Alternative approaches to vertebrate ecotoxicity tests in the 21st century: A review of developments over the last 2 decades and current status

• Published in: Environmental toxicology and chemistry Vol. 35; no. 11; pp. 2637 - 2646
• Main Authors: Lillicrap, Adam, Belanger, Scott, Burden, Natalie, Pasquier, David Du, Embry, Michelle R., Halder, Marlies, Lampi, Mark A., Lee, Lucy, Norberg-King, Teresa, Rattner, Barnett A., Schirmer, Kristin, Thomas, Paul
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.11.2016
• Subjects: 3Rs; Animal Testing Alternatives - methods; Animals; Chemicals; Ecology; Ecotoxicity; Embryo, Nonmammalian - drug effects; Embryo, Nonmammalian - physiology; Endocrine Disruptors - toxicity; Fishes - growth & development; Fishes - physiology; Hazardous Substances - toxicity; In silico; In vitro; Pollutants; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; Risk Assessment; Toxicity; Toxicity Tests - methods; Vertebrate; Vertebrates; Vertebrates - growth & development; Vertebrates - physiology; In silico; 3Rs; In vitro; Ecotoxicity; Vertebrate

The need for alternative approaches to the use of vertebrate animals for hazard assessment of chemicals and pollutants has become of increasing importance. It is now the first consideration when initiating a vertebrate ecotoxicity test, to ensure that unnecessary use of vertebrate organisms is minim...