The perils of policy by p-value: Predicting civil conflicts
Large-n studies of conflict have produced a large number of statistically significant results but little accurate guidance in terms of anticipating the onset of conflict. The authors argue that too much attention has been paid to finding statistically significant relationships, while too little atte...
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Published in | Journal of peace research Vol. 47; no. 4; pp. 363 - 375 |
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Main Authors | , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
London, England
Sage Publications
01.07.2010
SAGE Publications Sage Publications Ltd |
Subjects | |
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Abstract | Large-n studies of conflict have produced a large number of statistically significant results but little accurate guidance in terms of anticipating the onset of conflict. The authors argue that too much attention has been paid to finding statistically significant relationships, while too little attention has been paid to finding variables that improve our ability to predict civil wars. The result can be a distorted view of what matters most to the onset of conflict. Although these models may not be intended to be predictive models, prescriptions based on these models are generally based on statistical significance, and the predictive attributes of the underlying models are generally ignored. These predictions should not be ignored, but rather need to be heuristically evaluated because they may shed light on the veracity of the models. In this study, the authors conduct a side-by-side comparison of the statistical significance and predictive power of the different variables used in two of the most influential models of civil war. The results provide a clear demonstration of how potentially misleading the traditional focus on statistical significance can be. Until out-of-sample heuristics — especially including predictions — are part of the normal evaluative tools in conflict research, we are unlikely to make sufficient theoretical progress beyond broad statements that point to GDP per capita and population as the major causal factors accounting for civil war onset. |
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AbstractList | Large-n studies of conflict have produced a large number of statistically significant results but little accurate guidance in terms of anticipating the onset of conflict. The authors argue that too much attention has been paid to finding statistically significant relationships, while too little attention has been paid to finding variables that improve our ability to predict civil wars. The result can be a distorted view of what matters most to the onset of conflict. Although these models may not be intended to be predictive models, prescriptions based on these models are generally based on statistical significance, and the predictive attributes of the underlying models are generally ignored. These predictions should not be ignored, but rather need to be heuristically evaluated because they may shed light on the veracity of the models. In this study, the authors conduct a side-by-side comparison of the statistical significance and predictive power of the different variables used in two of the most influential models of civil war. The results provide a clear demonstration of how potentially misleading the traditional focus on statistical significance can be. Until out-of-sample heuristics — especially including predictions — are part of the normal evaluative tools in conflict research, we are unlikely to make sufficient theoretical progress beyond broad statements that point to GDP per capita and population as the major causal factors accounting for civil war onset. Large-N studies of conflict have produced a large number of statistically significant results but little accurate guidance in terms of anticipating the onset of conflict. The authors argue that too much attention has been paid to finding statistically significant relationships, while too little attention has been paid to finding variables that improve our ability to predict civil wars. The result can be a distorted view of what matters most to the onset of conflict. Although these models may not be intended to be predictive models, prescriptions based on these models are generally based on statistical significance, and the predictive attributes of the underlying models are generally ignored. These predictions should not be ignored, but rather need to be heuristically evaluated because they may shed light on the veracity of the models. In this study, the authors conduct a side-by-side comparison of the statistical significance and predictive power of the different variables used in two of the most influential models of civil war. The results provide a clear demonstration of how potentially misleading the traditional focus on statistical significance can be. Until out-of-sample heuristics -- especially including predictions -- are part of the normal evaluative tools in conflict research, we are unlikely to make sufficient theoretical progress beyond broad statements that point to GDP per capita and population as the major causal factors accounting for civil war onset. Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd Large-n studies of conflict have produced a large number of statistically significant results but little accurate guidance in terms of anticipating the onset of conflict. The authors argue that too much attention has been paid to finding statistically significant relationships, while too little attention has been paid to finding variables that improve our ability to predict civil wars. The result can be a distorted view of what matters most to the onset of conflict. Although these models may not be intended to be predictive models, prescriptions based on these models are generally based on statistical significance, and the predictive attributes of the underlying models are generally ignored. These predictions should not be ignored, but rather need to be heuristically evaluated because they may shed light on the veracity of the models. In this study, the authors conduct a side-by-side comparison of the statistical significance and predictive power of the different variables used in two of the most influential models of civil war. The results provide a clear demonstration of how potentially misleading the traditional focus on statistical significance can be. Until out-of-sample heuristics - especially including predictions - are part of the normal evaluative tools in conflict research, we are unlikely to make sufficient theoretical progress beyond broad statements that point to GDP per capita and population as the major causal factors accounting for civil war onset. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd., copyright holder.] |
Author | Bakke, Kristin M Ward, Michael D Greenhill, Brian D |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Michael D surname: Ward fullname: Ward, Michael D – sequence: 2 givenname: Brian D surname: Greenhill fullname: Greenhill, Brian D – sequence: 3 givenname: Kristin M surname: Bakke fullname: Bakke, Kristin M |
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References | Diamond, Larry 2006 Efron, Bradley 1983; 78 Posen, Barry 1993; 35 Lake, David A, Donald Rothchild 1996; 21 O’Brien, Sean P 2002; 46 Gill, Jeff 1999; 52 Hegre, Håvard, Nicholas Sambanis 2006; 50 Bass, Gary J 2006 Collier, Paul, Anke Hoeffler, Måns Söderbom 2008; 45 Collier, Paul, Anke Hoeffler 2004; 56 Fearon, James D, David D Laitin 2003; 97 Lacina, Bethany, Nils Petter Gleditsch 2005; 21 Gurr, Ted Robert, Mark Irving Lichbach 1986; 19 Hewstone, Miles, Katy Greenland 2000; 35 Schrodt, Philip A, Deborah J Gerner 2000; 94 King, Gary, Langche Zeng 2007; 51 Salehyan, Idean, Kristian Skrede Gleditsch 2006; 60 Ward, Michael, Kristian Skrede Gleditsch 2002; 10 Beck, Nathaniel, Gary King, Langche Zeng 2000; 94 Gagnon, V.P. 1994; 19 Fawcett, Tom 2006; 27 Geisser, Seymour 1975; 70 Easterly, William 2008 Buhaug, Halvard, Jan Ketil Rød 2006; 25 atypb9 Stewart, Frances (atypb42) 2005 Diamond, Jared (atypb10) 2005 Collier, Paul (atypb8) 2003 atypb19 Hegre, Håvard (atypb24) 2006; 50 Salehyan, Idean (atypb39) 2006; 60 Toft, Monica Duffy (atypb43) 2003 Bass, Gary J (atypb2) 2006 atypb28 atypb23 atypb45 atypb25 atypb41 House of Representatives (atypb27) 2006 Easterly, William (atypb12) 2008 Varshney, Ashutosh (atypb44) 2002 Horowitz, Donald (atypb26) 1985 Raleigh, Clionadh (atypb38) Gurr, Ted Robert (atypb21) 1970 Schrodt, Philip A (atypb40) atypb15 atypb37 atypb16 atypb17 atypb18 atypb33 Collier, Paul (atypb6) 2007 atypb13 Gurr, Ted Robert (atypb22) 2000 atypb35 atypb14 atypb36 atypb30 atypb3 Diamond, Larry (atypb11) 2006 atypb31 atypb32 atypb5 Lemann, Nicholas (atypb34) 2001 atypb4 Goldstone, Jack A (atypb20) Kaplan, Robert D (atypb29) 1993 Bass, Gary J (atypb1) 2006 atypb7 |
References_xml | – year: 2006 article-title: Memo to Iraq: Four strategies for averting civil war publication-title: Slate contributor: fullname: Bass, Gary J – volume: 45 start-page: 461 issue: 4 year: 2008 end-page: 478 article-title: Post-conflict risks publication-title: Journal of Peace Research contributor: fullname: Måns Söderbom – volume: 19 start-page: 130 issue: 3 year: 1994 end-page: 166 article-title: Ethnic nationalism and international conflict: The case of Serbia publication-title: International Security contributor: fullname: Gagnon, V.P. – volume: 52 start-page: 647 issue: 3 year: 1999 end-page: 674 article-title: The insignificance of null hypothesis significance testing publication-title: Political Research Quarterly contributor: fullname: Gill, Jeff – year: 2006 article-title: What civil wars look like publication-title: The New Republic contributor: fullname: Diamond, Larry – volume: 70 start-page: 320 issue: 350 year: 1975 end-page: 328 article-title: The predictive sample reuse method with applications publication-title: Journal of the American Statistical Association contributor: fullname: Geisser, Seymour – volume: 21 start-page: 41 issue: 2 year: 1996 end-page: 76 article-title: Containing fear: The origins and management of ethnic conflict publication-title: International Security contributor: fullname: Donald Rothchild – volume: 60 start-page: 335 issue: 2 year: 2006 end-page: 366 article-title: Refugees and the spread of civil war publication-title: International Organization contributor: fullname: Kristian Skrede Gleditsch – volume: 21 start-page: 145 issue: 2 3 year: 2005 end-page: 166 article-title: Monitoring trends in global combat: A new dataset of battle deaths publication-title: European Journal of Population contributor: fullname: Nils Petter Gleditsch – volume: 35 start-page: 27 issue: 1 year: 1993 end-page: 47 article-title: The security dilemma and ethnic conflict publication-title: Survival contributor: fullname: Posen, Barry – volume: 56 start-page: 563 issue: 4 year: 2004 end-page: 595 article-title: Greed and grievance in civil war publication-title: Oxford Economic Papers contributor: fullname: Anke Hoeffler – volume: 27 start-page: 861 issue: 8 year: 2006 end-page: 874 article-title: An introduction to ROC analysis publication-title: Pattern Recognition Letters contributor: fullname: Fawcett, Tom – volume: 97 start-page: 75 issue: 1 year: 2003 end-page: 90 article-title: Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war publication-title: American Political Science Review contributor: fullname: David D Laitin – volume: 10 start-page: 244 issue: 3 year: 2002 end-page: 260 article-title: Location, location, location: An MCMC approach to modeling the spatial context of war and peace publication-title: Political Analysis contributor: fullname: Kristian Skrede Gleditsch – volume: 51 start-page: 183 issue: 1 year: 2007 end-page: 210 article-title: When can history be our guide? 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CRISE Working Paper year: 2005 ident: atypb42 contributor: fullname: Stewart, Frances – ident: atypb15 doi: 10.1017/S0003055403000534 – ident: atypb17 doi: 10.1080/01621459.1975.10479865 – volume-title: The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests, and the Indivisibility of Territory year: 2003 ident: atypb43 contributor: fullname: Toft, Monica Duffy – ident: atypb45 doi: 10.1093/pan/10.3.244 – year: 2006 ident: atypb1 publication-title: Slate contributor: fullname: Bass, Gary J – ident: atypb5 doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2006.02.005 – ident: atypb19 doi: 10.3998/mpub.17068 – ident: atypb33 doi: 10.1162/isec.21.2.41 – ident: atypb41 doi: 10.2307/2586209 – volume-title: Why Men Rebel year: 1970 ident: atypb21 contributor: fullname: Gurr, Ted Robert – volume-title: Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History year: 1993 ident: atypb29 contributor: fullname: Kaplan, Robert D – volume: 60 start-page: 335 issue: 2 year: 2006 ident: atypb39 publication-title: International Organization contributor: fullname: Salehyan, Idean – volume-title: Letter from Washington: What terrorists want: Is there a better way to defeat Al Qaeda? year: 2001 ident: atypb34 contributor: fullname: Lemann, Nicholas – volume-title: Paper presented at the annual Norwegian Political Science Conference ident: atypb38 contributor: fullname: Raleigh, Clionadh – ident: atypb28 doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511818462 – year: 2006 ident: atypb2 publication-title: The New York Times contributor: fullname: Bass, Gary J – ident: atypb7 doi: 10.1093/oep/gpf064 – volume-title: Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed year: 2005 ident: atypb10 contributor: fullname: Diamond, Jared – ident: atypb36 doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511840661 – volume-title: Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life year: 2002 ident: atypb44 contributor: fullname: Varshney, Ashutosh – volume-title: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association ident: atypb40 contributor: fullname: Schrodt, Philip A – volume-title: Panel II of a Hearing of the Subcommittee on National Security, Emerging Threats, and International Relations of the House Government Reform Committee year: 2006 ident: atypb27 contributor: fullname: House of Representatives – ident: atypb18 doi: 10.1177/106591299905200309 – year: 2006 ident: atypb11 publication-title: The New Republic contributor: fullname: Diamond, Larry – volume: 50 start-page: 508 issue: 4 year: 2006 ident: atypb24 publication-title: Journal of Peace Research contributor: fullname: Hegre, Håvard – ident: atypb32 doi: 10.1007/s10680-005-6851-6 – ident: atypb25 doi: 10.1080/002075900399439 – ident: atypb3 doi: 10.1017/S0003055400220078 – ident: atypb4 doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511613593 – ident: atypb16 doi: 10.2307/2539081 – volume-title: Paper prepared for presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association ident: atypb20 contributor: fullname: Goldstone, Jack A – ident: atypb23 doi: 10.1177/0010414086019001001 – volume-title: The Bottom Billion year: 2007 ident: atypb6 contributor: fullname: Collier, Paul – ident: atypb37 doi: 10.1080/00396339308442672 – volume-title: Peoples versus States year: 2000 ident: atypb22 contributor: fullname: Gurr, Ted Robert – ident: atypb35 doi: 10.1177/002200202237929 – ident: atypb9 doi: 10.1177/0022343308091356 – ident: atypb13 doi: 10.1080/01621459.1983.10477973 – volume-title: Ethnic Groups in Conflict year: 1985 ident: atypb26 contributor: fullname: Horowitz, Donald – volume-title: Breaking the conflict trap: Civil war and development policy. A World Bank policy research report year: 2003 ident: atypb8 contributor: fullname: Collier, Paul |
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Snippet | Large-n studies of conflict have produced a large number of statistically significant results but little accurate guidance in terms of anticipating the onset... Large-N studies of conflict have produced a large number of statistically significant results but little accurate guidance in terms of anticipating the onset... |
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SubjectTerms | Accounting Attention Civil War Civil wars Commodities Comparative analysis Conflict Conflict theory Cross-validation Democracy Ethnic conflict False positive errors Forecasts GDP Gross Domestic Product Heuristic Heuristics Model testing Modeling Per capita output Population dynamics Power Prediction Prediction models Predictive modeling Predictive power Prescription drugs Significance tests Statistical models Statistical Significance Variables |
Title | The perils of policy by p-value: Predicting civil conflicts |
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