Influence of abiotic factors on the antimicrobial activity of chitosan

In an effort to bypass the adverse secondary effects attributed to the traditional therapeutic approaches used to treat skin disorders (such as atopic dermatitis), alternative antimicrobials have recently been suggested. One such antimicrobial is chitosan, owing to the already proved biological prop...

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Published in	Journal of dermatology Vol. 40; no. 12; pp. 1014 - 1019
Main Authors	Tavaria, Freni K., Costa, Eduardo M., Gens, Eduardo J., Malcata, Francisco Xavier, Pintado, Manuela E.
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	England Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.12.2013 Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Subjects	Abiotic factors Anti-Infective Agents - pharmacology antibacterial activity atopic dermatitis Carboxylic Acids - pharmacology chitosan Chitosan - pharmacology Escherichia coli Escherichia coli - drug effects Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Microbial Sensitivity Tests Salinity skin pathogens Staphylococcus - drug effects Staphylococcus aureus antibacterial activity chitosan atopic dermatitis skin pathogens Staphylococcus aureus
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Abstract	In an effort to bypass the adverse secondary effects attributed to the traditional therapeutic approaches used to treat skin disorders (such as atopic dermatitis), alternative antimicrobials have recently been suggested. One such antimicrobial is chitosan, owing to the already proved biological properties associated with its use. However, the influence of abiotic factors on such activities warrants evaluation. This research effort assessed the antimicrobial activity of chitosan upon skin microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli) in vitro when subject to a combination of different abiotic factors such as pH, ionic strength, organic acids and free fatty acids. Free fatty acids, ionic strength and pH significantly affected chitosan's capability of reducing the viable numbers of S. aureus. This antimicrobial action was potentiated in the presence of palmitic acid and a lower ionic strength (0.2% NaCl), while a higher ionic strength (0.4% NaCl) favored chitosan's action upon the reduction of viable numbers of S. epidermidis and E. coli. Although further studies are needed, these preliminary results advocate that chitosan can in the future be potentially considered as an antimicrobial of choice when handling symptoms associated with atopic dermatitis.
AbstractList	In an effort to bypass the adverse secondary effects attributed to the traditional therapeutic approaches used to treat skin disorders (such as atopic dermatitis), alternative antimicrobials have recently been suggested. One such antimicrobial is chitosan, owing to the already proved biological properties associated with its use. However, the influence of abiotic factors on such activities warrants evaluation. This research effort assessed the antimicrobial activity of chitosan upon skin microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli) in vitro when subject to a combination of different abiotic factors such as pH, ionic strength, organic acids and free fatty acids. Free fatty acids, ionic strength and pH significantly affected chitosan's capability of reducing the viable numbers of S. aureus. This antimicrobial action was potentiated in the presence of palmitic acid and a lower ionic strength (0.2% NaCl), while a higher ionic strength (0.4% NaCl) favored chitosan's action upon the reduction of viable numbers of S. epidermidis and E. coli. Although further studies are needed, these preliminary results advocate that chitosan can in the future be potentially considered as an antimicrobial of choice when handling symptoms associated with atopic dermatitis. In an effort to bypass the adverse secondary effects attributed to the traditional therapeutic approaches used to treat skin disorders (such as atopic dermatitis), alternative antimicrobials have recently been suggested. One such antimicrobial is chitosan, owing to the already proved biological properties associated with its use. However, the influence of abiotic factors on such activities warrants evaluation. This research effort assessed the antimicrobial activity of chitosan upon skin microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli) in vitro when subject to a combination of different abiotic factors such as pH, ionic strength, organic acids and free fatty acids. Free fatty acids, ionic strength and pH significantly affected chitosan's capability of reducing the viable numbers of S. aureus. This antimicrobial action was potentiated in the presence of palmitic acid and a lower ionic strength (0.2% NaCl), while a higher ionic strength (0.4% NaCl) favored chitosan's action upon the reduction of viable numbers of S. epidermidis and E. coli. Although further studies are needed, these preliminary results advocate that chitosan can in the future be potentially considered as an antimicrobial of choice when handling symptoms associated with atopic dermatitis.In an effort to bypass the adverse secondary effects attributed to the traditional therapeutic approaches used to treat skin disorders (such as atopic dermatitis), alternative antimicrobials have recently been suggested. One such antimicrobial is chitosan, owing to the already proved biological properties associated with its use. However, the influence of abiotic factors on such activities warrants evaluation. This research effort assessed the antimicrobial activity of chitosan upon skin microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli) in vitro when subject to a combination of different abiotic factors such as pH, ionic strength, organic acids and free fatty acids. Free fatty acids, ionic strength and pH significantly affected chitosan's capability of reducing the viable numbers of S. aureus. This antimicrobial action was potentiated in the presence of palmitic acid and a lower ionic strength (0.2% NaCl), while a higher ionic strength (0.4% NaCl) favored chitosan's action upon the reduction of viable numbers of S. epidermidis and E. coli. Although further studies are needed, these preliminary results advocate that chitosan can in the future be potentially considered as an antimicrobial of choice when handling symptoms associated with atopic dermatitis. In an effort to bypass the adverse secondary effects attributed to the traditional therapeutic approaches used to treat skin disorders (such as atopic dermatitis), alternative antimicrobials have recently been suggested. One such antimicrobial is chitosan, owing to the already proved biological properties associated with its use. However, the influence of abiotic factors on such activities warrants evaluation. This research effort assessed the antimicrobial activity of chitosan upon skin microorganisms ( S taphylococcus aureus , S taphylococcus epidermidis and E scherichia coli ) in vitro when subject to a combination of different abiotic factors such as p H , ionic strength, organic acids and free fatty acids. Free fatty acids, ionic strength and p H significantly affected chitosan's capability of reducing the viable numbers of S . aureus . This antimicrobial action was potentiated in the presence of palmitic acid and a lower ionic strength (0.2% N a C l), while a higher ionic strength (0.4% N a C l) favored chitosan's action upon the reduction of viable numbers of S . epidermidis and E . coli . Although further studies are needed, these preliminary results advocate that chitosan can in the future be potentially considered as an antimicrobial of choice when handling symptoms associated with atopic dermatitis. In an effort to bypass the adverse secondary effects attributed to the traditional therapeutic approaches used to treat skin disorders (such as atopic dermatitis), alternative antimicrobials have recently been suggested. One such antimicrobial is chitosan, owing to the already proved biological properties associated with its use. However, the influence of abiotic factors on such activities warrants evaluation. This research effort assessed the antimicrobial activity of chitosan upon skin microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli) in vitro when subject to a combination of different abiotic factors such as pH, ionic strength, organic acids and free fatty acids. Free fatty acids, ionic strength and pH significantly affected chitosan's capability of reducing the viable numbers of S. aureus. This antimicrobial action was potentiated in the presence of palmitic acid and a lower ionic strength (0.2% NaCl), while a higher ionic strength (0.4% NaCl) favored chitosan's action upon the reduction of viable numbers of S. epidermidis and E. coli. Although further studies are needed, these preliminary results advocate that chitosan can in the future be potentially considered as an antimicrobial of choice when handling symptoms associated with atopic dermatitis. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] In an effort to bypass the adverse secondary effects attributed to the traditional therapeutic approaches used to treat skin disorders (such as atopic dermatitis), alternative antimicrobials have recently been suggested. One such antimicrobial is chitosan, owing to the already proved biological properties associated with its use. However, the influence of abiotic factors on such activities warrants evaluation. This research effort assessed the antimicrobial activity of chitosan upon skin microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli) in vitro when subject to a combination of different abiotic factors such as pH, ionic strength, organic acids and free fatty acids. Free fatty acids, ionic strength and pH significantly affected chitosan's capability of reducing the viable numbers of S. aureus. This antimicrobial action was potentiated in the presence of palmitic acid and a lower ionic strength (0.2% NaCl), while a higher ionic strength (0.4% NaCl) favored chitosan's action upon the reduction of viable numbers of S. epidermidis and E. coli. Although further studies are needed, these preliminary results advocate that chitosan can in the future be potentially considered as an antimicrobial of choice when handling symptoms associated with atopic dermatitis.
Author	Tavaria, Freni K. Costa, Eduardo M. Pintado, Manuela E. Gens, Eduardo J. Malcata, Francisco Xavier
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References	Helander IM, Nurmiaho-Lassila E-L, Ahvenainen R, Rhoades J, Roller S. Chitosan disrupts the barrier properties of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol 2001; 71: 235-244. Arikawa J, Ishibashi M, Kawashima M, Takagi Y, Ichikawa Y, Imokawa G. Decreased levels of sphingosine, a natural antimicrobial agent, may be associated with vulnerability of the stratum corneum from patients with atopic dermatitis to colonization by Staphylococcus aureus. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119: 433-439. Grice E, Segre J. The skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol 2011; 9: 244-253. Goy R, de Britto D, Assis OBG. A review of the antimicrobial activity of chitosan. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia 2009; 19: 241-247. Zheng L-Y, Zhu J-F. Study on the antimicrobial activity of chitosan with different molecular weights. Carbohydr Polym 2003; 54: 527-530. Rabea EI, Badawy M, Stevens C, Smagghe G, Steurbaut W. Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: applications and mode of action. Biomacromolecules 2003; 4: 1457-1465. Qin CQ, Li HR, Xiao Q, Liu Y, Zhu JC, Du YM. Water-solubility of chitosan and its antimicrobial activity. Carbohydr Polym 2006; 63: 367-374. No HK, Park NY, Lee SH, Meyers SP. Antibacterial activity of chitosans and chitosan oligomers with different molecular weights. Int J Food Microbiol 2002; 74: 65-72. Jeon YJ, Park PJ, Kim SK. Antimicrobial effect of chitooligosaccharides produced by bioreactor. Carbohydr Polym 2001; 44: 71-76. Chung Y-C, Wang H-L, Chen Y-M, Li S-L. Effect of abiotic factors on the antibacterial activity of chitosan against water-borne pathogens. Bioresour Technol 2003; 88: 179-184. Xia W, Liu P, Zhang J, Chen J. Biological activities of chitosan and chitooligosaccharides. Food Hydrocolloids 2011; 25: 170-179. Kienzle-Sterzer CA, Rodriguez-Sanchez D, Karalekas D, Rha CK. Stress relaxation of a polyelectrolyte network as affected by ionic strength. Macromolecules 1982; 15: 631-642. Fernandes JC, Tavaria FK, Soares JC et al. Antimicrobial effects of chitosans and chitooligosaccharides, upon Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, in food model systems. Food Microbiol 2008; 25: 922-928. Roth RR, James WD. Microbial ecology of the skin. Annu Rev Microbiol 1988; 42: 441-464. Yff B, Lindsey K, Taylor M, Erasmus D, Jäger A. The pharmacological screening of Pentanisia prunelloides and the isolation of the antibacterial compound palmitic acid. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 79: 101-107. Proksch E, Fölster-Holst R, Jensen JM. Skin barrier function, epidermal proliferation and differentiation in eczema. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 43: 159-169. Harvey C, LeBouf R, Stefaniak A. Formulation and stability of a novel artificial human sweat under conditions of storage and use. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24: 1790-1796. Stefaniak A, Harvey C, Wertz P. Formulation and stability of a novel artificial sebum under conditions of storage and use. Int J Cosmet Sci 2010; 32: 347-355. Chung YC, Su YP, Chen CC et al. Relationship between antibacterial activity of chitosan and surface characteristics of cell wall. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2004; 25: 932-936. Chen RH, Chen WY, Wang ST, Hsu CH, Tsai ML. Changes in the Mark-Houwink hydrodynamic volume of chitosan molecules in solutions of different organic acids, at different temperatures and ionic strengths. Carbohydr Polym 2009; 78: 902-907. Vargas M, Albors A, Chiralt A, González-Martínez C. Quality of cold-stored strawberries as affected by chitosan-oleic acid edible coatings. Postharvest Biol Tec 2006; 41: 164-171. 2009; 78 2010; 32 2001; 71 1982; 15 2006; 63 2006; 41 2010; 24 2002; 74 2006; 43 2004; 25 2002; 79 2008; 25 2003; 4 1996 2002; 119 2011; 25 1988; 42 2001; 44 2009; 19 2003; 54 2003; 88 2011; 9 e_1_2_7_6_1 Nikaido H (e_1_2_7_21_1) 1996 e_1_2_7_5_1 e_1_2_7_4_1 e_1_2_7_3_1 e_1_2_7_9_1 e_1_2_7_8_1 e_1_2_7_7_1 e_1_2_7_19_1 e_1_2_7_18_1 e_1_2_7_17_1 e_1_2_7_16_1 e_1_2_7_2_1 e_1_2_7_15_1 e_1_2_7_14_1 e_1_2_7_13_1 e_1_2_7_12_1 e_1_2_7_23_1 e_1_2_7_22_1 e_1_2_7_10_1 e_1_2_7_20_1 Chung YC (e_1_2_7_11_1) 2004; 25
References_xml	– reference: Helander IM, Nurmiaho-Lassila E-L, Ahvenainen R, Rhoades J, Roller S. Chitosan disrupts the barrier properties of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol 2001; 71: 235-244. – reference: Yff B, Lindsey K, Taylor M, Erasmus D, Jäger A. The pharmacological screening of Pentanisia prunelloides and the isolation of the antibacterial compound palmitic acid. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 79: 101-107. – reference: Goy R, de Britto D, Assis OBG. A review of the antimicrobial activity of chitosan. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia 2009; 19: 241-247. – reference: Kienzle-Sterzer CA, Rodriguez-Sanchez D, Karalekas D, Rha CK. Stress relaxation of a polyelectrolyte network as affected by ionic strength. Macromolecules 1982; 15: 631-642. – reference: Vargas M, Albors A, Chiralt A, González-Martínez C. Quality of cold-stored strawberries as affected by chitosan-oleic acid edible coatings. Postharvest Biol Tec 2006; 41: 164-171. – reference: Fernandes JC, Tavaria FK, Soares JC et al. Antimicrobial effects of chitosans and chitooligosaccharides, upon Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, in food model systems. Food Microbiol 2008; 25: 922-928. – reference: Arikawa J, Ishibashi M, Kawashima M, Takagi Y, Ichikawa Y, Imokawa G. Decreased levels of sphingosine, a natural antimicrobial agent, may be associated with vulnerability of the stratum corneum from patients with atopic dermatitis to colonization by Staphylococcus aureus. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119: 433-439. – reference: Proksch E, Fölster-Holst R, Jensen JM. Skin barrier function, epidermal proliferation and differentiation in eczema. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 43: 159-169. – reference: Qin CQ, Li HR, Xiao Q, Liu Y, Zhu JC, Du YM. Water-solubility of chitosan and its antimicrobial activity. Carbohydr Polym 2006; 63: 367-374. – reference: Xia W, Liu P, Zhang J, Chen J. 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Antimicrobial effect of chitooligosaccharides produced by bioreactor. Carbohydr Polym 2001; 44: 71-76. – reference: Rabea EI, Badawy M, Stevens C, Smagghe G, Steurbaut W. Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: applications and mode of action. Biomacromolecules 2003; 4: 1457-1465. – reference: Grice E, Segre J. The skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol 2011; 9: 244-253. – reference: No HK, Park NY, Lee SH, Meyers SP. Antibacterial activity of chitosans and chitosan oligomers with different molecular weights. Int J Food Microbiol 2002; 74: 65-72. – reference: Chung YC, Su YP, Chen CC et al. Relationship between antibacterial activity of chitosan and surface characteristics of cell wall. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2004; 25: 932-936. – reference: Chung Y-C, Wang H-L, Chen Y-M, Li S-L. Effect of abiotic factors on the antibacterial activity of chitosan against water-borne pathogens. 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Snippet	In an effort to bypass the adverse secondary effects attributed to the traditional therapeutic approaches used to treat skin disorders (such as atopic...
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SubjectTerms	Abiotic factors Anti-Infective Agents - pharmacology antibacterial activity atopic dermatitis Carboxylic Acids - pharmacology chitosan Chitosan - pharmacology Escherichia coli Escherichia coli - drug effects Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Microbial Sensitivity Tests Salinity skin pathogens Staphylococcus - drug effects Staphylococcus aureus
Title	Influence of abiotic factors on the antimicrobial activity of chitosan
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