Effects of cannabinoid exposure on short-term memory and medial orbitofrontal cortex function and chemistry in adolescent female rhesus macaques

• Published in: Frontiers in neuroscience Vol. 16; p. 998351
• Main Authors: Kohut, Stephen J., Cao, Lei, Mintzopolous, Dionyssios, Jiang, Shan, Nikas, Spyros P., Makriyannis, Alexandros, Zou, Chun S., Jensen, J. Eric, Frederick, Blaise B., Bergman, Jack, Kangas, Brian D.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland Frontiers Research Foundation 30.09.2022; Frontiers Media S.A
• Subjects: adolescence; Adolescents; Animal cognition; Behavior; Brain mapping; Brain research; Cannabinoid receptors; cannabinoids; Child development; Chronic exposure; Cognitive ability; Creatine; delayed match-to-sample task; Drug dosages; Drug withdrawal; Functional magnetic resonance imaging; Human subjects; Information processing; Interactive computer systems; Laboratory animals; Longitudinal studies; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Marijuana; Matching-to-sample; medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC); Medical imaging; Memory; Mental task performance; N-Acetylaspartate; Neural networks; Neuroimaging; Neuroscience; non-human primates (NHPs); Primates; Short term; Short term memory; Tetrahydrocannabinol; THC; United States > US; adolescence; cannabinoids; medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC); delayed match-to-sample task; neuroimaging; non-human primates (NHPs)
• ISSN: 1662-453X; 1662-4548; 1662-453X
• DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.998351

There is increasing concern that cannabinoid exposure during adolescence may disturb brain maturation and produce long-term cognitive deficits. However, studies in human subjects have provided limited evidence for such causality. The present study utilized behavioral and neuroimaging endpoints in female non-human primates to examine the effects of acute and chronic exposure during adolescence to the cannabinoid receptor full agonist, AM2389, on cognitive processing and brain function and chemistry. Adolescent female rhesus macaques were trained on a titrating-delay matching-to-sample (TDMTS) touchscreen task that assays working memory. TDMTS performance was assessed before and during chronic exposure to AM2389, following antagonist (rimonabant) administration, and after discontinuation of the chronic regimen. Resting-state fMRI connectivity and magnetic resonance spectroscopy data were acquired prior to drug treatment, during chronic exposure, and following its discontinuation. Voxels were placed in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC), a region involved in memory processing that undergoes maturation during adolescence. TDMTS performance was dose-dependently disrupted by acute AM2389; however, chronic treatment resulted in tolerance to these effects. TDMTS performance also was disrupted by discontinuation of the chronic regimen but surprisingly, not by rimonabant administration during chronic AM2389 treatment. mOFC acetylaspartate/creatine ratio decreased after acute and chronic administration but returned to baseline values following discontinuation of chronic treatment. Finally, intra-network functional connectivity (mOFC) increased during the chronic regimen and returned to baseline values following its discontinuation. Neural effects of a cannabinergic drug may persist during chronic exposure, notwithstanding the development of tolerance to behavioral effects. However, such effects dissipate upon discontinuation, reflecting the restorative capacity of affected brain processes.