Anti-Staphylococcal Activity of the Auranofin Analogue Bearing Acetylcysteine in Place of the Thiosugar: An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation
Auranofin (AF, hereafter) is an orally administered chrysotherapeutic agent approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis that is being repurposed for various indications including bacterial infections. Its likely mode of action involves the impairment of the TrxR system through the binding of...
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Published in | Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 27; no. 8; p. 2578 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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16.04.2022
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Abstract | Auranofin (AF, hereafter) is an orally administered chrysotherapeutic agent approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis that is being repurposed for various indications including bacterial infections. Its likely mode of action involves the impairment of the TrxR system through the binding of the pharmacophoric cation [AuPEt
]
. Accordingly, a reliable strategy to expand the medicinal profile of AF is the replacement of the thiosugar moiety with different ligands. Herein, we aimed to prepare the AF analogue bearing the acetylcysteine ligand (AF-AcCys, hereafter) and characterize its anti-staphylococcal activity. Biological studies revealed that AF-AcCys retains an antibacterial effect superimposable with that of AF against
, whereas it is about 20 times less effective against
. Bioinorganic studies confirmed that upon incubation with human serum albumin, AF-AcCys, similarly to AF, induced protein metalation through the [AuPEt
]
fragment. Additionally, AF-AcCys appeared capable of binding the dodecapeptide Ac-SGGDILQSGCUG-NH
, corresponding to the tryptic C-terminal fragment (488-499) of hTrxR. To shed light on the pharmacological differences between AF and AF-AcCys, we carried out a comparative experimental stability study and a theoretical estimation of bond dissociation energies, unveiling the higher strength of the Au-S bond in AF-AcCys. From the results, it emerged that the lower lipophilicity of AF-AcCys with respect to AF could be a key feature for its different antibacterial activity. The differences and similarities between AF and AF-AcCys are discussed, alongside the opportunities and consequences that chemical structure modifications imply. |
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AbstractList | Auranofin (AF, hereafter) is an orally administered chrysotherapeutic agent approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis that is being repurposed for various indications including bacterial infections. Its likely mode of action involves the impairment of the TrxR system through the binding of the pharmacophoric cation [AuPEt3]+. Accordingly, a reliable strategy to expand the medicinal profile of AF is the replacement of the thiosugar moiety with different ligands. Herein, we aimed to prepare the AF analogue bearing the acetylcysteine ligand (AF-AcCys, hereafter) and characterize its anti-staphylococcal activity. Biological studies revealed that AF-AcCys retains an antibacterial effect superimposable with that of AF against Staphylococcus aureus, whereas it is about 20 times less effective against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Bioinorganic studies confirmed that upon incubation with human serum albumin, AF-AcCys, similarly to AF, induced protein metalation through the [AuPEt3]+ fragment. Additionally, AF-AcCys appeared capable of binding the dodecapeptide Ac-SGGDILQSGCUG-NH2, corresponding to the tryptic C-terminal fragment (488–499) of hTrxR. To shed light on the pharmacological differences between AF and AF-AcCys, we carried out a comparative experimental stability study and a theoretical estimation of bond dissociation energies, unveiling the higher strength of the Au–S bond in AF-AcCys. From the results, it emerged that the lower lipophilicity of AF-AcCys with respect to AF could be a key feature for its different antibacterial activity. The differences and similarities between AF and AF-AcCys are discussed, alongside the opportunities and consequences that chemical structure modifications imply. Auranofin (AF, hereafter) is an orally administered chrysotherapeutic agent approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis that is being repurposed for various indications including bacterial infections. Its likely mode of action involves the impairment of the TrxR system through the binding of the pharmacophoric cation [AuPEt ] . Accordingly, a reliable strategy to expand the medicinal profile of AF is the replacement of the thiosugar moiety with different ligands. Herein, we aimed to prepare the AF analogue bearing the acetylcysteine ligand (AF-AcCys, hereafter) and characterize its anti-staphylococcal activity. Biological studies revealed that AF-AcCys retains an antibacterial effect superimposable with that of AF against , whereas it is about 20 times less effective against . Bioinorganic studies confirmed that upon incubation with human serum albumin, AF-AcCys, similarly to AF, induced protein metalation through the [AuPEt ] fragment. Additionally, AF-AcCys appeared capable of binding the dodecapeptide Ac-SGGDILQSGCUG-NH , corresponding to the tryptic C-terminal fragment (488-499) of hTrxR. To shed light on the pharmacological differences between AF and AF-AcCys, we carried out a comparative experimental stability study and a theoretical estimation of bond dissociation energies, unveiling the higher strength of the Au-S bond in AF-AcCys. From the results, it emerged that the lower lipophilicity of AF-AcCys with respect to AF could be a key feature for its different antibacterial activity. The differences and similarities between AF and AF-AcCys are discussed, alongside the opportunities and consequences that chemical structure modifications imply. Auranofin (AF, hereafter) is an orally administered chrysotherapeutic agent approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis that is being repurposed for various indications including bacterial infections. Its likely mode of action involves the impairment of the TrxR system through the binding of the pharmacophoric cation [AuPEt 3 ] + . Accordingly, a reliable strategy to expand the medicinal profile of AF is the replacement of the thiosugar moiety with different ligands. Herein, we aimed to prepare the AF analogue bearing the acetylcysteine ligand (AF-AcCys, hereafter) and characterize its anti-staphylococcal activity. Biological studies revealed that AF-AcCys retains an antibacterial effect superimposable with that of AF against Staphylococcus aureus , whereas it is about 20 times less effective against Staphylococcus epidermidis . Bioinorganic studies confirmed that upon incubation with human serum albumin, AF-AcCys, similarly to AF, induced protein metalation through the [AuPEt 3 ] + fragment. Additionally, AF-AcCys appeared capable of binding the dodecapeptide Ac-SGGDILQSGCUG-NH 2 , corresponding to the tryptic C-terminal fragment (488–499) of hTrxR. To shed light on the pharmacological differences between AF and AF-AcCys, we carried out a comparative experimental stability study and a theoretical estimation of bond dissociation energies, unveiling the higher strength of the Au–S bond in AF-AcCys. From the results, it emerged that the lower lipophilicity of AF-AcCys with respect to AF could be a key feature for its different antibacterial activity. The differences and similarities between AF and AF-AcCys are discussed, alongside the opportunities and consequences that chemical structure modifications imply. |
Author | Cirri, Damiano Marzo, Tiziano Chiaverini, Lorenzo Nardinocchi, Arianna Tolbatov, Iogann Di Luca, Mariagrazia Pratesi, Alessandro La Mendola, Diego Marrone, Alessandro |
AuthorAffiliation | 5 Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi “G. D’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy; amarrone@unich.it 1 Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; lorenzo.chiaverini@farm.unipi.it (L.C.); diego.lamendola@unipi.it (D.L.M.) 2 Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry (DCCI), University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; alessandro.pratesi@unipi.it (A.P.); damiano.cirri@dcci.unipi.it (D.C.) 3 Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 35–39, 56100 Pisa, Italy; a.nardinocchi@studenti.unipi.it 4 Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 43007 Tarragona, Spain |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 3 Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 35–39, 56100 Pisa, Italy; a.nardinocchi@studenti.unipi.it – name: 5 Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi “G. D’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy; amarrone@unich.it – name: 1 Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; lorenzo.chiaverini@farm.unipi.it (L.C.); diego.lamendola@unipi.it (D.L.M.) – name: 4 Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 43007 Tarragona, Spain – name: 2 Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry (DCCI), University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; alessandro.pratesi@unipi.it (A.P.); damiano.cirri@dcci.unipi.it (D.C.) |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Lorenzo orcidid: 0000-0003-4857-9819 surname: Chiaverini fullname: Chiaverini, Lorenzo organization: Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy – sequence: 2 givenname: Alessandro orcidid: 0000-0002-9553-9943 surname: Pratesi fullname: Pratesi, Alessandro organization: Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry (DCCI), University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy – sequence: 3 givenname: Damiano orcidid: 0000-0001-9175-9562 surname: Cirri fullname: Cirri, Damiano organization: Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry (DCCI), University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy – sequence: 4 givenname: Arianna surname: Nardinocchi fullname: Nardinocchi, Arianna organization: Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 35-39, 56100 Pisa, Italy – sequence: 5 givenname: Iogann orcidid: 0000-0001-9700-5331 surname: Tolbatov fullname: Tolbatov, Iogann organization: Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 43007 Tarragona, Spain – sequence: 6 givenname: Alessandro orcidid: 0000-0002-8311-8172 surname: Marrone fullname: Marrone, Alessandro organization: Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy – sequence: 7 givenname: Mariagrazia surname: Di Luca fullname: Di Luca, Mariagrazia organization: Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 35-39, 56100 Pisa, Italy – sequence: 8 givenname: Tiziano orcidid: 0000-0002-2567-3637 surname: Marzo fullname: Marzo, Tiziano organization: Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy – sequence: 9 givenname: Diego orcidid: 0000-0002-4193-7612 surname: La Mendola fullname: La Mendola, Diego organization: Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy |
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Keywords | S. epidermidis gold acetylcysteine auranofin S. aureus antibiotic resistance antibacterial agents ESI-MS computational chemistry metal-based drugs |
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SubjectTerms | Acetylcysteine Acetylcysteine - pharmacology Acetylcysteine - therapeutic use Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology Anti-Bacterial Agents - therapeutic use Antibacterial activity antibacterial agents antibiotic resistance Antibiotics Antimicrobial agents Arthritis auranofin Auranofin - chemistry Auranofin - pharmacology Bacterial diseases Bacterial infections Binding Biological activity Drug resistance Gold Gram-positive bacteria Human serum albumin Humans Ligands Mode of action Nosocomial infections Oral administration Peptides Pharmacology Proteins Rheumatoid arthritis S. aureus S. epidermidis Serum albumin Staphylococcal Infections - drug therapy Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus infections |
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Title | Anti-Staphylococcal Activity of the Auranofin Analogue Bearing Acetylcysteine in Place of the Thiosugar: An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation |
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