Experimental investigation of alternative transmission functions: Quantitative evidence for the importance of nonlinear transmission dynamics in host-parasite systems
1. Understanding pathogen transmission is crucial for predicting and managing disease. Nonetheless, experimental comparisons of alternative functional forms of transmission remain rare, and those experiments that are conducted are often not designed to test the full range of possible forms. 2. To di...
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Published in | The Journal of animal ecology Vol. 87; no. 3; pp. 703 - 715 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
England
John Wiley & Sons Ltd
01.05.2018
Blackwell Publishing Ltd John Wiley and Sons Inc |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Abstract | 1. Understanding pathogen transmission is crucial for predicting and managing disease. Nonetheless, experimental comparisons of alternative functional forms of transmission remain rare, and those experiments that are conducted are often not designed to test the full range of possible forms. 2. To differentiate among 10 candidate transmission functions, we used a novel experimental design in which we independently varied four factors—duration of exposure, numbers of parasites, numbers of hosts and parasite density—in laboratory infection experiments. 3. We used interactions between amphibian hosts and trematode parasites as a model system and all candidate models incorporated parasite depletion. An additional manipulation involving anaesthesia addressed the effects of host behaviour on transmission form. 4. Across all experiments, nonlinear transmission forms involving either a power law or a negative binomial function were the best-fitting models and consistently out-performed the linear density-dependent and density-independent functions. By testing previously published data for two other host-macroparasite systems, we also found support for the same nonlinear transmission forms. 5. Although manipulations of parasite density are common in transmission studies, the comprehensive set of variables tested in our experiments revealed that variation in density alone was least likely to differentiate among competing transmission functions. Across host-pathogen systems, nonlinear functions may often more accurately represent transmission dynamics and thus provide more realistic predictions for infection. |
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AbstractList | Understanding pathogen transmission is crucial for predicting and managing disease. Nonetheless, experimental comparisons of alternative functional forms of transmission remain rare, and those experiments that are conducted are often not designed to test the full range of possible forms.
To differentiate among 10 candidate transmission functions, we used a novel experimental design in which we independently varied four factors—duration of exposure, numbers of parasites, numbers of hosts and parasite density—in laboratory infection experiments.
We used interactions between amphibian hosts and trematode parasites as a model system and all candidate models incorporated parasite depletion. An additional manipulation involving anaesthesia addressed the effects of host behaviour on transmission form.
Across all experiments, nonlinear transmission forms involving either a power law or a negative binomial function were the best‐fitting models and consistently outperformed the linear density‐dependent and density‐independent functions. By testing previously published data for two other host–macroparasite systems, we also found support for the same nonlinear transmission forms.
Although manipulations of parasite density are common in transmission studies, the comprehensive set of variables tested in our experiments revealed that variation in density alone was least likely to differentiate among competing transmission functions. Across host–pathogen systems, nonlinear functions may often more accurately represent transmission dynamics and thus provide more realistic predictions for infection.
The authors tested 10 candidate functions representing the transmission of trematode parasites to amphibian hosts using laboratory experiments varying the duration of exposure, numbers of parasites, numbers of hosts and parasite density. Nonlinear functions outperformed classical frequency‐ and density‐dependent transmission functions and may provide more realistic predictions for infection. 1. Understanding pathogen transmission is crucial for predicting and managing disease. Nonetheless, experimental comparisons of alternative functional forms of transmission remain rare, and those experiments that are conducted are often not designed to test the full range of possible forms. 2. To differentiate among 10 candidate transmission functions, we used a novel experimental design in which we independently varied four factors—duration of exposure, numbers of parasites, numbers of hosts and parasite density—in laboratory infection experiments. 3. We used interactions between amphibian hosts and trematode parasites as a model system and all candidate models incorporated parasite depletion. An additional manipulation involving anaesthesia addressed the effects of host behaviour on transmission form. 4. Across all experiments, nonlinear transmission forms involving either a power law or a negative binomial function were the best-fitting models and consistently out-performed the linear density-dependent and density-independent functions. By testing previously published data for two other host-macroparasite systems, we also found support for the same nonlinear transmission forms. 5. Although manipulations of parasite density are common in transmission studies, the comprehensive set of variables tested in our experiments revealed that variation in density alone was least likely to differentiate among competing transmission functions. Across host-pathogen systems, nonlinear functions may often more accurately represent transmission dynamics and thus provide more realistic predictions for infection. Understanding pathogen transmission is crucial for predicting and managing disease. Nonetheless, experimental comparisons of alternative functional forms of transmission remain rare, and those experiments that are conducted are often not designed to test the full range of possible forms. To differentiate among 10 candidate transmission functions, we used a novel experimental design in which we independently varied four factors-duration of exposure, numbers of parasites, numbers of hosts and parasite density-in laboratory infection experiments. We used interactions between amphibian hosts and trematode parasites as a model system and all candidate models incorporated parasite depletion. An additional manipulation involving anaesthesia addressed the effects of host behaviour on transmission form. Across all experiments, nonlinear transmission forms involving either a power law or a negative binomial function were the best-fitting models and consistently outperformed the linear density-dependent and density-independent functions. By testing previously published data for two other host-macroparasite systems, we also found support for the same nonlinear transmission forms. Although manipulations of parasite density are common in transmission studies, the comprehensive set of variables tested in our experiments revealed that variation in density alone was least likely to differentiate among competing transmission functions. Across host-pathogen systems, nonlinear functions may often more accurately represent transmission dynamics and thus provide more realistic predictions for infection. Abstract Understanding pathogen transmission is crucial for predicting and managing disease. Nonetheless, experimental comparisons of alternative functional forms of transmission remain rare, and those experiments that are conducted are often not designed to test the full range of possible forms. To differentiate among 10 candidate transmission functions, we used a novel experimental design in which we independently varied four factors—duration of exposure, numbers of parasites, numbers of hosts and parasite density—in laboratory infection experiments. We used interactions between amphibian hosts and trematode parasites as a model system and all candidate models incorporated parasite depletion. An additional manipulation involving anaesthesia addressed the effects of host behaviour on transmission form. Across all experiments, nonlinear transmission forms involving either a power law or a negative binomial function were the best‐fitting models and consistently outperformed the linear density‐dependent and density‐independent functions. By testing previously published data for two other host–macroparasite systems, we also found support for the same nonlinear transmission forms. Although manipulations of parasite density are common in transmission studies, the comprehensive set of variables tested in our experiments revealed that variation in density alone was least likely to differentiate among competing transmission functions. Across host–pathogen systems, nonlinear functions may often more accurately represent transmission dynamics and thus provide more realistic predictions for infection. |
Author | Flaxman, Samuel M. Melbourne, Brett A. Johnson, Pieter T. J. Joseph, Maxwell B. Orlofske, Sarah A. Fenton, Andy |
AuthorAffiliation | 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO USA 3 Department of Biology University of Wisconsin Stevens Point Trainer Natural Resources Building 446 Stevens Point WI USA 2 Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 3 Department of Biology University of Wisconsin Stevens Point Trainer Natural Resources Building 446 Stevens Point WI USA – name: 2 Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK – name: 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO USA |
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Copyright | 2018 British Ecological Society 2017 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society. 2017 The Authors. Journal of Animal Ecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society. Journal of Animal Ecology © 2018 British Ecological Society |
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Keywords | mathematical model epidemiology behaviour macroparasite Ribeiroia ondatrae infectious disease |
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Snippet | 1. Understanding pathogen transmission is crucial for predicting and managing disease. Nonetheless, experimental comparisons of alternative functional forms of... Understanding pathogen transmission is crucial for predicting and managing disease. Nonetheless, experimental comparisons of alternative functional forms of... Abstract Understanding pathogen transmission is crucial for predicting and managing disease. Nonetheless, experimental comparisons of alternative functional... |
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SubjectTerms | Anesthesia Animals Anura behaviour Density Disease control Disease transmission epidemiology Experimental design Experiments Host-Parasite Interactions Infections infectious disease macroparasite mathematical model Mathematical models Metacercariae - growth & development Metacercariae - physiology Models, Biological Nonlinear Dynamics Nonlinear systems Parasite and Disease Ecology Parasites Pathogens Population Density Predictions Ribeiroia ondatrae Trematoda - growth & development Trematoda - physiology Trematode Infections - parasitology Trematode Infections - transmission Trematode Infections - veterinary |
Title | Experimental investigation of alternative transmission functions: Quantitative evidence for the importance of nonlinear transmission dynamics in host-parasite systems |
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