Spiritual But Not Religious? Beyond Binary Choices in the Study of Religion
"Spirituality" often has been framed in social science research as an alternative to organized "religion," implicitly or explicitly extending theoretical arguments about the privatization of religion. This article uses in-depth qualitative data from a religiously diverse U.S. sam...
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| Published in | Journal for the scientific study of religion Vol. 52; no. 2; pp. 258 - 278 |
|---|---|
| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Hoboken, NJ
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.06.2013
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc Wiley |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | "Spirituality" often has been framed in social science research as an alternative to organized "religion," implicitly or explicitly extending theoretical arguments about the privatization of religion. This article uses in-depth qualitative data from a religiously diverse U.S. sample to argue that this either/or distinction not only fails to capture the empirical reality of American religion, it does no justice to the complexity of spirituality. An inductive discursive analysis reveals four primary cultural "packages," or ways in which people construct the meaning of spirituality in conversation: a Theistic Package tying spirituality to personal deities, an Extra-Theistic Package locating spirituality in various naturalistic forms of transcendence, an Ethical Spirituality focusing on everyday compassion, and a contested Belief and Belonging Spirituality tied to cultural notions of religiosity. Spirituality, then, is neither a diffuse individualized phenomenon nor a single cultural alternative to "religion." Analysis of the contested evaluations of Belief and Belonging Spirituality allows a window on the "moral boundary work" being done through identifying as "spiritual but not religious." The empirical boundary between spirituality and religion is far more orous than is the moral and political one. |
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| AbstractList | “Spirituality” often has been framed in social science research as an alternative to organized “religion,” implicitly or explicitly extending theoretical arguments about the privatization of religion. This article uses in‐depth qualitative data from a religiously diverse U.S. sample to argue that this either/or distinction not only fails to capture the empirical reality of American religion, it does no justice to the complexity of spirituality. An inductive discursive analysis reveals four primary cultural “packages,” or ways in which people construct the meaning of spirituality in conversation: a Theistic Package tying spirituality to personal deities, an Extra‐Theistic Package locating spirituality in various naturalistic forms of transcendence, an Ethical Spirituality focusing on everyday compassion, and a contested Belief and Belonging Spirituality tied to cultural notions of religiosity. Spirituality, then, is neither a diffuse individualized phenomenon nor a single cultural alternative to “religion.” Analysis of the contested evaluations of Belief and Belonging Spirituality allows a window on the “moral boundary work” being done through identifying as “spiritual but not religious.” The empirical boundary between spirituality and religion is far more orous than is the moral and political one. 'Spirituality' often has been framed in social science research as an alternative to organized 'religion,' implicitly or explicitly extending theoretical arguments about the privatization of religion. This article uses in-depth qualitative data from a religiously diverse U.S. sample to argue that this either/or distinction not only fails to capture the empirical reality of American religion, it does no justice to the complexity of spirituality. An inductive discursive analysis reveals four primary cultural 'packages,' or ways in which people construct the meaning of spirituality in conversation: a Theistic Package tying spirituality to personal deities, an Extra-Theistic Package locating spirituality in various naturalistic forms of transcendence, an Ethical Spirituality focusing on everyday compassion, and a contested Belief and Belonging Spirituality tied to cultural notions of religiosity. Spirituality, then, is neither a diffuse individualized phenomenon nor a single cultural alternative to 'religion.' Analysis of the contested evaluations of Belief and Belonging Spirituality allows a window on the 'moral boundary work' being done through identifying as 'spiritual but not religious.' The empirical boundary between spirituality and religion is far more orous than is the moral and political one. Reprinted by permission of Society for the Scientific Study of Religion "Spirituality" often has been framed in social science research as an alternative to organized "religion," implicitly or explicitly extending theoretical arguments about the privatization of religion. This article uses in-depth qualitative data from a religiously diverse U.S. sample to argue that this either/or distinction not only fails to capture the empirical reality of American religion, it does no justice to the complexity of spirituality. An inductive discursive analysis reveals four primary cultural "packages," or ways in which people construct the meaning of spirituality in conversation: a Theistic Package tying spirituality to personal deities, an Extra-Theistic Package locating spirituality in various naturalistic forms of transcendence, an Ethical Spirituality focusing on everyday compassion, and a contested Belief and Belonging Spirituality tied to cultural notions of religiosity. Spirituality, then, is neither a diffuse individualized phenomenon nor a single cultural alternative to "religion." Analysis of the contested evaluations of Belief and Belonging Spirituality allows a window on the "moral boundary work" being done through identifying as "spiritual but not religious." The empirical boundary between spirituality and religion is far more orous than is the moral and political one. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] "Spirituality" often has been framed in social science research as an alternative to organized "religion," implicitly or explicitly extending theoretical arguments about the privatization of religion. This article uses in-depth qualitative data from a religiously diverse U.S. sample to argue that this either/or distinction not only fails to capture the empirical reality of American religion, it does no justice to the complexity of spirituality. An inductive discursive analysis reveals four primary cultural "packages," or ways in which people construct the meaning of spirituality in conversation: a Theistic Package tying spirituality to personal deities, an Extra-Theistic Package locating spirituality in various naturalistic forms of transcendence, an Ethical Spirituality focusing on everyday compassion, and a contested Belief and Belonging Spirituality tied to cultural notions of religiosity. Spirituality, then, is neither a diffuse individualized phenomenon nor a single cultural alternative to "religion." Analysis of the contested evaluations of Belief and Belonging Spirituality allows a window on the "moral boundary work" being done through identifying as "spiritual but not religious." The empirical boundary between spirituality and religion is far more porous than is the moral and political one. Adapted from the source document. |
| Author | Ammerman, Nancy T. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Nancy T. surname: Ammerman fullname: Ammerman, Nancy T. email: nta@bu.edu organization: Department of Sociology, Boston University |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=27473130$$DView record in Pascal Francis |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2013 Society for the Scientific Study of Religion 2013 The Society for the Scientific Study of Religion 2015 INIST-CNRS Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Jun 2013 |
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| Notes | ArticleID:JSSR12024 istex:29D1CC931FEB91DB15358D9C0E4C94A597C52D9D ark:/67375/WNG-0HJXFGV2-T Acknowledgments The author thanks the John Templeton Foundation for the funding that supported the research on which this article is based, and the Louisville Institute for sabbatical support that made analysis and writing possible. Early presentations of these ideas were invited by the Culture Workshop in the Department of Sociology at Harvard University and at the meetings of the International Society for Sociology of Religion. Thanks go especially to Roman Williams, Emily Ronald, Kevin Taylor, and Amy Moff Hudec, who assisted with this research and provided valuable feedback on this article. Additional research assistance was provided by Tracy Scott and Melissa Scardaville. Other helpful comments came from Wendy Cadge. Anne Birgitte Pessi and Stefania Palmisano provided both detailed critique and access to ongoing research from the European context, and Stephen Warner read multiple drafts, providing his usual astute guidance. Data on which this article is based may be reviewed for replication by permission of the author. SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-2 content type line 23 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 |
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| PublicationTitle | Journal for the scientific study of religion |
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Christopher Ellison, Linda K. George, Neal Krause, Marcia G. Ory, Kenneth I. Pargament, Lynn G. Underwood, and David R. Williams. 2003. Measuring multiple dimensions of relgion and spirituality for health research: Conceptual background and findings from the 1998 General Social Survey. Research on Aging 25(4):327-65. Bender, Courtney. 2010. The new metaphysicals: Spirituality and the American religious imagination. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Durkheim, Emile.. [1912] 1964. The elementary forms of the religious life. Translated by Joseph Ward Swain, New York: Free Press. Wuthnow, Robert. 1976. The consciousness reformation. Berkeley: University of California Press. Chatters, Linda, Robert Taylor, Kai M. Bullard, and James S. Jackson. 2008. Spirituality and subjective religiosity among African Americans, Caribbean blacks, and Non-Hispanic whites. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 47(4):725-37. Sutcliffe, Steven. 2003. Children of the new age: A history of spiritual practices. New York: Routledge. Zinnbauer, Brian J., Kenneth I. Pargament, Brenda Cole, Mark S. Rye, Eric M. Butter, Timothy G. Belavich, Kathleen M. Hipp, Allie B. Scott, and Jill L. Kadar. 1997. Religion and spirituality: Unfuzzying the fuzzy. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 36(4):549-64. Schmidt, Leigh Eric. 2005. Restless souls: The making of American spirituality. San Francisco: Harper. Marler, Penny Long and C. Kirk Hadaway. 2002. "Being religious" or "Being spiritual" in America: A zero-sum proposition? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 41(2):289-300. Roof, Wade Clark. 1999. Spiritual marketplace: Baby boomers and the remaking of American religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Ellingson, Stephen. 2001. The new spirituality from a social science perspective. Dialog 40(4):257-63. Pargament, Kenneth I. 2011. Spiritually integrated psychotherapy: Understanding and addressing the sacred. New York: Guilford Press. 2010; 57 2011 2010 2009 1976 1998 1997 1898 2008 1999; 67 2007 1995 2005 1994 1993 2004 1970 2003 1992 2001; 40 1936 1912 1978 1999 2010; 25 1990 2001 2002; 41 2000 2002; 67 1997; 36 2008; 47 2003; 25 1986 1985 1963 2013; 60 2013 2010; 5 1969 2008; 196 1922 Schmidt Leigh Eric. (e_1_2_7_51_1) 2005 e_1_2_7_7_1 Mishler Elliot G. (e_1_2_7_42_1) 1986 e_1_2_7_62_1 e_1_2_7_15_1 e_1_2_7_41_1 Hammond Phillip E. (e_1_2_7_30_1) 1992 e_1_2_7_43_1 Durkheim Emile. (e_1_2_7_23_1) 1912 e_1_2_7_11_1 James William. (e_1_2_7_35_1) 1936 e_1_2_7_45_1 Weber Max. (e_1_2_7_57_1) 1922 e_1_2_7_47_1 Marx Karl. (e_1_2_7_39_1) 1963 Clark Lynn Schofield. (e_1_2_7_17_1) 2003 Albanese Catherine L. (e_1_2_7_4_1) 2001 Roof Wade Clark (e_1_2_7_48_1) 1993 Roof Wade Clark (e_1_2_7_49_1) 1999 Berger Peter L. (e_1_2_7_12_1) 1969 Wuthnow Robert. (e_1_2_7_58_1) 1976 Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life (e_1_2_7_46_1) 2008 e_1_2_7_50_1 e_1_2_7_25_1 e_1_2_7_31_1 e_1_2_7_52_1 e_1_2_7_33_1 e_1_2_7_56_1 Sutcliffe Steven. (e_1_2_7_54_1) 2003 e_1_2_7_37_1 Barker Eileen. (e_1_2_7_9_1) 2004 Ammerman Nancy T. (e_1_2_7_5_1) 1997 e_1_2_7_6_1 e_1_2_7_8_1 Wuthnow Robert. (e_1_2_7_60_1) 2001 e_1_2_7_16_1 e_1_2_7_61_1 e_1_2_7_14_1 Davie Grace (e_1_2_7_19_1) 2003 Berger Peter L. (e_1_2_7_13_1) 1970 Maynes Mary Jo (e_1_2_7_40_1) 2008 Flanagan Kieran (e_1_2_7_26_1) 2007 Davie Grace. (e_1_2_7_18_1) 2000 Albanese Catherine L. (e_1_2_7_3_1) 1990 Bellah Robert N. (e_1_2_7_10_1) 1985 Davie Jodie Shapiro. (e_1_2_7_20_1) 1995 Foucault Michel. (e_1_2_7_27_1) 1978 e_1_2_7_53_1 Pargament Kenneth I. (e_1_2_7_44_1) 2011 e_1_2_7_24_1 e_1_2_7_55_1 e_1_2_7_34_1 Frisk Liselotte. (e_1_2_7_28_1) 2010; 5 e_1_2_7_36_1 e_1_2_7_59_1 Abeles Ronald (e_1_2_7_2_1) 1999 Durkheim Emile. (e_1_2_7_22_1) 1898 Hoge Dean R. (e_1_2_7_32_1) 1994 e_1_2_7_38_1 Denton Jones Alison. (e_1_2_7_21_1) 2010 Gibson Barbara Ellen. (e_1_2_7_29_1) 2005 |
| References_xml | – reference: Abeles, Ronald, G. Christopher Ellison, Linda K. George, Ellen L. Idler, Neal Krause, Jeffrey Levin, Marcia G. Ory, Kenneth I. Pargament, Lynda Powell, Lynn G. Underwood, and David R. Williams. 1999. Multidimensional measurement of religiousness/spirituality for use in health research: A report of the Fetzer Institute/National Institute on Aging Working Group. Kalamazoo, MI: Fetzer Institute. – reference: Denton Jones, Alison. 2010. A modern religion? The state, the people, and the remaking of Buddhism in urban China today. Ph.D. diss., Harvard University. – reference: Pessi, Anne Birgitta. 2013. Privatized religiosity revisited: Building an authenticity model of individual-church relations. Social Compass 60(1):3-21. – reference: Flanagan, Kieran and Peter C. Jupp, eds. 2007. A sociology of spirituality. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. – reference: Ammerman, Nancy T.. 2010. The challenges of pluralism: Locating religion in a world of diversity. Social Compass 57(2):154-67. – reference: Davie, Grace, Linda Woodhead, and Paul Heelas. 2003. Predicting religion: Christian, secular, and alternative futures, theology and religion in interdisciplinary perspectives series. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. – reference: Davie, Jodie Shapiro. 1995. Women in the presence: Constructing community and seeking spirituality in mainline Protestantism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. – reference: Pargament, Kenneth I. 2011. Spiritually integrated psychotherapy: Understanding and addressing the sacred. New York: Guilford Press. – reference: Swidler, Ann. 2001. Talk of love: How culture matters. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. – reference: Maynes, Mary Jo, Jennifer L. Pierce, and Barbara Laslett. 2008. Telling stories: The use of personal narratives in the social sciences and history. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. – reference: Smith, Christian. 2009. Souls in transition: The religious and spiritual lives of emerging adults. New York: Oxford University Press. – reference: Weber, Max. [1922] 1963. The sociology of religion. Boston: Beacon. – reference: Clark, Lynn Schofield. 2003. From angels to aliens: Teenagers, the media, and the supernatural. New York: Oxford University Press. – reference: McGuire, Meredith B. 2008. Lived religion: Faith and practice in everyday life. New York: Oxford University Press. – reference: Riesebrodt, Martin. 2010. The promise of salvation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. – reference: Seligman, Adam. 2000. Modernity's wager: Authority, the self, and transcendence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. – reference: Idler, Ellen L., Marc Musick, G. Christopher Ellison, Linda K. George, Neal Krause, Marcia G. Ory, Kenneth I. Pargament, Lynn G. Underwood, and David R. Williams. 2003. Measuring multiple dimensions of relgion and spirituality for health research: Conceptual background and findings from the 1998 General Social Survey. Research on Aging 25(4):327-65. – reference: Chaves, Mark. 2011. American religion: Contemporary trends. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. – reference: Roof, Wade Clark. 1993. A generation of seekers. San Francisco: Harper. – reference: Hammond, Phillip E. 1992. Religion and personal autonomy: The third disestablishment in America. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. – reference: Bender, Courtney. 2010. The new metaphysicals: Spirituality and the American religious imagination. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. – reference: Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 2008. U.S. religious landscape survey. Available at: http://religions.pewforum.org/reports. Accessed April 13, 2013. – reference: Roof, Wade Clark. 1999. Spiritual marketplace: Baby boomers and the remaking of American religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. – reference: Taylor, Charles. 2007. A secular age. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. – reference: Durkheim, Emile.. [1912] 1964. The elementary forms of the religious life. Translated by Joseph Ward Swain, New York: Free Press. – reference: Ellingson, Stephen. 2001. The new spirituality from a social science perspective. Dialog 40(4):257-63. – reference: Ammerman, Nancy T.. 2013. Sacred stories, spiritual tribes: Finding religion in everyday life. New York: Oxford University Press. – reference: Asad, Talal. 1993. Genealogies of religion: Discipline and reasons of power in Christianity and Islam. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. – reference: Wuthnow, Robert.. 1998. After heaven: Spirituality in America since the 1950s. Berkeley: University of California Press. – reference: Zinnbauer, Brian J., Kenneth I. Pargament, Brenda Cole, Mark S. Rye, Eric M. Butter, Timothy G. Belavich, Kathleen M. Hipp, Allie B. Scott, and Jill L. Kadar. 1997. Religion and spirituality: Unfuzzying the fuzzy. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 36(4):549-64. – reference: Hout, Michael and Claude Fischer. 2002. Why more Americans have no religious preference: Politics and generations. American Sociological Review 67(2):165-90. – reference: Zinnbauer, Brian J., Kenneth I. Pargament, and Allie B. Scott. 1999. The emerging meanings of religiousness and spirituality: Problems and prospects. Journal of Personality 67(6):889-919. – reference: James, William. [1936] 1994. The varieties of religious experience: A study in human nature. New York: Modern Library. – reference: Ecklund, Elaine Howard. 2010. Science vs. religion: What scientists really think. New York: Oxford University Press. – reference: Lamont, Michele. 1992. Money, morals, and manners. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. – reference: Koenig, Harold G. 2008. Concerns about measuring "spirituality" in research. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 196(5):349-55. – reference: Bellah, Robert N., Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swidler, and Steven M. Tipton. 1985. Habits of the heart. Berkeley: University of California Press. – reference: Berger, Peter L. 1969. The sacred canopy. Garden City, NY: Anchor Doubleday. – reference: Frisk, Liselotte. 2010. Globalization: A key factor in contemporary religious change. Journal of Alternative Spiritualities and New Age Studies 5:i-xiv. Available at http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/jasanas/. Accessed April 13, 2013. – reference: Schmidt, Leigh Eric. 2005. Restless souls: The making of American spirituality. San Francisco: Harper. – reference: Berger, Peter L.. 1970. A rumor of angels: Modern society and the rediscovery of the supernatural. Garden City, NY: Anchor. – reference: Davie, Grace. 2000. Religion in modern Europe: A memory mutates. New York: Oxford University Press. – reference: Hoge, Dean R., Benton Johnson, and Donald A. Luidens. 1994. Vanishing boundaries: The religion of mainline Protestant baby boomers. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox. – reference: Marler, Penny Long and C. Kirk Hadaway. 2002. "Being religious" or "Being spiritual" in America: A zero-sum proposition? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 41(2):289-300. – reference: Wuthnow, Robert.. 2001. Creative spirituality: The way of the artist. Berkeley: University of California Press. – reference: Albanese, Catherine L. 1990. Nature religion in America: From the Algonkian Indians to the new age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. – reference: Albanese, Catherine L., ed. 2001. American spiritualities: A reader. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. – reference: Gibson, Barbara Ellen. 2005. Co-producing video diaries: The presence of the "absent" researcher. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 4(4):34-43. Available at http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/IJQM/article/view/4425/3534. Accessed April 13, 2013. – reference: Chatters, Linda, Robert Taylor, Kai M. Bullard, and James S. Jackson. 2008. Spirituality and subjective religiosity among African Americans, Caribbean blacks, and Non-Hispanic whites. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 47(4):725-37. – reference: Heelas, Paul and Linda Woodhead. 2004. The spiritual revolution: Why religion is giving way to spirituality. Malden, MA: Blackwell. – reference: Sutcliffe, Steven. 2003. Children of the new age: A history of spiritual practices. New York: Routledge. – reference: Palmisano, Stefania. 2010. Spirituality and Catholicism in Italy. Journal of Contemporary Religion 25(2):221-41. – reference: Wuthnow, Robert. 1976. The consciousness reformation. Berkeley: University of California Press. – reference: Mishler, Elliot G. 1986. Research interviewing: Context and narrative. 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| Title | Spiritual But Not Religious? Beyond Binary Choices in the Study of Religion |
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