The impact of sampling approach and daily water usage on lead levels measured at the tap
•Lead in water from the LSL reached equilibrium after 7 to 15.5 h.•Sequential profiles accurately identified the LSL location.•Peak profile lead levels were a fraction of lead measured directly from the LSL.•RDT and manual composite sample lead levels were ≥ first draw lead levels.•Daily water usage...
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| Published in | Water research (Oxford) Vol. 197; no. C; p. 117071 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
Elsevier Ltd
01.06.2021
Elsevier |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | •Lead in water from the LSL reached equilibrium after 7 to 15.5 h.•Sequential profiles accurately identified the LSL location.•Peak profile lead levels were a fraction of lead measured directly from the LSL.•RDT and manual composite sample lead levels were ≥ first draw lead levels.•Daily water usage impacted total lead levels; lower use increased lead.
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There are many sampling approaches available for lead (Pb) in drinking water. Selecting the best approach for its intended use is critical. The objective of this work was to compare water Pb levels collected by multiple sampling approaches from a model home plumbing system (HPS) that included an old Pb service line (LSL), as a function of daily water usage. Specifically, flushed, direct LSL, sequential profile, random daytime (RDT), first draw, and manual composite samples were compared, and daily water usage rates ranged from 1.4 to 120 gallons/day (5.3–454.2 L/day). Pb levels in water collected directly from the LSL reached equilibrium after 7–15.5 h of stagnation, and approximately 55% of the equilibrium Pb concentration was reached after 2 h. Sequential sampling accurately identified the LSL; however, the peak profile Pb concentrations were a fraction of the Pb measured directly from the LSL. Daily water usage patterns greatly impacted total Pb levels in all water sampling approaches, although manual composite and RDT samples were more sensitive to changes. Manual composite and RDT samples were equal to or greater than first draw samples throughout the study, and differences grew larger as water usage decreased. |
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| AbstractList | •Lead in water from the LSL reached equilibrium after 7 to 15.5 h.•Sequential profiles accurately identified the LSL location.•Peak profile lead levels were a fraction of lead measured directly from the LSL.•RDT and manual composite sample lead levels were ≥ first draw lead levels.•Daily water usage impacted total lead levels; lower use increased lead.
[Display omitted]
There are many sampling approaches available for lead (Pb) in drinking water. Selecting the best approach for its intended use is critical. The objective of this work was to compare water Pb levels collected by multiple sampling approaches from a model home plumbing system (HPS) that included an old Pb service line (LSL), as a function of daily water usage. Specifically, flushed, direct LSL, sequential profile, random daytime (RDT), first draw, and manual composite samples were compared, and daily water usage rates ranged from 1.4 to 120 gallons/day (5.3–454.2 L/day). Pb levels in water collected directly from the LSL reached equilibrium after 7–15.5 h of stagnation, and approximately 55% of the equilibrium Pb concentration was reached after 2 h. Sequential sampling accurately identified the LSL; however, the peak profile Pb concentrations were a fraction of the Pb measured directly from the LSL. Daily water usage patterns greatly impacted total Pb levels in all water sampling approaches, although manual composite and RDT samples were more sensitive to changes. Manual composite and RDT samples were equal to or greater than first draw samples throughout the study, and differences grew larger as water usage decreased. There are many sampling approaches available for lead (Pb) in drinking water. Selecting the best approach for its intended use is critical. The objective of this work was to compare water Pb levels collected by multiple sampling approaches from a model home plumbing system (HPS) that included an old Pb service line (LSL), as a function of daily water usage. Specifically, flushed, direct LSL, sequential profile, random daytime (RDT), first draw, and manual composite samples were compared, and daily water usage rates ranged from 1.4 to 120 gallons/day (5.3–454.2 L/day). Pb levels in water collected directly from the LSL reached equilibrium after 7–15.5 h of stagnation, and approximately 55% of the equilibrium Pb concentration was reached after 2 h. Sequential sampling accurately identified the LSL; however, the peak profile Pb concentrations were a fraction of the Pb measured directly from the LSL. Daily water usage patterns greatly impacted total Pb levels in all water sampling approaches, although manual composite and RDT samples were more sensitive to changes. Manual composite and RDT samples were equal to or greater than first draw samples throughout the study, and differences grew larger as water usage decreased. There are many sampling approaches available for lead (Pb) in drinking water. Selecting the best approach for its intended use is critical. The objective of this work was to compare water Pb levels collected by multiple sampling approaches from a model home plumbing system (HPS) that included an old Pb service line (LSL), as a function of daily water usage. Specifically, flushed, direct LSL, sequential profile, random daytime (RDT), first draw, and manual composite samples were compared, and daily water usage rates ranged from 1.4 to 120 gallons/day (5.3-454.2 L/day). Pb levels in water collected directly from the LSL reached equilibrium after 7-15.5 h of stagnation, and approximately 55% of the equilibrium Pb concentration was reached after 2 h. Sequential sampling accurately identified the LSL; however, the peak profile Pb concentrations were a fraction of the Pb measured directly from the LSL. Daily water usage patterns greatly impacted total Pb levels in all water sampling approaches, although manual composite and RDT samples were more sensitive to changes. Manual composite and RDT samples were equal to or greater than first draw samples throughout the study, and differences grew larger as water usage decreased. |
| ArticleNumber | 117071 |
| Author | Muhlen, Christy Formal, Casey Triantafyllidou, Simoni Cahalan, Kelly Lytle, Darren A. |
| AuthorAffiliation | b Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) Student Services Contractor to the U.S. Environmental Protect Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Water Infrastructure Division, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr. Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States a U.S. Environmental Protect Agency, Office of Research and Development, Drinking Water Management Branch, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Water Infrastructure Division, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: b Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) Student Services Contractor to the U.S. Environmental Protect Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Water Infrastructure Division, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr. Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States – name: a U.S. Environmental Protect Agency, Office of Research and Development, Drinking Water Management Branch, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Water Infrastructure Division, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Darren A. orcidid: 0000-0002-5282-4541 surname: Lytle fullname: Lytle, Darren A. email: lytle.darren@epa.gov organization: U.S. Environmental Protect Agency, Office of Research and Development, Drinking Water Management Branch, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Water Infrastructure Division, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States – sequence: 2 givenname: Casey orcidid: 0000-0002-5483-2967 surname: Formal fullname: Formal, Casey organization: Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) Student Services Contractor to the U.S. Environmental Protect Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Water Infrastructure Division, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States – sequence: 3 givenname: Kelly surname: Cahalan fullname: Cahalan, Kelly organization: Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) Student Services Contractor to the U.S. Environmental Protect Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Water Infrastructure Division, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States – sequence: 4 givenname: Christy orcidid: 0000-0003-4522-3139 surname: Muhlen fullname: Muhlen, Christy organization: U.S. Environmental Protect Agency, Office of Research and Development, Drinking Water Management Branch, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Water Infrastructure Division, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States – sequence: 5 givenname: Simoni orcidid: 0000-0002-2687-4094 surname: Triantafyllidou fullname: Triantafyllidou, Simoni organization: U.S. Environmental Protect Agency, Office of Research and Development, Drinking Water Management Branch, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Water Infrastructure Division, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States |
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| Snippet | •Lead in water from the LSL reached equilibrium after 7 to 15.5 h.•Sequential profiles accurately identified the LSL location.•Peak profile lead levels were a... There are many sampling approaches available for lead (Pb) in drinking water. Selecting the best approach for its intended use is critical. The objective of... |
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| SubjectTerms | Drinking water Drinking Water - analysis House Lead Lead - analysis Sampling Water Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Water Quality Water Supply Water usage |
| Title | The impact of sampling approach and daily water usage on lead levels measured at the tap |
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