Birds of a feather: informal recruitment practices and gendered outcomes for screenwriting work in the UK film industry
The film industry offers an exemplary case study for examining the recruitment processes to which the ‘socialized worker’ (Gill and Pratt, 2008) is subject. Even among the creative industries, film is exceptional in its reliance on networking and word of mouth as its primary – and in many cases only...
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| Published in | The Sociological review (Keele) Vol. 63; no. S1; pp. 84 - 96 |
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| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London, England
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.05.2015
SAGE Publications Sage Publications Ltd |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | The film industry offers an exemplary case study for examining the recruitment processes to which the ‘socialized worker’ (Gill and Pratt, 2008) is subject. Even among the creative industries, film is exceptional in its reliance on networking and word of mouth as its primary – and in many cases only – tool for recruitment and for identifying the ‘right’ candidate for the job (Blair, 2000a). Increasingly there is evidence that reliance on personal networks and informal employment practices has different outcomes for men and women (Grugulis and Stoyanova, 2012). Hiring on short-term contracts in a context of ambiguity, risk and uncertainty, necessitates reliance on social networks and informal subjective criteria, with outcomes that reinforce the status quo (Bielby and Bielby, 1999). Fenstermaker, West and Zimmerman argue that to overcome gender inequality ‘we will need to understand the mechanisms by which it is sustained in institutional social arrangements’ (Fenstermaker et al., 2002: 38). This article will unpack how recruitment procedures that rely on ‘connections’ and ‘affinities of habitus’ (Bourdieu, 1984: 151) can contribute to the way that gender inequality is sustained for screenwriters. |
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| AbstractList | The film industry offers an exemplary case study for examining the recruitment processes to which the ‘socialized worker’ (Gill and Pratt, 2008) is subject. Even among the creative industries, film is exceptional in its reliance on networking and word of mouth as its primary – and in many cases only – tool for recruitment and for identifying the ‘right’ candidate for the job (Blair, 2000a). Increasingly there is evidence that reliance on personal networks and informal employment practices has different outcomes for men and women (Grugulis and Stoyanova, 2012). Hiring on short-term contracts in a context of ambiguity, risk and uncertainty, necessitates reliance on social networks and informal subjective criteria, with outcomes that reinforce the status quo (Bielby and Bielby, 1999). Fenstermaker, West and Zimmerman argue that to overcome gender inequality ‘we will need to understand the mechanisms by which it is sustained in institutional social arrangements’ (Fenstermaker et al., 2002: 38). This article will unpack how recruitment procedures that rely on ‘connections’ and ‘affinities of habitus’ (Bourdieu, 1984: 151) can contribute to the way that gender inequality is sustained for screenwriters. The film industry offers an exemplary case study for examining the recruitment processes to which the 'socialized worker' (Gill and Pratt, 2008) is subject. Even among the creative industries, film is exceptional in its reliance on networking and word of mouth as its primary -- and in many cases only -- tool for recruitment and for identifying the 'right' candidate for the job (Blair, 2000a). Increasingly there is evidence that reliance on personal networks and informal employment practices has different outcomes for men and women (Grugulis and Stoyanova, 2012). Hiring on short-term contracts in a context of ambiguity, risk and uncertainty, necessitates reliance on social networks and informal subjective criteria, with outcomes that reinforce the status quo (Bielby and Bielby, 1999). Fenstermaker, West and Zimmerman argue that to overcome gender inequality 'we will need to understand the mechanisms by which it is sustained in institutional social arrangements' (Fenstermaker et al., 2002: 38). This article will unpack how recruitment procedures that rely on 'connections' and 'affinities of habitus' (Bourdieu, 1984: 151) can contribute to the way that gender inequality is sustained for screenwriters. Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishers The film industry offers an exemplary case study for examining the recruitment processes to which the ‘socialized worker’ (Gill and Pratt, ) is subject. Even among the creative industries, film is exceptional in its reliance on networking and word of mouth as its primary – and in many cases only – tool for recruitment and for identifying the ‘right’ candidate for the job (Blair, ). Increasingly there is evidence that reliance on personal networks and informal employment practices has different outcomes for men and women (Grugulis and Stoyanova, ). Hiring on short‐term contracts in a context of ambiguity, risk and uncertainty, necessitates reliance on social networks and informal subjective criteria, with outcomes that reinforce the status quo (Bielby and Bielby, ). Fenstermaker, West and Zimmerman argue that to overcome gender inequality ‘we will need to understand the mechanisms by which it is sustained in institutional social arrangements’ (Fenstermaker et al., : 38). This article will unpack how recruitment procedures that rely on ‘connections’ and ‘affinities of habitus’ (Bourdieu, : 151) can contribute to the way that gender inequality is sustained for screenwriters. The film industry offers an exemplary case study for examining the recruitment processes to which the 'socialized worker' (Gill and Pratt, 2008) is subject. Even among the creative industries, film is exceptional in its reliance on networking and word of mouth as its primary -- and in many cases only -- tool for recruitment and for identifying the 'right' candidate for the job (Blair, 2000a). Increasingly there is evidence that reliance on personal networks and informal employment practices has different outcomes for men and women (Grugulis and Stoyanova, 2012). Hiring on short-term contracts in a context of ambiguity, risk and uncertainty, necessitates reliance on social networks and informal subjective criteria, with outcomes that reinforce the status quo (Bielby and Bielby, 1999). Fenstermaker, West and Zimmerman argue that to overcome gender inequality 'we will need to understand the mechanisms by which it is sustained in institutional social arrangements' (Fenstermaker et al., 2002: 38). This article will unpack how recruitment procedures that rely on 'connections' and 'affinities of habitus' (Bourdieu, 1984: 151) can contribute to the way that gender inequality is sustained for screenwriters. Adapted from the source document. |
| Author | Wreyford, Natalie |
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(bibr20-1467-954X.12242) 2002 bibr7-1467-954X.12242 bibr31-1467-954X.12242 bibr27-1467-954X.12242 bibr37-1467-954X.12242 Hesmondhalgh D. (bibr32-1467-954X.12242) 2007 Bourdieu P. (bibr12-1467-954X.12242) 1992 bibr44-1467-954X.12242 Rogers S. (bibr47-1467-954X.12242) 2007 bibr41-1467-954X.12242 Rees A. (bibr45-1467-954X.12242) 1966; 56 bibr16-1467-954X.12242 bibr19-1467-954X.12242 Bourdieu P. (bibr11-1467-954X.12242) 1984 bibr54-1467-954X.12242 bibr6-1467-954X.12242 bibr51-1467-954X.12242 bibr9-1467-954X.12242 bibr3-1467-954X.12242 bibr48-1467-954X.12242 Goldman W. (bibr29-1467-954X.12242) 1983 Franks S. (bibr23-1467-954X.12242) 1999 Randle K. (bibr43-1467-954X.12242) 2010 bibr30-1467-954X.12242 bibr39-1467-954X.12242 Burt R. S. (bibr13-1467-954X.12242) 2002 bibr15-1467-954X.12242 Florida R. (bibr21-1467-954X.12242) 2004 bibr18-1467-954X.12242 Francke L. (bibr22-1467-954X.12242) 1994 bibr40-1467-954X.12242 bibr49-1467-954X.12242 bibr46-1467-954X.12242 bibr5-1467-954X.12242 bibr28-1467-954X.12242 Taylor S. (bibr52-1467-954X.12242) 2006; 2 Gill R. (bibr24-1467-954X.12242) 2000 bibr25-1467-954X.12242 Blair H. (bibr4-1467-954X.12242) 2000; 23 bibr50-1467-954X.12242 bibr53-1467-954X.12242 bibr38-1467-954X.12242 Blair H. (bibr8-1467-954X.12242) 2001 bibr14-1467-954X.12242 Potter J. (bibr42-1467-954X.12242) 1987 bibr35-1467-954X.12242 Bielby W. T. (bibr2-1467-954X.12242) 1984 bibr26-1467-954X.12242 bibr1-1467-954X.12242 Kanter R. M. (bibr36-1467-954X.12242) 1977 Blau P. M. (bibr10-1467-954X.12242) 1994 bibr17-1467-954X.12242 Hochschild A. R. (bibr33-1467-954X.12242) 1983 |
| References_xml | – reference: Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H. and Schoorman, F. D., (1995), 'An integrative model of organizational trust', Academy of Management Review, 20 (3): 709-734. – reference: Blau, P. M., (1994), Structural Contexts of Opportunities, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. – reference: Potter, J. and Wetherell, M., (1987), Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behaviour, London: Sage Publications. – reference: Campbell, K. E., (1988), 'Gender differences in job-related networks', Work and Occupations, 15 (2): 179-200. – reference: Grugulis, I. and Stoyanova, D. (2012), 'Social capital and networks in film and TV: jobs for the boys?' The British Sociological Association Annual Conference 2012: Sociology in an Age of Austerity. – reference: Hesmondhalgh, D., (2007), The Cultural Industries, 2nd edn, London: Sage. – reference: Storper, M. and Christopherson, S., (1987), 'Flexible specialization and regional industrial agglomerations: the case of the US motion picture industry', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 77 (1): 104-117. – reference: Bielby, D. 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Exploring gender in project-based new media work in Europe’ publication-title: Information, Communication & Society – volume: 7 start-page: 237 issue: 3 year: 1992 end-page: 251 article-title: ‘Networking by female business owners in Northern Ireland’ publication-title: Journal of Business Venturing – volume: 64 start-page: 64 issue: 1 year: 1999 end-page: 85 article-title: ‘Organizational mediation of project-based labor markets: talent agencies and the careers of screenwriters’ publication-title: American Sociological Review – volume: 14 start-page: 619 issue: 4 year: 2003 end-page: 633 article-title: ‘From London to Los Angeles: a comparison of local labour market processes in the US and UK film industries’ publication-title: International Journal of Human Resource Management – volume: 25 start-page: 73 issue: 7–8 year: 2008 end-page: 95 article-title: ‘Beyond the self-expressive creative worker an industry perspective on entertainment media’ publication-title: Theory, Culture & Society – start-page: 75 year: 2000 end-page: 93 – year: 2009 – year: 1983 – year: 2007 article-title: Writing British films – who writes British films and how they are recruited – volume: 37 start-page: 677 issue: 4 year: 2003 end-page: 694 article-title: Winning and losing in flexible labour markets: the formation and operation of networks of interdependence in the UK film industry publication-title: Sociology – year: 2007 – year: 1987 – volume: 37 start-page: 422 issue: 3 year: 1992 end-page: 447 article-title: Homophily and differential returns: sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm publication-title: Administrative Science Quarterly – volume: 64 start-page: 64 issue: 1 year: 1999 end-page: 85 article-title: Organizational mediation of project‐based labor markets: talent agencies and the careers of screenwriters publication-title: American Sociological Review – volume: 15 start-page: 149 issue: 1 year: 2000b end-page: 169 article-title: “You're only as good as your last job”: the relationship between labour market and labour process in the British film industry publication-title: Work and Employment – start-page: 145 year: 2010 end-page: 154 – volume: 14 start-page: 619 issue: 4 year: 2003 end-page: 633 article-title: From London to Los Angeles: a comparison of local labour market processes in the US and UK film industries publication-title: International Journal of Human Resource Management – volume: 23 start-page: 20 year: 2000a end-page: 21 article-title: Active networking: the role of networks and hierarchy in the operation of the labour market in the British film industry publication-title: Management Research News – year: 1977 – volume: 51 start-page: 237 year: 2009 end-page: 252 article-title: Gender inequality in culture industries: women and men writers in film and television publication-title: Sociologie Du Travail – year: 1992 – year: 1994 – volume: 92 start-page: 879 issue: 4 year: 1987 end-page: 909 article-title: Short‐term projects and emergent careers: evidence from Hollywood publication-title: American Journal of Sociology – year: 2014 – volume: 2 start-page: 22 issue: 1 year: 2006 end-page: 38 article-title: Biographies in talk: a narrative‐discursive research approach publication-title: Qualitative Sociology Review – volume: 20 start-page: 709 issue: 3 year: 1995 end-page: 734 article-title: An integrative model of organizational trust publication-title: Academy of Management Review – year: 2010 – volume: 42 start-page: 331 issue: 3 year: 1988 end-page: 347 article-title: Effects of flexible specialization on industrial politics and the labor market: the motion picture industry publication-title: Industrial and Labour Relations Review – year: 2012 article-title: Social capital and networks in film and TV: jobs for the boys? publication-title: The British Sociological Association Annual Conference 2012: Sociology in an Age of Austerity – start-page: 27 year: 1984 end-page: 55 – year: 1984 – volume: 9 start-page: 387 issue: 3 year: 1998 end-page: 412 article-title: Positioning and interpretative repertoires: conversation analysis and post‐structuralism in dialogue publication-title: Discourse & Society – volume: 25 start-page: 73 issue: 7–8 year: 2008 end-page: 95 article-title: Beyond the self‐expressive creative worker an industry perspective on entertainment media publication-title: Theory, Culture & Society – volume: 15 start-page: 179 issue: 2 year: 1988 end-page: 200 article-title: Gender differences in job‐related networks publication-title: Work and Occupations – year: 2014 article-title: Unspeakable inequalities: postfeminism, entrepreneurial subjectivity, and the repudiation of sexism among cultural workers publication-title: Social Politics – year: 2002 – volume: 56 start-page: 559 issue: 1–2 year: 1966 end-page: 566 article-title: Information networks in labor markets publication-title: The American Economic Review – volume: 25 start-page: 1 issue: 7–8 year: 2008 end-page: 30 article-title: In the social factory? Immaterial labour, precariousness and cultural work publication-title: Theory, Culture & Society – year: 2004 – year: 1997 – year: 1995 – volume: 18 start-page: 56 issue: 1 year: 1993 end-page: 87 article-title: Personal networks of women and minorities in management: a conceptual framework publication-title: Academy of Management Review – volume: 7 start-page: 237 issue: 3 year: 1992 end-page: 251 article-title: Networking by female business owners in Northern Ireland publication-title: Journal of Business Venturing – volume: 79 start-page: 523 issue: 2 year: 2000 end-page: 546 article-title: Family matters: gender, networks, and entrepreneurial outcomes publication-title: Social Forces – volume: 5 issue: 2 year: 2013 article-title: The real cost of childcare: motherhood and flexible creative labour in the UK film industry publication-title: Studies in the Maternal – volume: 5 start-page: 70 issue: 1 year: 2002 end-page: 89 article-title: ‘Cool, creative and egalitarian? Exploring gender in project‐based new media work in Europe publication-title: Information, Communication & Society – volume: 77 start-page: 104 issue: 1 year: 1987 end-page: 117 article-title: Flexible specialization and regional industrial agglomerations: the case of the US motion picture industry publication-title: Annals of the Association of American Geographers – year: 2001 article-title: From Hollywood to Borehamwood: exploring nepotism and networking in US and UK freelance film careers – volume: 16 start-page: 303 issue: 3 year: 2002 end-page: 322 article-title: Gender, race and the shadow structure: a study of informal networks and inequality in a work organization publication-title: Gender & Society – start-page: 93 year: 2009 end-page: 115 – year: 1999 – volume: 27 start-page: 500 issue: 4 year: 2000 end-page: 523 article-title: Gender, race, ethnicity, and networks publication-title: Work and Occupations – year: 2013 – ident: bibr25-1467-954X.12242 doi: 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| Snippet | The film industry offers an exemplary case study for examining the recruitment processes to which the ‘socialized worker’ (Gill and Pratt, 2008) is subject.... The film industry offers an exemplary case study for examining the recruitment processes to which the ‘socialized worker’ (Gill and Pratt, ) is subject. Even... The film industry offers an exemplary case study for examining the recruitment processes to which the ‘socialized worker’ ( Gill and Pratt, 2008 ) is subject.... The film industry offers an exemplary case study for examining the recruitment processes to which the socialized worker (Gill and Pratt, 2008) is subject. Even... The film industry offers an exemplary case study for examining the recruitment processes to which the 'socialized worker' (Gill and Pratt, 2008) is subject.... |
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| SubjectTerms | Ambiguity Bourdieu, Pierre Bourdieu, Pierre (1930-2002) Candidates Case studies Creative industries Creative work Creativity Employment Film industry Gender Gender differentiation Gender inequality Habitus Hiring Inequality informality Job openings Motion picture industry Motion pictures Mouth Networking Occupational segregation Recruitment Reliance risk Risk theory Sex Sexual Inequality Social Networks Uncertainty United Kingdom Working Women |
| Title | Birds of a feather: informal recruitment practices and gendered outcomes for screenwriting work in the UK film industry |
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