Identification of Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) Retailers by Means of Multivariate Analysis of Cannabinoids
In this work, the concentration of nine cannabinoids, six neutral cannabinoids (THC, CBD, CBC, CBG, CBN and CBDV) and three acidic cannabinoids (THCA CBGA and CBDA), was used to identify the Italian retailers of L. (hemp), reinforcing the idea that the practice of categorizing hemp samples only usin...
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Published in | Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 24; no. 19; p. 3602 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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07.10.2019
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Abstract | In this work, the concentration of nine cannabinoids, six neutral cannabinoids (THC, CBD, CBC, CBG, CBN and CBDV) and three acidic cannabinoids (THCA CBGA and CBDA), was used to identify the Italian retailers of
L. (hemp), reinforcing the idea that the practice of categorizing hemp samples only using THC and CBD is inadequate. A high-performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for screening and simultaneously analyzing the nine cannabinoids in 161 hemp samples sold by four retailers located in different Italian cities. The hemp samples dataset was analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis with the aim to identify the hemp retailers without any other information on the hemp samples like
strains, seeds, soil and cultivation characteristics, geographical origin, product storage, etc. The univariate analysis highlighted that the hemp samples could not be differentiated by using any of the nine cannabinoids analyzed. To evaluate the real efficiency of the discrimination among the four hemp retailers a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied. The PLS-DA results showed a very good discrimination between the four hemp retailers with an explained variance of 100% and low classification errors in both calibration (5%) and cross validation (6%). A total of 92% of the hemp samples were correctly classified by the cannabinoid variables in both fitting and cross validation. This work contributed to show that an analytical method coupled with multivariate analysis can be used as a powerful tool for forensic purposes. |
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AbstractList | In this work, the concentration of nine cannabinoids, six neutral cannabinoids (THC, CBD, CBC, CBG, CBN and CBDV) and three acidic cannabinoids (THCA CBGA and CBDA), was used to identify the Italian retailers of Cannabis sativa L. (hemp), reinforcing the idea that the practice of categorizing hemp samples only using THC and CBD is inadequate. A high-performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for screening and simultaneously analyzing the nine cannabinoids in 161 hemp samples sold by four retailers located in different Italian cities. The hemp samples dataset was analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis with the aim to identify the hemp retailers without any other information on the hemp samples like Cannabis strains, seeds, soil and cultivation characteristics, geographical origin, product storage, etc. The univariate analysis highlighted that the hemp samples could not be differentiated by using any of the nine cannabinoids analyzed. To evaluate the real efficiency of the discrimination among the four hemp retailers a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied. The PLS-DA results showed a very good discrimination between the four hemp retailers with an explained variance of 100% and low classification errors in both calibration (5%) and cross validation (6%). A total of 92% of the hemp samples were correctly classified by the cannabinoid variables in both fitting and cross validation. This work contributed to show that an analytical method coupled with multivariate analysis can be used as a powerful tool for forensic purposes. In this work, the concentration of nine cannabinoids, six neutral cannabinoids (THC, CBD, CBC, CBG, CBN and CBDV) and three acidic cannabinoids (THCA CBGA and CBDA), was used to identify the Italian retailers of Cannabis sativa L. (hemp), reinforcing the idea that the practice of categorizing hemp samples only using THC and CBD is inadequate. A high-performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for screening and simultaneously analyzing the nine cannabinoids in 161 hemp samples sold by four retailers located in different Italian cities. The hemp samples dataset was analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis with the aim to identify the hemp retailers without any other information on the hemp samples like Cannabis strains, seeds, soil and cultivation characteristics, geographical origin, product storage, etc. The univariate analysis highlighted that the hemp samples could not be differentiated by using any of the nine cannabinoids analyzed. To evaluate the real efficiency of the discrimination among the four hemp retailers a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied. The PLS-DA results showed a very good discrimination between the four hemp retailers with an explained variance of 100% and low classification errors in both calibration (5%) and cross validation (6%). A total of 92% of the hemp samples were correctly classified by the cannabinoid variables in both fitting and cross validation. This work contributed to show that an analytical method coupled with multivariate analysis can be used as a powerful tool for forensic purposes. In this work, the concentration of nine cannabinoids, six neutral cannabinoids (THC, CBD, CBC, CBG, CBN and CBDV) and three acidic cannabinoids (THCA CBGA and CBDA), was used to identify the Italian retailers of L. (hemp), reinforcing the idea that the practice of categorizing hemp samples only using THC and CBD is inadequate. A high-performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for screening and simultaneously analyzing the nine cannabinoids in 161 hemp samples sold by four retailers located in different Italian cities. The hemp samples dataset was analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis with the aim to identify the hemp retailers without any other information on the hemp samples like strains, seeds, soil and cultivation characteristics, geographical origin, product storage, etc. The univariate analysis highlighted that the hemp samples could not be differentiated by using any of the nine cannabinoids analyzed. To evaluate the real efficiency of the discrimination among the four hemp retailers a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied. The PLS-DA results showed a very good discrimination between the four hemp retailers with an explained variance of 100% and low classification errors in both calibration (5%) and cross validation (6%). A total of 92% of the hemp samples were correctly classified by the cannabinoid variables in both fitting and cross validation. This work contributed to show that an analytical method coupled with multivariate analysis can be used as a powerful tool for forensic purposes. |
Author | Fanti, Federico Ricci, Antonella Mascini, Marcello Lo Sterzo, Claudio Sergi, Manuel Ottaviani, Chiara Palmieri, Sara |
AuthorAffiliation | Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; spalmieri@unite.it (S.P.); aricci@unite.it (A.R.); ffanti@unite.it (F.F.); cottaviani@unite.it (C.O.); closterzo@unite.it (C.L.S.) |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; spalmieri@unite.it (S.P.); aricci@unite.it (A.R.); ffanti@unite.it (F.F.); cottaviani@unite.it (C.O.); closterzo@unite.it (C.L.S.) |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Sara surname: Palmieri fullname: Palmieri, Sara email: spalmieri@unite.it organization: Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy. spalmieri@unite.it – sequence: 2 givenname: Marcello orcidid: 0000-0003-2508-5680 surname: Mascini fullname: Mascini, Marcello email: mmascini@unite.it organization: Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy. mmascini@unite.it – sequence: 3 givenname: Antonella orcidid: 0000-0002-7604-1584 surname: Ricci fullname: Ricci, Antonella email: aricci@unite.it organization: Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy. aricci@unite.it – sequence: 4 givenname: Federico surname: Fanti fullname: Fanti, Federico email: ffanti@unite.it organization: Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy. ffanti@unite.it – sequence: 5 givenname: Chiara surname: Ottaviani fullname: Ottaviani, Chiara email: cottaviani@unite.it organization: Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy. cottaviani@unite.it – sequence: 6 givenname: Claudio surname: Lo Sterzo fullname: Lo Sterzo, Claudio email: closterzo@unite.it organization: Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy. closterzo@unite.it – sequence: 7 givenname: Manuel surname: Sergi fullname: Sergi, Manuel email: msergi@unite.it organization: Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy. msergi@unite.it |
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Keywords | cannabinoids Cannabis sativa L partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) multivariate analysis HPLC-MS/MS analysis |
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SubjectTerms | Acids Calibration Cannabidiol Cannabinoids Cannabinoids - analysis Cannabinoids - chemistry Cannabis Cannabis - chemistry Cannabis sativa cannabis sativa l Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid - methods Classification Datasets Discriminant analysis Forensic science Forensic Sciences - methods Hemp High performance liquid chromatography hplc-ms/ms analysis Italy Least-Squares Analysis Liquid chromatography Marijuana Mass spectrometry Mass spectroscopy Multivariate Analysis partial least squares discriminant analysis (pls-da) Phytochemicals Principal components analysis Retail stores Seeds Tandem Mass Spectrometry - methods Tetrahydrocannabinol THC Variance analysis |
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Title | Identification of Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) Retailers by Means of Multivariate Analysis of Cannabinoids |
URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31591294 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2548950892/abstract/ https://search.proquest.com/docview/2302473981 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC6804059 https://doaj.org/article/61befb62a7ea466aa0cb81cf0d12c1e4 |
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