Estimating confidence intervals for eigenvalues in exploratory factor analysis
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) has become a common procedure in educational and psychological research. In the course of performing an EFA, researchers often base the decision of how many factors to retain on the eigenvalues for the factors. However, many researchers do not realize that eigenvalu...
Saved in:
| Published in | Behavior research methods Vol. 42; no. 3; pp. 871 - 876 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
New York
Springer-Verlag
01.08.2010
Psychonomic Society, Inc |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
| Abstract | Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) has become a common procedure in educational and psychological research. In the course of performing an EFA, researchers often base the decision of how many factors to retain on the eigenvalues for the factors. However, many researchers do not realize that eigenvalues, like all sample statistics, are subject to sampling error, which means that confidence intervals (CIs) can be estimated for each eigenvalue. In the present article, we demonstrate two methods of estimating CIs for eigenvalues: one based on the mathematical properties of the central limit theorem, and the other based on bootstrapping. References to appropriate SAS and SPSS syntax are included. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) has become a common procedure in educational and psychological research. In the course of performing an EFA, researchers often base the decision of how many factors to retain on the eigenvalues for the factors. However, many researchers do not realize that eigenvalues, like all sample statistics, are subject to sampling error, which means that confidence intervals (CIs) can be estimated for each eigenvalue. In the present article, we demonstrate two methods of estimating CIs for eigenvalues: one based on the mathematical properties of the central limit theorem, and the other based on bootstrapping. References to appropriate SAS and SPSS syntax are included. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) has become a common procedure in educational and psychological research. In the course of performing an EFA, researchers often base the decision of how many factors to retain on the eigenvalues for the factors. However, many researchers do not realize that eigenvalues, like all sample statistics, are subject to sampling error, which means that confidence intervals (CIs) can be estimated for each eigenvalue. In the present article, we demonstrate two methods of estimating CIs for eigenvalues: one based on the mathematical properties of the central limit theorem, and the other based on bootstrapping. References to appropriate SAS and SPSS syntax are included. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) has become a common procedure in educational and psychological research. In the course of performing an EFA, researchers often base the decision of how many factors to retain on the eigenvalues for the factors. However, many researchers do not realize that eigenvalues, like all sample statistics, are subject to sampling error, which means that confidence intervals (CIs) can be estimated for each eigenvalue. In the present article, we demonstrate two methods of estimating CIs for eigenvalues: one based on the mathematical properties of the central limit theorem, and the other based on bootstrapping. References to appropriate SAS and SPSS syntax are included. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) has become a common procedure in educational and psychological research. In the course of performing an EFA, researchers often base the decision of how many factors to retain on the eigenvalues for the factors. However, many researchers do not realize that eigenvalues, like all sample statistics, are subject to sampling error, which means that confidence intervals (CIs) can be estimated for each eigenvalue. In the present article, we demonstrate two methods of estimating CIs for eigenvalues: one based on the mathematical properties of the central limit theorem, and the other based on bootstrapping. References to appropriate SAS and SPSS syntax are included. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] |
| Author | Warne, Russell T. Larsen, Ross |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Ross surname: Larsen fullname: Larsen, Ross email: ross.larsen@dsmail.tamu.edu organization: Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4225 – sequence: 2 givenname: Russell T. surname: Warne fullname: Warne, Russell T. organization: Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4225 |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20805609$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNqF0UtLAzEQAOAgilr15lkWL17cmsemmxy1-AIfIAreQprMlsg2qclW7L83Wh9QFE-TkG-GyUwPrfrgAaFdgvus5uLo5O66X9E-64uarKBNwnlVMk7F6veZPG6gXkpPGDNBSbWONigWmA-w3EQ3p6lzE905Py5M8I2z4A0UzncQX3SbiibEAtwYfL7NIOWXAl6nbYi6C3FeNNrkWGiv23lyaRutNTkLdj7jFno4O70fXpRXt-eXw-Or0lSSdCUBwDXRpMa04aIRdkRZJSQZWU6sxNY0FBgQSo0R2MoBCGaY0VRaaQ3Ugm2hg0XdaQzPua1OTVwy0LbaQ5glJQkeVFJy-q-sK4kJJ7jOcn9JPoVZzB_7QJINJGcZ7X2i2WgCVk1jnl6cq6-JZkAXwMSQUoRGGdfl-QbfRe1aRbB6X5vKa1MVVUzlteWkw6Wkr7p_8HLBU2Z-DPGn01_9Gxn2p3M |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1177_1524839917732559 crossref_primary_10_1177_0030222820947224 crossref_primary_10_3390_joitmc7020131 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecresq_2023_02_001 crossref_primary_10_1017_S1368980018001209 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jbusres_2022_113328 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psychres_2018_05_076 crossref_primary_10_1017_S1368980017000581 crossref_primary_10_1111_nicc_12427 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_drugpo_2018_06_007 crossref_primary_10_1002_oby_22414 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0233551 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0199703 crossref_primary_10_3390_healthcare12020236 crossref_primary_10_1175_JPO_D_19_0120_1 crossref_primary_10_1080_00949655_2016_1161044 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40123_024_01050_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jbusres_2021_09_015 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0148087 crossref_primary_10_1002_oa_2810 crossref_primary_10_1111_ijsa_12037 crossref_primary_10_12973_eu_jer_11_2_859 crossref_primary_10_3389_fspor_2024_1333751 crossref_primary_10_1111_jbg_12198 crossref_primary_10_1108_PM_05_2022_0034 crossref_primary_10_3758_s13428_014_0499_2 crossref_primary_10_1080_15248372_2017_1346658 crossref_primary_10_1039_C6RP00132G crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijer_2014_01_001 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_childyouth_2022_106744 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2022_919386 crossref_primary_10_1177_0016986212444122 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jss_2023_111648 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0118900 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_resourpol_2023_103379 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12955_015_0358_6 crossref_primary_10_3389_fncom_2023_1241455 crossref_primary_10_1089_jwh_2017_6447 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bone_2022_116642 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_022_12985_5 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19159096 crossref_primary_10_3846_jbem_2020_12221 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2019_116019 crossref_primary_10_1080_10696679_2024_2385377 crossref_primary_10_4102_sajhrm_v19i0_1645 crossref_primary_10_1097_MPH_0b013e318230e1fd crossref_primary_10_3758_s13428_017_1013_4 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42488_021_00054_2 crossref_primary_10_3390_su16083399 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19127149 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10551_024_05820_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_solener_2021_09_022 crossref_primary_10_62080_kmfed_1544522 crossref_primary_10_4102_hts_v80i1_9134 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_infsof_2021_106766 crossref_primary_10_3109_13561820_2011_564458 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pmn_2023_11_007 crossref_primary_10_3758_s13428_017_1000_9 crossref_primary_10_1177_10731911211039284 crossref_primary_10_1590_2177_6709_27_6_e2220471_oar crossref_primary_10_3390_nu9121337 crossref_primary_10_1086_675757 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_applanim_2024_106387 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_08406_7 crossref_primary_10_1111_hsc_13244 crossref_primary_10_55860_WVUY6741 crossref_primary_10_1891_JNM_D_D21_00026 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jsat_2014_05_004 crossref_primary_10_15290_oes_2020_02_100_02 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecresq_2012_07_002 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1207/s15327906mbr1702_5 10.1037/0033-2909.99.3.432 10.2307/1412107 10.1177/0013164495055003002 10.1177/1094428104263675 10.1007/BF02289056 10.1037/h0043943 10.1037/h0039177 10.1177/014616702237645 10.3102/0013189X08319762 10.3758/BF03193163 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1986.tb00583.x 10.1007/BF02289162 10.1037/0003-066X.60.2.170 10.3758/BF03200807 10.1037/0003-066X.54.8.594 10.1007/BF02293557 10.1038/scientificamerican0583-116 10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10 10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272 10.1007/BF02289447 10.1037/10694-000 10.1037/h0035846 10.4324/9781410609823 10.1002/0471264385.wei0206 10.1177/0013164405282485 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Psychonomic Society, Inc. 2010 Copyright Psychonomic Society, Inc. Aug 2010 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Psychonomic Society, Inc. 2010 – notice: Copyright Psychonomic Society, Inc. Aug 2010 |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 0-V 3V. 4T- 7X7 7XB 88E 88G 88J 8AO 8FI 8FJ 8FK 8G5 ABUWG AFKRA ALSLI AZQEC BENPR CCPQU DWQXO FYUFA GHDGH GNUQQ GUQSH K9. M0S M1P M2M M2O M2R MBDVC PHGZM PHGZT PJZUB PKEHL POGQB PPXIY PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS PRQQA PSYQQ Q9U 7X8 7QO 7TK 8FD FR3 P64 |
| DOI | 10.3758/BRM.42.3.871 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection ProQuest Central (Corporate) Docstoc Health & Medical Collection ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016) Medical Database (Alumni Edition) Psychology Database (Alumni) Social Science Database (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Pharma Collection Hospital Premium Collection Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) ProQuest Research Library ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest Central UK/Ireland Social Science Premium Collection ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Central ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central Korea Health Research Premium Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Central Student ProQuest Research Library ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Health & Medical Collection Medical Database ProQuest Psychology Database (NC LIVE) Research Library Social Science Database Research Library (Corporate) ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Sociology & Social Sciences Collection ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China ProQuest One Social Sciences ProQuest One Psychology ProQuest Central Basic MEDLINE - Academic Biotechnology Research Abstracts Neurosciences Abstracts Technology Research Database Engineering Research Database Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) ProQuest One Psychology Research Library Prep ProQuest Sociology & Social Sciences Collection ProQuest Central Student ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Social Science Journals (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Community College ProQuest One Health & Nursing Research Library (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Pharma Collection Sociology & Social Sciences Collection ProQuest Central China ProQuest Central ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection Health Research Premium Collection Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central Korea Health & Medical Research Collection ProQuest Research Library ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni) Social Science Premium Collection ProQuest One Social Sciences ProQuest Central Basic ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Hospital Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Psychology Journals (Alumni) ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Health & Medical Complete ProQuest Social Science Journals ProQuest Medical Library ProQuest Psychology Journals ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition Docstoc ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest Central (Alumni) MEDLINE - Academic Engineering Research Database Biotechnology Research Abstracts Technology Research Database Neurosciences Abstracts Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts |
| DatabaseTitleList | MEDLINE MEDLINE - Academic ProQuest One Psychology Engineering Research Database |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: EIF name: MEDLINE url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 3 dbid: BENPR name: ProQuest Central url: https://www.proquest.com/central sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Psychology |
| EISSN | 1554-3528 |
| EndPage | 876 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 2133375981 20805609 10_3758_BRM_42_3_871 |
| Genre | Journal Article |
| GroupedDBID | --- -55 -5G -BR -DZ -EM -ET -~C -~X 0-V 06D 0R~ 0VY 199 1N0 203 23N 2J2 2JN 2JY 2KG 2KM 2LR 2VQ 30V 3V. 4.4 406 408 40E 53G 5GY 7X7 875 88E 8AO 8FI 8FJ 8G5 8TC 8UJ 95. 96X AAAVM AABHQ AACDK AAHNG AAIAL AAJBT AAJKR AAKPC AANZL AARTL AASML AATNV AATVU AAUYE AAWCG AAYIU AAYQN AAYTO AAYZH AAZMS ABAKF ABDZT ABECU ABFTV ABHLI ABIVO ABJNI ABJOX ABJUD ABKCH ABMQK ABNWP ABPLI ABPPZ ABQBU ABQSL ABSXP ABTEG ABTHY ABTKH ABTMW ABUWG ABXPI ACAOD ACBXY ACDTI ACGFS ACHQT ACHSB ACHXU ACIWK ACKIV ACKNC ACMDZ ACMLO ACNCT ACOKC ACPIV ACPRK ACZOJ ADBBV ADHHG ADHIR ADINQ ADKNI ADKPE ADURQ ADYFF ADZKW AEBTG AEFQL AEGAL AEGNC AEJHL AEJRE AEKMD AEMSY AEOHA AEPYU AESKC AETCA AEVLU AEXYK AFBBN AFFNX AFKRA AFQWF AFRAH AFWTZ AFZKB AGAYW AGDGC AGJBK AGMZJ AGQEE AGQMX AGRTI AGWIL AGWZB AGYKE AHAVH AHBYD AHMBA AHSBF AHYZX AIAKS AIGIU AIIXL AILAN AITGF AJBLW AJRNO AJZVZ ALIPV ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALSLI AMKLP AMXSW AMYLF AMYQR AOCGG ARALO ARMRJ ASPBG AVWKF AXYYD AYQZM AZFZN AZQEC B-. BAWUL BENPR BGNMA BPHCQ BVXVI C1A CAG CCPQU COF CSCUP DDRTE DIK DNIVK DPUIP DWQXO E3Z EBD EBLON EBS EIOEI EJD EMOBN ESBYG F5P FEDTE FERAY FFXSO FIGPU FINBP FNLPD FRRFC FSGXE FYUFA GGCAI GGRSB GJIRD GNUQQ GNWQR GQ3 GQ6 GQ7 GUQSH H13 HF~ HMCUK HMJXF HRMNR HVGLF HZ~ H~9 IAO IHR IKXTQ INH IPY IRVIT ITC ITM IWAJR J-C JBSCW JZLTJ KOV LLZTM M1P M2M M2O M2R M4Y MVM N2Q N9A NB0 NPVJJ NQJWS NU0 O9- O93 O9G O9J OHT OK1 P2P P9L PADUT PF- PQQKQ PROAC PSQYO PSYQQ PT4 R9I RIG ROL RPV RSV S16 S1Z S27 S3B SBS SBU SCLPG SHX SISQX SJYHP SNE SNPRN SNX SOHCF SOJ SPISZ SRMVM SSLCW SSXJD STPWE SV3 SZN T13 TN5 TR2 TSG TUC TUS U2A U9L UG4 UKHRP UOJIU UPT UTJUX UZXMN VFIZW VXZ W48 WH7 WK8 XJT XOL XSW Z7R Z7S Z7W Z81 Z83 Z88 Z8N Z92 ZMTXR ZOVNA ZUP AAPKM AAYXX ABBRH ABDBE ABFSG ACSTC ADHKG AEZWR AFDZB AFHIU AFOHR AGQPQ AHPBZ AHWEU AIXLP ATHPR AYFIA CITATION PHGZM PHGZT ABRTQ CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM PJZUB PPXIY PRQQA 4T- 7XB 8FK K9. MBDVC PKEHL POGQB PQEST PQUKI PRINS Q9U 7X8 7QO 7TK 8FD FR3 P64 |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c491t-1ee071a1702f58f8db234891bd51d90dcf2e3e122cc80d96e83c3ca29d9dce783 |
| IEDL.DBID | U2A |
| ISSN | 1554-351X 1554-3528 |
| IngestDate | Fri Jul 11 04:35:47 EDT 2025 Fri Jul 11 02:43:26 EDT 2025 Sat Aug 23 14:44:12 EDT 2025 Mon Jul 21 05:58:56 EDT 2025 Tue Jul 01 01:05:41 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 23:04:07 EDT 2025 Fri Feb 21 02:37:02 EST 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | false |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 3 |
| Keywords | Estimate Confidence Interval American Psychological Association Central Limit Theorem Parallel Analysis Exploratory Factor Analysis |
| Language | English |
| License | http://www.springer.com/tdm |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c491t-1ee071a1702f58f8db234891bd51d90dcf2e3e122cc80d96e83c3ca29d9dce783 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/BRM.42.3.871.pdf |
| PMID | 20805609 |
| PQID | 749936953 |
| PQPubID | 28877 |
| PageCount | 6 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_miscellaneous_910649952 proquest_miscellaneous_749015107 proquest_journals_749936953 pubmed_primary_20805609 crossref_citationtrail_10_3758_BRM_42_3_871 crossref_primary_10_3758_BRM_42_3_871 springer_journals_10_3758_BRM_42_3_871 |
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 20100800 2010-8-00 2010-Aug 20100801 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2010-08-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 8 year: 2010 text: 20100800 |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationPlace | New York |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: New York – name: United States – name: Madison |
| PublicationTitle | Behavior research methods |
| PublicationTitleAbbrev | Behavior Research Methods |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Behav Res Methods |
| PublicationYear | 2010 |
| Publisher | Springer-Verlag Psychonomic Society, Inc |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Springer-Verlag – name: Psychonomic Society, Inc |
| References | HensonR. K.RobertsJ. K.Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research: Common errors and some comment on improved practiceEducational & Psychological Measurement20066639341610.1177/0013164405282485 HolzingerK. J.SwinefordF.A study in factor analysis: The stability of a bi-factor solution1939ChicagoUniversity of Chicago Press EdgingtonE. S.A tabulation of statistics used in psychology journalsAmerican Psychologist19641920220310.1037/h0039177 CummingG.FinchS.Inference by eye: Confidence intervals and how to read pictures of dataAmerican Psychologist2005601701801574044910.1037/0003-066X.60.2.170 GorsuchR. L.SchinkaJ. A.VelicerW. F.Factor analysisHandbook of psychology: Vol. 2. Research methods in psychology2003Hoboken, NJWiley143164 O’ConnorB. P.SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP testBehavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers20003239640210.3758/BF03200807 CattellR. B.The scree test for the number of factorsMultivariate Behavioral Research1966124527610.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10 CostelloA. B.OsborneJ. W.Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysisPractical Assessment, Research & Evaluation20051019 EdgingtonE. S.A new tabulation of statistical procedures used in APA journalsAmerican Psychologist197429252610.1037/h0035846 ThompsonB.Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications2004Washington, DCAmerican Psychological Association10.1037/10694-000 SpearmanC.“General intelligence,” objectively determined and measuredAmerican Journal of Psychology19041520129310.2307/1412107 FabrigarL. R.WegenerD. T.MacCallumR. C.StrahanE. J.Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological researchPsychological Methods1999427229910.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272 ElmoreP. B.WoehlkeP. L.Statistical methods employed in American Educational Research Journal, Educational Researcher, and Review of Educational Research from 1978 to 1987Educational Researcher1988171920 ZientekL. R.CapraroM. M.CapraroR. M.Reporting practices in quantitative teacher education research: One look at the evidence cited in the AERA panel reportEducational Researcher20083720821610.3102/0013189X08319762 American Psychological AssociationPublication manual of the American Psychological Association20106th ed.Washington, DCAuthor ZwickW. R.VelicerW. F.Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retainPsychological Bulletin19869943244210.1037/0033-2909.99.3.432 DiaconisP.EfronB.Computer-intensive methods in statisticsScientific American198324811613010.1038/scientificamerican0583-116 GorsuchR. L.Factor analysis1983Hillsdale, NJErlbaum FordJ. K.MacCallumR. C.TaitM.The application of exploratory factor analysis in applied psychology: A critical review and analysisPersonal Psychology19863929131410.1111/j.1744-6570.1986.tb00583.x RussellD. W.In search of underlying dimensions: The use (and abuse) of factor analysis in Personality and Social Psychology BulletinPersonality & Social Psychology Bulletin2002281629164610.1177/014616702237645 CronbachL. J.The two disciplines of scientific psychologyAmerican Psychologist19571267168410.1037/h0043943 ThompsonB.Foundations of behavioral statistics: An insightbased approach2006New YorkGuilford VelicerW. F.Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlationsPsychometrika19764132132710.1007/BF02293557 HaytonJ. C.AllenD. G.ScarpelloV.Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysisOrganizational Research Methods2004719120510.1177/1094428104263675 GlorfeldL. W.An improvement on Horn’s parallel analysis methodology for selecting the correct number of factors to retainEducational & Psychological Measurement19955537739310.1177/0013164495055003002 Tonsor, S. (2004). PCA bootstrap confidence intervals program [SAS code]. Retrieved from www.pitt.edu/~tonsor/downloads/programs/ bootpca.html. BainL.EngelhardtM.Introduction to probability and mathematical statistics1992Belmont, CADuxbury Press ZientekL. R.ThompsonB.Applying the bootstrap to the multivariate case: Bootstrap component/factor analysisBehavior Research Methods2007393183251769536010.3758/BF03193163 WilkinsonL.Statistical methods in psychology journals: Guidelines and explanationsAmerican Psychologist19995459460410.1037/0003-066X.54.8.594 LoehlinJ. C.Latent variable models20044th ed.Mahwah, NJErlbaum RencherA.SchimekM.Methods of multivariate analysis1995New YorkWiley GuttmanL.Some necessary conditions for common-factor analysisPsychometrika19541914916110.1007/BF02289162 HornJ. L.A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysisPsychometrika1965301791851430638110.1007/BF02289447 MardiaK.KentJ.BibbyJ.Multivariate analysis1979New YorkAcademic Press RippeD. D.Application of a large sampling criterion to some sampling problems in factor analysisPsychometrika19531819120510.1007/BF02289056 ZwickW. R.VelicerW. F.Factors influencing four rules of determining the number of components to retainMultivariate Behavioral Research19821725326910.1207/s15327906mbr1702_5 J. C. Loehlin (420300871_CR21) 2004 A. Rencher (420300871_CR24) 1995 E. S. Edgington (420300871_CR9) 1974; 29 L. J. Cronbach (420300871_CR5) 1957; 12 D. D. Rippe (420300871_CR25) 1953; 18 D. W. Russell (420300871_CR26) 2002; 28 W. R. Zwick (420300871_CR35) 1982; 17 E. S. Edgington (420300871_CR8) 1964; 19 L. R. Zientek (420300871_CR33) 2008; 37 L. R. Fabrigar (420300871_CR11) 1999; 4 L. Bain (420300871_CR2) 1992 J. L. Horn (420300871_CR20) 1965; 30 420300871_CR30 K. J. Holzinger (420300871_CR19) 1939 B. Thompson (420300871_CR28) 2004 L. W. Glorfeld (420300871_CR13) 1995; 55 R. L. Gorsuch (420300871_CR15) 2003 C. Spearman (420300871_CR27) 1904; 15 G. Cumming (420300871_CR6) 2005; 60 L. R. Zientek (420300871_CR34) 2007; 39 P. B. Elmore (420300871_CR10) 1988; 17 P. Diaconis (420300871_CR7) 1983; 248 K. Mardia (420300871_CR22) 1979 R. L. Gorsuch (420300871_CR14) 1983 B. P. O’Connor (420300871_CR23) 2000; 32 R. B. Cattell (420300871_CR3) 1966; 1 L. Wilkinson (420300871_CR32) 1999; 54 W. F. Velicer (420300871_CR31) 1976; 41 W. R. Zwick (420300871_CR36) 1986; 99 A. B. Costello (420300871_CR4) 2005; 10 J. C. Hayton (420300871_CR17) 2004; 7 R. K. Henson (420300871_CR18) 2006; 66 American Psychological Association (420300871_CR1) 2010 B. Thompson (420300871_CR29) 2006 J. K. Ford (420300871_CR12) 1986; 39 L. Guttman (420300871_CR16) 1954; 19 |
| References_xml | – reference: BainL.EngelhardtM.Introduction to probability and mathematical statistics1992Belmont, CADuxbury Press – reference: O’ConnorB. P.SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP testBehavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers20003239640210.3758/BF03200807 – reference: CummingG.FinchS.Inference by eye: Confidence intervals and how to read pictures of dataAmerican Psychologist2005601701801574044910.1037/0003-066X.60.2.170 – reference: ElmoreP. B.WoehlkeP. L.Statistical methods employed in American Educational Research Journal, Educational Researcher, and Review of Educational Research from 1978 to 1987Educational Researcher1988171920 – reference: ZientekL. R.ThompsonB.Applying the bootstrap to the multivariate case: Bootstrap component/factor analysisBehavior Research Methods2007393183251769536010.3758/BF03193163 – reference: ZwickW. R.VelicerW. F.Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retainPsychological Bulletin19869943244210.1037/0033-2909.99.3.432 – reference: GorsuchR. L.SchinkaJ. A.VelicerW. F.Factor analysisHandbook of psychology: Vol. 2. Research methods in psychology2003Hoboken, NJWiley143164 – reference: ThompsonB.Foundations of behavioral statistics: An insightbased approach2006New YorkGuilford – reference: American Psychological AssociationPublication manual of the American Psychological Association20106th ed.Washington, DCAuthor – reference: ZwickW. R.VelicerW. F.Factors influencing four rules of determining the number of components to retainMultivariate Behavioral Research19821725326910.1207/s15327906mbr1702_5 – reference: GlorfeldL. W.An improvement on Horn’s parallel analysis methodology for selecting the correct number of factors to retainEducational & Psychological Measurement19955537739310.1177/0013164495055003002 – reference: HensonR. K.RobertsJ. K.Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research: Common errors and some comment on improved practiceEducational & Psychological Measurement20066639341610.1177/0013164405282485 – reference: DiaconisP.EfronB.Computer-intensive methods in statisticsScientific American198324811613010.1038/scientificamerican0583-116 – reference: SpearmanC.“General intelligence,” objectively determined and measuredAmerican Journal of Psychology19041520129310.2307/1412107 – reference: RencherA.SchimekM.Methods of multivariate analysis1995New YorkWiley – reference: CronbachL. J.The two disciplines of scientific psychologyAmerican Psychologist19571267168410.1037/h0043943 – reference: CattellR. B.The scree test for the number of factorsMultivariate Behavioral Research1966124527610.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10 – reference: HaytonJ. C.AllenD. G.ScarpelloV.Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysisOrganizational Research Methods2004719120510.1177/1094428104263675 – reference: FabrigarL. R.WegenerD. T.MacCallumR. C.StrahanE. J.Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological researchPsychological Methods1999427229910.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272 – reference: EdgingtonE. S.A new tabulation of statistical procedures used in APA journalsAmerican Psychologist197429252610.1037/h0035846 – reference: EdgingtonE. S.A tabulation of statistics used in psychology journalsAmerican Psychologist19641920220310.1037/h0039177 – reference: ThompsonB.Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications2004Washington, DCAmerican Psychological Association10.1037/10694-000 – reference: WilkinsonL.Statistical methods in psychology journals: Guidelines and explanationsAmerican Psychologist19995459460410.1037/0003-066X.54.8.594 – reference: ZientekL. R.CapraroM. M.CapraroR. M.Reporting practices in quantitative teacher education research: One look at the evidence cited in the AERA panel reportEducational Researcher20083720821610.3102/0013189X08319762 – reference: HornJ. L.A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysisPsychometrika1965301791851430638110.1007/BF02289447 – reference: GorsuchR. L.Factor analysis1983Hillsdale, NJErlbaum – reference: Tonsor, S. (2004). PCA bootstrap confidence intervals program [SAS code]. Retrieved from www.pitt.edu/~tonsor/downloads/programs/ bootpca.html. – reference: LoehlinJ. C.Latent variable models20044th ed.Mahwah, NJErlbaum – reference: HolzingerK. J.SwinefordF.A study in factor analysis: The stability of a bi-factor solution1939ChicagoUniversity of Chicago Press – reference: FordJ. K.MacCallumR. C.TaitM.The application of exploratory factor analysis in applied psychology: A critical review and analysisPersonal Psychology19863929131410.1111/j.1744-6570.1986.tb00583.x – reference: RippeD. D.Application of a large sampling criterion to some sampling problems in factor analysisPsychometrika19531819120510.1007/BF02289056 – reference: RussellD. W.In search of underlying dimensions: The use (and abuse) of factor analysis in Personality and Social Psychology BulletinPersonality & Social Psychology Bulletin2002281629164610.1177/014616702237645 – reference: VelicerW. F.Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlationsPsychometrika19764132132710.1007/BF02293557 – reference: GuttmanL.Some necessary conditions for common-factor analysisPsychometrika19541914916110.1007/BF02289162 – reference: CostelloA. B.OsborneJ. W.Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysisPractical Assessment, Research & Evaluation20051019 – reference: MardiaK.KentJ.BibbyJ.Multivariate analysis1979New YorkAcademic Press – volume-title: Introduction to probability and mathematical statistics year: 1992 ident: 420300871_CR2 – volume: 17 start-page: 253 year: 1982 ident: 420300871_CR35 publication-title: Multivariate Behavioral Research doi: 10.1207/s15327906mbr1702_5 – volume: 99 start-page: 432 year: 1986 ident: 420300871_CR36 publication-title: Psychological Bulletin doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.99.3.432 – volume: 15 start-page: 201 year: 1904 ident: 420300871_CR27 publication-title: American Journal of Psychology doi: 10.2307/1412107 – volume: 55 start-page: 377 year: 1995 ident: 420300871_CR13 publication-title: Educational & Psychological Measurement doi: 10.1177/0013164495055003002 – volume: 7 start-page: 191 year: 2004 ident: 420300871_CR17 publication-title: Organizational Research Methods doi: 10.1177/1094428104263675 – volume-title: Publication manual of the American Psychological Association year: 2010 ident: 420300871_CR1 – volume: 10 start-page: 1 year: 2005 ident: 420300871_CR4 publication-title: Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation – volume: 17 start-page: 19 year: 1988 ident: 420300871_CR10 publication-title: Educational Researcher – volume: 18 start-page: 191 year: 1953 ident: 420300871_CR25 publication-title: Psychometrika doi: 10.1007/BF02289056 – volume: 12 start-page: 671 year: 1957 ident: 420300871_CR5 publication-title: American Psychologist doi: 10.1037/h0043943 – volume: 19 start-page: 202 year: 1964 ident: 420300871_CR8 publication-title: American Psychologist doi: 10.1037/h0039177 – volume: 28 start-page: 1629 year: 2002 ident: 420300871_CR26 publication-title: Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin doi: 10.1177/014616702237645 – ident: 420300871_CR30 – volume-title: Multivariate analysis year: 1979 ident: 420300871_CR22 – volume: 37 start-page: 208 year: 2008 ident: 420300871_CR33 publication-title: Educational Researcher doi: 10.3102/0013189X08319762 – volume: 39 start-page: 318 year: 2007 ident: 420300871_CR34 publication-title: Behavior Research Methods doi: 10.3758/BF03193163 – volume: 39 start-page: 291 year: 1986 ident: 420300871_CR12 publication-title: Personal Psychology doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1986.tb00583.x – volume: 19 start-page: 149 year: 1954 ident: 420300871_CR16 publication-title: Psychometrika doi: 10.1007/BF02289162 – volume: 60 start-page: 170 year: 2005 ident: 420300871_CR6 publication-title: American Psychologist doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.60.2.170 – volume: 32 start-page: 396 year: 2000 ident: 420300871_CR23 publication-title: Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers doi: 10.3758/BF03200807 – volume: 54 start-page: 594 year: 1999 ident: 420300871_CR32 publication-title: American Psychologist doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.54.8.594 – volume: 41 start-page: 321 year: 1976 ident: 420300871_CR31 publication-title: Psychometrika doi: 10.1007/BF02293557 – volume: 248 start-page: 116 year: 1983 ident: 420300871_CR7 publication-title: Scientific American doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0583-116 – volume-title: Foundations of behavioral statistics: An insightbased approach year: 2006 ident: 420300871_CR29 – volume: 1 start-page: 245 year: 1966 ident: 420300871_CR3 publication-title: Multivariate Behavioral Research doi: 10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10 – volume-title: A study in factor analysis: The stability of a bi-factor solution year: 1939 ident: 420300871_CR19 – volume-title: Factor analysis year: 1983 ident: 420300871_CR14 – volume: 4 start-page: 272 year: 1999 ident: 420300871_CR11 publication-title: Psychological Methods doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272 – volume: 30 start-page: 179 year: 1965 ident: 420300871_CR20 publication-title: Psychometrika doi: 10.1007/BF02289447 – volume-title: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications year: 2004 ident: 420300871_CR28 doi: 10.1037/10694-000 – volume: 29 start-page: 25 year: 1974 ident: 420300871_CR9 publication-title: American Psychologist doi: 10.1037/h0035846 – volume-title: Methods of multivariate analysis year: 1995 ident: 420300871_CR24 – volume-title: Latent variable models year: 2004 ident: 420300871_CR21 doi: 10.4324/9781410609823 – start-page: 143 volume-title: Handbook of psychology: Vol. 2. Research methods in psychology year: 2003 ident: 420300871_CR15 doi: 10.1002/0471264385.wei0206 – volume: 66 start-page: 393 year: 2006 ident: 420300871_CR18 publication-title: Educational & Psychological Measurement doi: 10.1177/0013164405282485 |
| SSID | ssj0038214 |
| Score | 2.265331 |
| Snippet | Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) has become a common procedure in educational and psychological research. In the course of performing an EFA, researchers... |
| SourceID | proquest pubmed crossref springer |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source Publisher |
| StartPage | 871 |
| SubjectTerms | Algorithms Behavioral Science and Psychology Cognitive Psychology Confidence Intervals Factor Analysis, Statistical Methods Models, Statistical Population Principal components analysis Psychology R&D Research & development Software Studies Task forces Variables |
| SummonAdditionalLinks | – databaseName: Health & Medical Collection dbid: 7X7 link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1LS8QwEB58XLyIb-uLHNSLdN0kfSQnUVFE0IMo7K2kyVQE7a7uevDfO0m7FfFx7tCGmUnmm-bjG4B9J4wxmahiRC-qbfo21rKU1KpUCiXV9DJod97cZlcPyfUgHbTcnHFLq5yeieGgdkPr_5Ef5wTNZaZTeTJ6jf3QKH-52k7QmIV5r1zmkzofdP2WVCJIe_uK6Qnrg4b3LgkhH5dvL71E9GRP5fx7RfoBM39ckYbKc7kEiy1kZKdNjJdhBusVWOhOro9VuL2gjeqhZ_3IqL-tmkGh7CnwGSm_GCFThl5302t745ieMAzku3DHzpqhO8y0AiVr8HB5cX9-FbeDEmKbaD6JOSIhBcPzvqhSVSlXCpkozUuXcqf7zlYCJXIhrFV9pzNU0kprhHbaWcyVXIe5eljjJjCtjKucyylomNgyVVg65DmvaKebNDERHE2dVdhWRdwPs3guqJvwri3O7m6KRBSyINdGcNBZjxr1jD_stqd-L9o9NC66iEfAuqeU_P5Gw9Q4fA8mBGeog_3bhOBQRi9KRQQbTUC7lQhCywT4dASH0wh_ff23ZW79u8xtWGioBZ4duANzk7d33CXEMin3Ql5-AhKf66E priority: 102 providerName: ProQuest |
| Title | Estimating confidence intervals for eigenvalues in exploratory factor analysis |
| URI | https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/BRM.42.3.871 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20805609 https://www.proquest.com/docview/749936953 https://www.proquest.com/docview/749015107 https://www.proquest.com/docview/910649952 |
| Volume | 42 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV1NTxsxEB214ZJLBRTaJRD50HJBG7L2ftjHUAUQFVEVESmcVl57FlWqFkSSA_-esXc3CKWROO3Bsx-asT1vNG-fAX5YrrVOeRkiOlFtPTShEoWgUqWUKCinF16783aSXs_im3kybwrFRct2b1uSfqd2dSWB2vOL6e0g5gMxkO6X8Z2EqnZH4ZrxUbvzCsm9lrdLkY6hPq-J7ht3v09BG7hyoyfqU83lLnxpMCIb1UHdg09Y7UN3vVW9fIXJmFamw5rVA6OCtqxPBmV_PYGRJhQjKMrQCW06MW9c0AhDz7bzTXVWn7LDdKNIcgCzy_Hdr-uwORkhNLGKlmGESNBAR9mQl4kspS24iKWKCptEVg2tKTkKjDg3Rg6tSlEKI4zmyiprMJPiEDrVY4XfgSmpbWltRlHC2BSJxMJilEUlLW2dxDqAs9ZZuWlkw93pFf9yKh-ca3NybR7zXOTk2gB-rq2farmMLXa91u95s2gWeUbVl0hVIgJg61Ga7a6FoSt8XHkTwi9Usm43IfyT0oMSHsC3OqDrL-EEjwnhqQBO2wi_vf1_n3n0UcMedGtagWMGHkNn-bzCE0Iry6IPn7N51oed0dX97zFdL8aTP9O-n7ivNynqTg |
| linkProvider | Springer Nature |
| linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1LT9wwEB5ReiiXij5Joa0PpZcqS2znYR8Q6gO0FHYPFUh7cx17UlVqs8AuqvhR_Y-M86oqSm-cM3KsmfHMN_HkG4A3Xlhrc1HFiIFU2yYu1rKUVKpUCiXl9LLh7pxM8_Fp-nmWzVbgd_8vTGir7GNiE6j93IVv5DsFQXOZ60zunZ3HYWhUuFztJ2i0XnGEV7-oYlvsHn4i824LcbB_8nEcd0MFYpdqvow5ImVVy4tEVJmqlC-FTJXmpc-414l3lUCJXAjnVOJ1jko66azQXnuHhZK07j24T3k3CbVeMRvqO6lEQyUeMnRokJ-1ffaSEPlOefFzlIqRHKmC_50Bb8DaG1eyTaY7WIeHHURl71ufegQrWD-GtSFSXj2B6T4FhgB162-M6umqHUzKvjf9k-TPjJAww8DzGbjEcUFPGDbNfs2dPmuH_DDbEaI8hdM70eEzWK3nNW4A08r6yvuCnARTV2YKS4-84BVFFpulNoJ3vbKM61jLw_CMH4aql6Ba8-HLxKTCSEOqjWB7kD5r2Tpukdvs9W66M7swg4dFwIandNjCDYqtcX7ZiBB8IsvfLkLwK6eFMhHB89agw04EoXMCmDqCt72F_7z9X9t88d9tvoYH45PJsTk-nB5twlrb1hA6E7dgdXlxiS8JLS3LV42PMvh614fiGub_KRk |
| linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1Lb9QwEB6VrYR6QbyblocPlAvK7trOwz4gROmuWkpXVUWlvRnHniAkmi3drVB_Gv-OcV4IlXLrOSPHGs_jm_jLDMArL6y1mShjxNBU245drGUhqVQpFUrK6UXdu_Nolu2fJh_n6XwNfnX_wgRaZRcT60DtFy58Ix_lBM1lplM5KltWxPHe9N35jzgMkAoXrd00jcZCDvHqJ1Vvy7cHe3TUO0JMJ58_7MftgIHYJZqvYo5IGdbyfCzKVJXKF0ImSvPCp9zrsXelQIlcCOfU2OsMlXTSWaG99g5zJWndO7Ceh6JoAOu7k9nxSZcGpBJ1Y_GQrwNdft6w7iXh81FxcTZMxFAOVc7_zofXQO61C9o6703vw70WsLL3jYU9gDWsHsJGHzevHsFsQmEiAN_qK6PqumzGlLJvNZuSrJsRLmYYun6GzuK4pCcMa-pffcPPmpE_zLbtUR7D6a1o8QkMqkWFm8C0sr70PieTwcQVqcLCI895SXHGpomN4E2nLOPaHuZhlMZ3Q7VMUK3ZPTkyiTDSkGoj2Omlz5veHTfIbXd6N60HL01vbxGw_im5XrhPsRUuLmsRAlNUP98sQmAso4VSEcHT5kD7nQjC6gQ3dQSvuxP-8_Z_bXPrv9t8CXfJIcyng9nhNmw0HIdAU3wGg9XFJT4n6LQqXrRGyuDLbfvFb6AyLrQ |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Estimating+confidence+intervals+for+eigenvalues+in+exploratory+factor+analysis&rft.jtitle=Behavior+research+methods&rft.au=Larsen%2C+Ross&rft.au=Warne%2C+Russell+T.&rft.date=2010-08-01&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.issn=1554-351X&rft.eissn=1554-3528&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=871&rft.epage=876&rft_id=info:doi/10.3758%2FBRM.42.3.871&rft.externalDocID=10_3758_BRM_42_3_871 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1554-351X&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1554-351X&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1554-351X&client=summon |