Sex modifies the APOE-related risk of developing Alzheimer disease

Objective The APOE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD). Case–control studies suggest the APOE4 link to AD is stronger in women. We examined the APOE4‐by‐sex interaction in conversion risk (from healthy aging to mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/AD or from M...

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Published inAnnals of neurology Vol. 75; no. 4; pp. 563 - 573
Main Authors Altmann, Andre, Tian, Lu, Henderson, Victor W., Greicius, Michael D.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.04.2014
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
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Abstract Objective The APOE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD). Case–control studies suggest the APOE4 link to AD is stronger in women. We examined the APOE4‐by‐sex interaction in conversion risk (from healthy aging to mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/AD or from MCI to AD) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker levels. Methods Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to compute hazard ratios (HRs) for an APOE‐by‐sex interaction on conversion in controls (n = 5,496) and MCI patients (n = 2,588). The interaction was also tested in CSF biomarker levels of 980 subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Results Among controls, male and female carriers were more likely to convert to MCI/AD, but the effect was stronger in women (HR = 1.81 for women; HR = 1.27 for men; interaction: p = 0.011). The interaction remained significant in a predefined subanalysis restricted to APOE3/3 and APOE3/4 genotypes. Among MCI patients, both male and female APOE4 carriers were more likely to convert to AD (HR = 2.16 for women; HR = 1.64 for men); the interaction was not significant (p = 0.14). In the subanalysis restricted to APOE3/3 and APOE3/4 genotypes, the interaction was significant (p = 0.02; HR = 2.17 for women; HR = 1.51 for men). The APOE4‐by‐sex interaction on biomarker levels was significant for MCI patients for total tau and the tau‐to‐Aβ ratio (p = 0.009 and p = 0.02, respectively; more AD‐like in women). Interpretation APOE4 confers greater AD risk in women. Biomarker results suggest that increased APOE‐related risk in women may be associated with tau pathology. These findings have important clinical implications and suggest novel research approaches into AD pathogenesis. Ann Neurol 2014;75:563–573
AbstractList Objective The APOE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD). Case-control studies suggest the APOE4 link to AD is stronger in women. We examined the APOE4-by-sex interaction in conversion risk (from healthy aging to mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/AD or from MCI to AD) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker levels. Methods Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to compute hazard ratios (HRs) for an APOE-by-sex interaction on conversion in controls (n = 5,496) and MCI patients (n = 2,588). The interaction was also tested in CSF biomarker levels of 980 subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Results Among controls, male and female carriers were more likely to convert to MCI/AD, but the effect was stronger in women (HR = 1.81 for women; HR = 1.27 for men; interaction: p = 0.011). The interaction remained significant in a predefined subanalysis restricted to APOE3/3 and APOE3/4 genotypes. Among MCI patients, both male and female APOE4 carriers were more likely to convert to AD (HR = 2.16 for women; HR = 1.64 for men); the interaction was not significant (p = 0.14). In the subanalysis restricted to APOE3/3 and APOE3/4 genotypes, the interaction was significant (p = 0.02; HR = 2.17 for women; HR = 1.51 for men). The APOE4-by-sex interaction on biomarker levels was significant for MCI patients for total tau and the tau-to-A[beta] ratio (p = 0.009 and p = 0.02, respectively; more AD-like in women). Interpretation APOE4 confers greater AD risk in women. Biomarker results suggest that increased APOE-related risk in women may be associated with tau pathology. These findings have important clinical implications and suggest novel research approaches into AD pathogenesis. Ann Neurol 2014; 75:563-573
The APOE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD). Case-control studies suggest the APOE4 link to AD is stronger in women. We examined the APOE4-by-sex interaction in conversion risk (from healthy aging to mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/AD or from MCI to AD) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker levels.OBJECTIVEThe APOE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD). Case-control studies suggest the APOE4 link to AD is stronger in women. We examined the APOE4-by-sex interaction in conversion risk (from healthy aging to mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/AD or from MCI to AD) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker levels.Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to compute hazard ratios (HRs) for an APOE-by-sex interaction on conversion in controls (n = 5,496) and MCI patients (n = 2,588). The interaction was also tested in CSF biomarker levels of 980 subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative.METHODSCox proportional hazards analysis was used to compute hazard ratios (HRs) for an APOE-by-sex interaction on conversion in controls (n = 5,496) and MCI patients (n = 2,588). The interaction was also tested in CSF biomarker levels of 980 subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative.Among controls, male and female carriers were more likely to convert to MCI/AD, but the effect was stronger in women (HR = 1.81 for women; HR = 1.27 for men; interaction: p = 0.011). The interaction remained significant in a predefined subanalysis restricted to APOE3/3 and APOE3/4 genotypes. Among MCI patients, both male and female APOE4 carriers were more likely to convert to AD (HR = 2.16 for women; HR = 1.64 for men); the interaction was not significant (p = 0.14). In the subanalysis restricted to APOE3/3 and APOE3/4 genotypes, the interaction was significant (p = 0.02; HR = 2.17 for women; HR = 1.51 for men). The APOE4-by-sex interaction on biomarker levels was significant for MCI patients for total tau and the tau-to-Aβ ratio (p = 0.009 and p = 0.02, respectively; more AD-like in women).RESULTSAmong controls, male and female carriers were more likely to convert to MCI/AD, but the effect was stronger in women (HR = 1.81 for women; HR = 1.27 for men; interaction: p = 0.011). The interaction remained significant in a predefined subanalysis restricted to APOE3/3 and APOE3/4 genotypes. Among MCI patients, both male and female APOE4 carriers were more likely to convert to AD (HR = 2.16 for women; HR = 1.64 for men); the interaction was not significant (p = 0.14). In the subanalysis restricted to APOE3/3 and APOE3/4 genotypes, the interaction was significant (p = 0.02; HR = 2.17 for women; HR = 1.51 for men). The APOE4-by-sex interaction on biomarker levels was significant for MCI patients for total tau and the tau-to-Aβ ratio (p = 0.009 and p = 0.02, respectively; more AD-like in women).APOE4 confers greater AD risk in women. Biomarker results suggest that increased APOE-related risk in women may be associated with tau pathology. These findings have important clinical implications and suggest novel research approaches into AD pathogenesis.INTERPRETATIONAPOE4 confers greater AD risk in women. Biomarker results suggest that increased APOE-related risk in women may be associated with tau pathology. These findings have important clinical implications and suggest novel research approaches into AD pathogenesis.
Objective The APOE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD). Case-control studies suggest the APOE4 link to AD is stronger in women. We examined the APOE4-by-sex interaction in conversion risk (from healthy aging to mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/AD or from MCI to AD) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker levels. Methods Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to compute hazard ratios (HRs) for an APOE-by-sex interaction on conversion in controls (n = 5,496) and MCI patients (n = 2,588). The interaction was also tested in CSF biomarker levels of 980 subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Results Among controls, male and female carriers were more likely to convert to MCI/AD, but the effect was stronger in women (HR = 1.81 for women; HR = 1.27 for men; interaction: p = 0.011). The interaction remained significant in a predefined subanalysis restricted to APOE3/3 and APOE3/4 genotypes. Among MCI patients, both male and female APOE4 carriers were more likely to convert to AD (HR = 2.16 for women; HR = 1.64 for men); the interaction was not significant (p = 0.14). In the subanalysis restricted to APOE3/3 and APOE3/4 genotypes, the interaction was significant (p = 0.02; HR = 2.17 for women; HR = 1.51 for men). The APOE4-by-sex interaction on biomarker levels was significant for MCI patients for total tau and the tau-to-A[beta] ratio (p = 0.009 and p = 0.02, respectively; more AD-like in women). Interpretation APOE4 confers greater AD risk in women. Biomarker results suggest that increased APOE-related risk in women may be associated with tau pathology. These findings have important clinical implications and suggest novel research approaches into AD pathogenesis. Ann Neurol 2014;75:563-573 [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Objective The APOE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD). Case–control studies suggest the APOE4 link to AD is stronger in women. We examined the APOE4‐by‐sex interaction in conversion risk (from healthy aging to mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/AD or from MCI to AD) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker levels. Methods Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to compute hazard ratios (HRs) for an APOE‐by‐sex interaction on conversion in controls (n = 5,496) and MCI patients (n = 2,588). The interaction was also tested in CSF biomarker levels of 980 subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Results Among controls, male and female carriers were more likely to convert to MCI/AD, but the effect was stronger in women (HR = 1.81 for women; HR = 1.27 for men; interaction: p = 0.011). The interaction remained significant in a predefined subanalysis restricted to APOE3/3 and APOE3/4 genotypes. Among MCI patients, both male and female APOE4 carriers were more likely to convert to AD (HR = 2.16 for women; HR = 1.64 for men); the interaction was not significant (p = 0.14). In the subanalysis restricted to APOE3/3 and APOE3/4 genotypes, the interaction was significant (p = 0.02; HR = 2.17 for women; HR = 1.51 for men). The APOE4‐by‐sex interaction on biomarker levels was significant for MCI patients for total tau and the tau‐to‐Aβ ratio (p = 0.009 and p = 0.02, respectively; more AD‐like in women). Interpretation APOE4 confers greater AD risk in women. Biomarker results suggest that increased APOE‐related risk in women may be associated with tau pathology. These findings have important clinical implications and suggest novel research approaches into AD pathogenesis. Ann Neurol 2014;75:563–573
The APOE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD). Case-control studies suggest the APOE4 link to AD is stronger in women. We examined the APOE4-by-sex interaction in conversion risk (from healthy aging to mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/AD or from MCI to AD) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker levels. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to compute hazard ratios (HRs) for an APOE-by-sex interaction on conversion in controls (n = 5,496) and MCI patients (n = 2,588). The interaction was also tested in CSF biomarker levels of 980 subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Among controls, male and female carriers were more likely to convert to MCI/AD, but the effect was stronger in women (HR = 1.81 for women; HR = 1.27 for men; interaction: p = 0.011). The interaction remained significant in a predefined subanalysis restricted to APOE3/3 and APOE3/4 genotypes. Among MCI patients, both male and female APOE4 carriers were more likely to convert to AD (HR = 2.16 for women; HR = 1.64 for men); the interaction was not significant (p = 0.14). In the subanalysis restricted to APOE3/3 and APOE3/4 genotypes, the interaction was significant (p = 0.02; HR = 2.17 for women; HR = 1.51 for men). The APOE4-by-sex interaction on biomarker levels was significant for MCI patients for total tau and the tau-to-Aβ ratio (p = 0.009 and p = 0.02, respectively; more AD-like in women). APOE4 confers greater AD risk in women. Biomarker results suggest that increased APOE-related risk in women may be associated with tau pathology. These findings have important clinical implications and suggest novel research approaches into AD pathogenesis.
Author Henderson, Victor W.
Greicius, Michael D.
Tian, Lu
Altmann, Andre
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Andre
  surname: Altmann
  fullname: Altmann, Andre
  organization: Stanford Center for Memory Disorders, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA, Stanford
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Lu
  surname: Tian
  fullname: Tian, Lu
  organization: Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, CA, Stanford
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Victor W.
  surname: Henderson
  fullname: Henderson, Victor W.
  organization: Stanford Center for Memory Disorders, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Michael D.
  surname: Greicius
  fullname: Greicius, Michael D.
  email: greicius@stanford.edu
  organization: Stanford Center for Memory Disorders, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA, Stanford
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24623176$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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References Wilson RS, Schneider JA, Barnes LL, et al. The apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele and decline in different cognitive systems during a 6-year period. Arch Neurol 2002;59:1154-1160.
Weintraub S, Salmon D, Mercaldo N, et al. The Alzheimer's Disease Centers' Uniform Data Set (UDS): the neuropsychologic test battery. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2009;23:91-101.
Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, et al. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011;7:280-292.
Bunce D, Fratiglioni L, Small BJ, et al. APOE and cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer disease and non-demented aging. Neurology 2004;63:816-821.
Sunderland T, Mirza N, Putnam KT, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid1-42 and tau in control subjects at risk for Alzheimer's disease: the effect of APOE epsilon4 allele. Biol Psychiatry 2004;56:670-676.
Morris JC, Weintraub S, Chui HC, et al. The Uniform Data Set (UDS): clinical and cognitive variables and descriptive data from Alzheimer Disease Centers. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2006;20:210-216.
Huang Y. Abeta-independent roles of apolipoprotein E4 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Trends Mol Med 2010;16:287-294.
Payami H, Zareparsi S, Montee KR, et al. Gender difference in apolipoprotein E-associated risk for familial Alzheimer disease: a possible clue to the higher incidence of Alzheimer disease in women. Am J Hum Genet 1996;58:803-811.
Cruchaga C, Kauwe JS, Harari O, et al. GWAS of cerebrospinal fluid tau levels identifies risk variants for Alzheimer's disease. Neuron 2013;78:256-268.
Corder EH, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, et al. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 1993;261:921-923.
Marquis S, Moore MM, Howieson DB, et al. Independent predictors of cognitive decline in healthy elderly persons. Arch Neurol 2002;59:601-606.
Gail MH, Graubard B, Williamson DE, Flegal KM. Comments on 'Choice of time scale and its effect on significance of predictors in longitudinal studies.' Stat Med 2009;28:1315-1317.
Raber J, Wong D, Buttini M, et al. Isoform-specific effects of human apolipoprotein E on brain function revealed in ApoE knockout mice: increased susceptibility of females. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:10914-10919.
Farlow MR. Should the ApoE genotype be a covariate for clinical trials in Alzheimer disease? Alzheimers Res Ther 2010;2:15.
Schuff N, Woerner N, Boreta L, et al. MRI of hippocampal volume loss in early Alzheimer's disease in relation to ApoE genotype and biomarkers. Brain 2009;132(pt 4):1067-1077.
Corder EH, Ghebremedhin E, Taylor MG, et al. The biphasic relationship between regional brain senile plaque and neurofibrillary tangle distributions: modification by age, sex, and APOE polymorphism. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1019:24-28.
Beydoun MA, Boueiz A, Abougergi MS, et al. Sex differences in the association of the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele with incidence of dementia, cognitive impairment, and decline. Neurobiol Aging 2012;33:720-731 e4.
Shaw LM, Vanderstichele H, Knapik-Czajka M, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker signature in Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative subjects. Ann Neurol 2009;65:403-413.
Ward A, Crean S, Mercaldi CJ, et al. Prevalence of apolipoprotein E4 genotype and homozygotes (APOE e4/4) among patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroepidemiology 2012;38:1-17.
Weiner MW, Aisen PS, Jack CR Jr, et al. The Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative: progress report and future plans. Alzheimers Dement 2010;6:202.e7-211.e7.
McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1984;34:939-944.
Geda YE, Knopman DS, Mrazek DA, et al. Depression, apolipoprotein E genotype, and the incidence of mild cognitive impairment: a prospective cohort study. Arch Neurol 2006;63:435-440.
Sperling RA, Jack CR Jr, Aisen PS. Testing the right target and right drug at the right stage. Sci Transl Med 2011;3:111cm33.
Manolio TA, Bailey-Wilson JE, Collins FS. Genes, environment and the value of prospective cohort studies. Nat Rev Genet 2006;7:812-820.
Payami H, Montee KR, Kaye JA, et al. Alzheimer's disease, apolipoprotein E4, and gender. JAMA 1994;271:1316-1317.
Brainerd CJ, Reyna VF, Petersen RC, et al. The apolipoprotein E genotype predicts longitudinal transitions to mild cognitive impairment but not to Alzheimer's dementia: findings from a nationally representative study. Neuropsychology 2013;27:86-94.
Tsai WY. Testing the assumption of independence of truncation time and failure time. Biometrika 1990;77:169-177.
Elias-Sonnenschein LS, Bertram L, Visser PJ. Relationship between genetic risk factors and markers for Alzheimer's disease pathology. Biomark Med 2012;6:477-495.
Farrer LA, Cupples LA, Haines JL, et al. Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease. A meta-analysis. APOE and Alzheimer Disease Meta Analysis Consortium. JAMA 1997;278:1349-1356.
Damoiseaux JS, Seeley WW, Zhou J, et al. Gender modulates the APOE epsilon4 effect in healthy older adults: convergent evidence from functional brain connectivity and spinal fluid tau levels. J Neurosci 2012;32:8254-8262.
Bretsky PM, Buckwalter JG, Seeman TE, et al. Evidence for an interaction between apolipoprotein E genotype, gender, and Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1999;13:216-221.
Beekly DL, Ramos EM, Lee WW, et al. The National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) database: the Uniform Data Set. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2007;21:249-258.
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References_xml – reference: Sunderland T, Mirza N, Putnam KT, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid1-42 and tau in control subjects at risk for Alzheimer's disease: the effect of APOE epsilon4 allele. Biol Psychiatry 2004;56:670-676.
– reference: Ward A, Crean S, Mercaldi CJ, et al. Prevalence of apolipoprotein E4 genotype and homozygotes (APOE e4/4) among patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroepidemiology 2012;38:1-17.
– reference: Beekly DL, Ramos EM, Lee WW, et al. The National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) database: the Uniform Data Set. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2007;21:249-258.
– reference: Weiner MW, Aisen PS, Jack CR Jr, et al. The Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative: progress report and future plans. Alzheimers Dement 2010;6:202.e7-211.e7.
– reference: Payami H, Montee KR, Kaye JA, et al. Alzheimer's disease, apolipoprotein E4, and gender. JAMA 1994;271:1316-1317.
– reference: Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, et al. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011;7:280-292.
– reference: Farlow MR. Should the ApoE genotype be a covariate for clinical trials in Alzheimer disease? Alzheimers Res Ther 2010;2:15.
– reference: Brainerd CJ, Reyna VF, Petersen RC, et al. The apolipoprotein E genotype predicts longitudinal transitions to mild cognitive impairment but not to Alzheimer's dementia: findings from a nationally representative study. Neuropsychology 2013;27:86-94.
– reference: Marquis S, Moore MM, Howieson DB, et al. Independent predictors of cognitive decline in healthy elderly persons. Arch Neurol 2002;59:601-606.
– reference: Shaw LM, Vanderstichele H, Knapik-Czajka M, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker signature in Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative subjects. Ann Neurol 2009;65:403-413.
– reference: Bretsky PM, Buckwalter JG, Seeman TE, et al. Evidence for an interaction between apolipoprotein E genotype, gender, and Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1999;13:216-221.
– reference: Tsai WY. Testing the assumption of independence of truncation time and failure time. Biometrika 1990;77:169-177.
– reference: Raber J, Wong D, Buttini M, et al. Isoform-specific effects of human apolipoprotein E on brain function revealed in ApoE knockout mice: increased susceptibility of females. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:10914-10919.
– reference: Farrer LA, Cupples LA, Haines JL, et al. Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease. A meta-analysis. APOE and Alzheimer Disease Meta Analysis Consortium. JAMA 1997;278:1349-1356.
– reference: Elias-Sonnenschein LS, Bertram L, Visser PJ. Relationship between genetic risk factors and markers for Alzheimer's disease pathology. Biomark Med 2012;6:477-495.
– reference: Sperling RA, Jack CR Jr, Aisen PS. Testing the right target and right drug at the right stage. Sci Transl Med 2011;3:111cm33.
– reference: Beydoun MA, Boueiz A, Abougergi MS, et al. Sex differences in the association of the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele with incidence of dementia, cognitive impairment, and decline. Neurobiol Aging 2012;33:720-731 e4.
– reference: Cruchaga C, Kauwe JS, Harari O, et al. GWAS of cerebrospinal fluid tau levels identifies risk variants for Alzheimer's disease. Neuron 2013;78:256-268.
– reference: Manolio TA, Bailey-Wilson JE, Collins FS. Genes, environment and the value of prospective cohort studies. Nat Rev Genet 2006;7:812-820.
– reference: Bunce D, Fratiglioni L, Small BJ, et al. APOE and cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer disease and non-demented aging. Neurology 2004;63:816-821.
– reference: Schuff N, Woerner N, Boreta L, et al. MRI of hippocampal volume loss in early Alzheimer's disease in relation to ApoE genotype and biomarkers. Brain 2009;132(pt 4):1067-1077.
– reference: McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1984;34:939-944.
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– reference: Huang Y. Abeta-independent roles of apolipoprotein E4 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Trends Mol Med 2010;16:287-294.
– reference: Corder EH, Ghebremedhin E, Taylor MG, et al. The biphasic relationship between regional brain senile plaque and neurofibrillary tangle distributions: modification by age, sex, and APOE polymorphism. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1019:24-28.
– reference: Corder EH, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, et al. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 1993;261:921-923.
– reference: Damoiseaux JS, Seeley WW, Zhou J, et al. Gender modulates the APOE epsilon4 effect in healthy older adults: convergent evidence from functional brain connectivity and spinal fluid tau levels. J Neurosci 2012;32:8254-8262.
– reference: Geda YE, Knopman DS, Mrazek DA, et al. Depression, apolipoprotein E genotype, and the incidence of mild cognitive impairment: a prospective cohort study. Arch Neurol 2006;63:435-440.
– reference: Payami H, Zareparsi S, Montee KR, et al. Gender difference in apolipoprotein E-associated risk for familial Alzheimer disease: a possible clue to the higher incidence of Alzheimer disease in women. Am J Hum Genet 1996;58:803-811.
– reference: Morris JC, Weintraub S, Chui HC, et al. The Uniform Data Set (UDS): clinical and cognitive variables and descriptive data from Alzheimer Disease Centers. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2006;20:210-216.
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– reference: Weintraub S, Salmon D, Mercaldo N, et al. The Alzheimer's Disease Centers' Uniform Data Set (UDS): the neuropsychologic test battery. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2009;23:91-101.
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Snippet Objective The APOE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD). Case–control studies suggest the APOE4 link to AD is...
The APOE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD). Case-control studies suggest the APOE4 link to AD is stronger in...
Objective The APOE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD). Case-control studies suggest the APOE4 link to AD is...
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SubjectTerms Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Alzheimer Disease - cerebrospinal fluid
Alzheimer Disease - genetics
Amyloid beta-Peptides - cerebrospinal fluid
Apolipoproteins E - classification
Apolipoproteins E - genetics
Biomarkers
Case-Control Studies
Cognitive Dysfunction - genetics
Databases, Factual - statistics & numerical data
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Genetic Predisposition to Disease - genetics
Genetic Testing
Health risk assessment
Humans
Male
Medical research
Proportional Hazards Models
Risk Factors
Sex Factors
tau Proteins - cerebrospinal fluid
Title Sex modifies the APOE-related risk of developing Alzheimer disease
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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fana.24135
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