. Restless churches: How Canada's churches can contribute to the emerging religious renaissance. Kelowna , Canada : Woodlake Books. Norris, Pippa and Ronald Inglehart. 2004. Sacred and secular: Religion and politics worldwide. Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press. Hout, Michael and Andrew M. Greeley. 1987. The center doesn't hold: Church attendance in the United States, 1940-1984. American Sociological Review 52(3):325-45. Bibby, Reginald W.. 2006. The boomer factor: What Canada's most famous generation is leaving behind. Toronto , Canada : Bastian Books. Hadaway, C. Kirk, Penny L. Marler, and Mark Chaves. 1993. What the polls don't show: A closer look at U.S. church attendance. American Sociological Review 58(6):741-52. Bruce, Steve. 2002. God is dead: Secularization in the West. Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishers. Philpott, Daniel. 2007. Explaining the political ambivalence of religion. American Political Science Review 101(3):505-25. Reimer, Samuel H. 1995. A look at cultural effects on religiosity: A comparison between the Unites States and Canada. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 34(4):445-57. Gelman, Andrew and Jennifer Hill. 2007. Data analysis using regression and multilevel and hierarchical models. Cambridge , MA : Cambridge University Press. Presser, Stanley and Mark Chaves. 2007. Is religious service attendance declining Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 46(3):417-23. Clark, Warren. 1998. Religious observance, marriage and family. Canadian Social Trends 50:2-7. Reimer, Samuel H. 2003. Evangelicals and the continental divide: The conservative Protestant subculture in Canada and the Unites States. Montreal , Canada : McGill-Queen's University Press. Hout, Michael and Claude S. Fischer. 2002. Why more Americans have no religious preference: Politics and generations. American Sociological Review 67(2):165-90. Bibby, Reginald W. 1987. Fragmented gods: The poverty and potential of religion in Canada. Toronto , Ontario : Irwin Publishers. Clark, Warren. 2003. Pockets of belief: Religious attendance patterns in Canada. Canadian Social Trends 68:2-5. Brenner, Philip S. 2011. Identity importance and the over reporting of religious service attendance: Multiple imputation of religious attendance using American Time Use Study and the General Social Survey. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 50(1):103-15. Steensland, Brian, Jerry Z. Park, Mark D. Regnerus, Lynn D. Robinson, W. Bradford Wilcox, and Robert D. Woodberry. 2000. The measure of American religion: Toward improving the state of the art. Social Forces 79(1):291-318. 2007; 101 1987; 52 2004a 1995; 34 2000; 64 2009 2008; 37 1997 1996 2007 2006 2004 2003 2002 2009; 114 2006; 81 1993; 58 2000; 59 2000; 79 2002; 67 2011; 50 1987 2003; 68 1994; 33 1998; 50 2004b 2007; 46 Bibby (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB6|cit6) 2008; 37 Chaves (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB9|cit9) 1994; 33 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB28|cit28 Clark (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB11|cit11) 2000; 59 Norris (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB23|cit23) 2004 Thiessen (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB30|cit30) 2008; 37 Abraham (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB1|cit1) 2009; 114 Clark (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB12|cit12) 2003; 68 Dillman (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB14|cit14) 1996 Philpott (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB24|cit24) 2007; 101 Fischer (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB15|cit15) 2006 Clark (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB13|cit13) 2006; 81 Groves (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB17|cit17) 2000; 64 Bruce (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB8|cit8) 2002 Kosmin (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB22|cit22) 2009 Reimer (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB26|cit27) 2003 Hout (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB20|cit20) 2002; 67 Steensland (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB29|cit29) 2000; 79 Hout (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB21|cit21) 1987; 52 Presser (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB25|cit25) 2007; 46 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB18|cit18 Reimer (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB27|cit26) 1995; 34 Gelman (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB16|cit16) 2007 Bibby (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB2|cit2) 1987 Bibby (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB5|cit5) 2006 Brenner (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB7|cit7) 2011; 50 Hadaway (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB19|cit19) 1993; 58 Clark (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB10|cit10) 1998; 50 Bibby (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB3|cit3) 2004a Bibby (10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01559.x-BIB4|cit4) 2004b |
| References_xml | – reference: Kosmin, Barry and Ariela Keysar. 2009. American nones: The profile of the no religion population. Hartford , CT : Program on Public Values, Trinity College. Technical report. – reference: Gelman, Andrew and Jennifer Hill. 2007. Data analysis using regression and multilevel and hierarchical models. Cambridge , MA : Cambridge University Press. – reference: Philpott, Daniel. 2007. Explaining the political ambivalence of religion. American Political Science Review 101(3):505-25. – reference: Clark, Warren. 1998. Religious observance, marriage and family. Canadian Social Trends 50:2-7. – reference: Clark, Warren. 2000. Patterns of religious attendance. Canadian Social Trends 59:23-27. – reference: Reimer, Samuel H. 1995. A look at cultural effects on religiosity: A comparison between the Unites States and Canada. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 34(4):445-57. – reference: Steensland, Brian, Jerry Z. Park, Mark D. Regnerus, Lynn D. Robinson, W. Bradford Wilcox, and Robert D. Woodberry. 2000. The measure of American religion: Toward improving the state of the art. Social Forces 79(1):291-318. – reference: Groves, Robert M., Eleanor Singer, and Amy Corning. 2000. Leverage-saliency theory of survey participation: Description and an illustration. Public Opinion Quarterly 64(3):299-308. – reference: Thiessen, Joel and Lorne Dawson. 2008. Is there a "renaissance" of religion in Canada? A critical look at Bibby and beyond. Studies in Religion 37(3-4):389-415. – reference: Bibby, Reginald W.. 2006. The boomer factor: What Canada's most famous generation is leaving behind. Toronto , Canada : Bastian Books. – reference: Hout, Michael and Claude S. Fischer. 2002. Why more Americans have no religious preference: Politics and generations. American Sociological Review 67(2):165-90. – reference: Bibby, Reginald W.. 2004a. The Future Families Project: A survey of Canadian hopes and dreams. Ottawa , ON : Vanier Institute of the Family. Technical report. – reference: Brenner, Philip S. 2011. Identity importance and the over reporting of religious service attendance: Multiple imputation of religious attendance using American Time Use Study and the General Social Survey. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 50(1):103-15. – reference: Chaves, Mark and James C. Cavendish. 1994. More evidence on United-States Catholic-Church attendance-A research note. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 33(4):376-81. – reference: Bruce, Steve. 2002. God is dead: Secularization in the West. Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishers. – reference: Hout, Michael and Andrew M. Greeley. 1987. The center doesn't hold: Church attendance in the United States, 1940-1984. American Sociological Review 52(3):325-45. – reference: Reimer, Samuel H. 2003. Evangelicals and the continental divide: The conservative Protestant subculture in Canada and the Unites States. Montreal , Canada : McGill-Queen's University Press. – reference: Clark, Warren. 2003. Pockets of belief: Religious attendance patterns in Canada. Canadian Social Trends 68:2-5. – reference: Bibby, Reginald W.. 2008. The perils of pioneering and prophecy: A response to Thiessen and Dawson. Studies in Religion 37(3-4):417-25. – reference: Bibby, Reginald W. 1987. Fragmented gods: The poverty and potential of religion in Canada. Toronto , Ontario : Irwin Publishers. – reference: Presser, Stanley and Mark Chaves. 2007. Is religious service attendance declining Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 46(3):417-23. – reference: Dillman, Don A., Roberta L. Sangster, John Tarnai, and Todd H. Rockwood. 1996. Understanding differences in people's answers to telephone and mail surveys. New Directions for Evaluation (70):45-61. – reference: Abraham, Katherine, Sara Helms, and Stanley Presser. 2009. How social processes distort measurement: The impact of survey nonresponse on estimates of volunteer work in the United States. American Journal of Sociology 114(4):1129-65. – reference: Bibby, Reginald W.. 2004b. Restless churches: How Canada's churches can contribute to the emerging religious renaissance. Kelowna , Canada : Woodlake Books. – reference: Hadaway, C. Kirk, Penny L. Marler, and Mark Chaves. 1993. What the polls don't show: A closer look at U.S. church attendance. American Sociological Review 58(6):741-52. – reference: Norris, Pippa and Ronald Inglehart. 2004. Sacred and secular: Religion and politics worldwide. Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press. – reference: Clark, Warren and Grant Schellenberg. 2006. 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| SubjectTerms | Attendance Canada Catholicism Catholics Censuses Christianity Church attendance Church membership Contemporary period General subjects History and sciences of religions Islam Judaism Measurement Methodology (Data Collection) Polls & surveys Protestantism Protestants Quebec Religion Religions religious attendance Religious behaviour Religious identity Religious participation Religious practice Response rates secularization Services Social change Social surveys Sociological studies Term weighting trends Weighting |
| Title | Changing Patterns of Attendance at Religious Services in Canada, 1986-2008 |
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