Contestations of the Liberal International Order: From Liberal Multilateralism to Postnational Liberalism

• Published in: International organization Vol. 75; no. 2; pp. 282 - 305
• Main Authors: Borzel, Tanja A, Zurn, Michael
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York, USA Cambridge University Press 01.01.2021
• Subjects: Cold War; contestation; Cooperation; COVID-19; Developing countries; Double standards; Emigration and immigration law; European migration crisis; European Union; Human rights; Industrialized nations; Inequality; Institutionalism; Institutions; Internal Challenges to the Liberal International Order: Political; International Criminal Court; International law; International organizations; International Refugee Law; International relations; International security; Intrusiveness; LDCs; Legitimation; liberal international order; liberal multilateralism; Liberalism; Mapping; Migration; Multilateralism; Nation states; Post World War II period; postnational liberalism; Preferences; Refugees; Responsibility; Responsibility to Protect; Rule of law; Socialization; Sociology; United Nations Security Council; Well being; World War II; United States > US; United Nations Security Council; contestation; European migration crisis; International Criminal Court; Liberal international order; European Union; postnational liberalism; liberal multilateralism; International Refugee Law; Responsibility to Protect
• DOI: 10.1017/S0020818320000570
• ISSN: 0020-8183; 1531-5088

The 1990s saw a systemic shift from the liberal post–World War II international order of liberal multilateralism (LIO I) to a post–Cold War international order of postnational liberalism (LIO II). LIO II has not been only rule-based but has openly pursued a liberal social purpose with a significant amount of authority beyond the nation-state. While postnational liberal institutions helped increase overall well-being globally, they were criticized for using double standards and institutionalizing state inequality. We argue that these institutional features of the postnational LIO II led to legitimation problems, which explain both the current wave of contestations and the strategies chosen by different contestants. We develop our argument first by mapping the growing liberal intrusiveness of international institutions. Second, we demonstrate the increased level and variety of contestations in international security and international refugee law. We show that increased liberal intrusiveness has led to a variety of contestation strategies, the choice of which is affected by the preference of a contestant regarding postnational liberalism and its power within the contested institution.