X-ray Sources and their Optical Counterparts in the Galactic Globular Cluster M12 (NGC 6218)
We study a Chandra X-ray Observatory ACIS-S observation of the Galactic globular cluster M12. With a 26 ks exposure time, we detect six X-ray sources inside the half-mass radius (216) of which two are inside the core radius (072) of the cluster. If we assume that these sources are all associated wit...
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Published in | The Astrophysical journal Vol. 705; no. 1; pp. 175 - 183 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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IOP Publishing
01.11.2009
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Abstract | We study a Chandra X-ray Observatory ACIS-S observation of the Galactic globular cluster M12. With a 26 ks exposure time, we detect six X-ray sources inside the half-mass radius (216) of which two are inside the core radius (072) of the cluster. If we assume that these sources are all associated with globular cluster M12, the luminosity L X among these sources between 0.3 and 7.0 keV varies roughly from 1030 to 1032 erg s-1. For identification, we also analyzed the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) and Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) data and identified the optical counterparts to five X-ray sources inside the HST ACS field of view. According to the X-ray and optical features, we found 2-5 candidate active binaries (ABs) or cataclysmic variables (CVs) and 0-3 background galaxies within the HST ACS field of view. Based on the assumption that the number of X-ray sources scales with the encounter rate and the mass of the globular cluster, we expect two X-ray sources inside M12, and the expectation is consistent with our observational results. Therefore, the existence of identified X-ray sources (possible CVs or ABs) in M12 suggests the primordial origin of X-ray sources in globular clusters which is in agreement with previous studies. |
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AbstractList | We study a Chandra X-ray Observatory ACIS-S observation of the Galactic globular cluster M12. With a 26 ks exposure time, we detect six X-ray sources inside the half-mass radius (216) of which two are inside the core radius (072) of the cluster. If we assume that these sources are all associated with globular cluster M12, the luminosity L X among these sources between 0.3 and 7.0 keV varies roughly from 1030 to 1032 erg s-1. For identification, we also analyzed the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) and Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) data and identified the optical counterparts to five X-ray sources inside the HST ACS field of view. According to the X-ray and optical features, we found 2-5 candidate active binaries (ABs) or cataclysmic variables (CVs) and 0-3 background galaxies within the HST ACS field of view. Based on the assumption that the number of X-ray sources scales with the encounter rate and the mass of the globular cluster, we expect two X-ray sources inside M12, and the expectation is consistent with our observational results. Therefore, the existence of identified X-ray sources (possible CVs or ABs) in M12 suggests the primordial origin of X-ray sources in globular clusters which is in agreement with previous studies. We study a Chandra X-ray Observatory ACIS-S observation of the Galactic globular cluster M12. With a 26 ks exposure time, we detect six X-ray sources inside the half-mass radius (2.'16) of which two are inside the core radius (0.'72) of the cluster. If we assume that these sources are all associated with globular cluster M12, the luminosity L {sub X} among these sources between 0.3 and 7.0 keV varies roughly from 10{sup 30} to 10{sup 32} erg s{sup -1}. For identification, we also analyzed the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) and Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) data and identified the optical counterparts to five X-ray sources inside the HST ACS field of view. According to the X-ray and optical features, we found 2-5 candidate active binaries (ABs) or cataclysmic variables (CVs) and 0-3 background galaxies within the HST ACS field of view. Based on the assumption that the number of X-ray sources scales with the encounter rate and the mass of the globular cluster, we expect two X-ray sources inside M12, and the expectation is consistent with our observational results. Therefore, the existence of identified X-ray sources (possible CVs or ABs) in M12 suggests the primordial origin of X-ray sources in globular clusters which is in agreement with previous studies. |
Author | Anderson, Scott F Bassa, Cees Pooley, David Lu, Ting-Ni Verbunt, Frank Lewin, Walter H. G Kong, Albert K. H |
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Keywords | X-rays: binaries globular clusters: individual (M12) Novae Binary X ray source Cosmic x-ray sources binaries: close Globular clusters Star clusters Galactic cluster Optical counterpart novae, cataclysmic variables X-ray binary stars Close binary stars Cataclysmic variable stars |
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References | Kong (25) 2006; 647 23 24 Verbunt (39) 2003 Grindlay (14) 2001; 563 Mathieu (27) 2003; 125 Predehl (32) 1995; 293 Edmonds (7) 2003; 596 Pooley (28) 2002; 569 Pooley (31) 2006; 646 Verbunt (40) 1995; 300 Heinke (19) 2003; 598 Pooley (29) 2002; 573 Richer (33) 1997; 484 Zinn (44) 1972; 18 Becker (3) 2003; 594 Green (12) 2004; 150 Verbunt (38) 2002 Zacharias (43) 2004; 127 Heinke (18) 2005; 625 Bassa (1) 2004; 609 11 Sawyer (35) 1938; 1 von Braun (42) 2002; 124 13 36 15 Hills (22) 1976; 175 Malakhova (26) 1997 37 Geffert (9) 1991; 91 16 Pooley (30) 2003; 591 Verbunt (41) 2007 Heinke (17) 2003; 590 2 4 Giacconi (10) 2001; 551 5 6 Fabian (8) 1975; 172 20 21 Rutledge (34) 2002; 578 |
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Snippet | We study a Chandra X-ray Observatory ACIS-S observation of the Galactic globular cluster M12. With a 26 ks exposure time, we detect six X-ray sources inside... |
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SubjectTerms | Astronomy ASTROPHYSICS, COSMOLOGY AND ASTRONOMY BINARY STARS CAMERAS COSMIC RAY SOURCES COSMIC X-RAY SOURCES Earth, ocean, space ERUPTIVE VARIABLE STARS Exact sciences and technology GALAXIES LUMINOSITY MASS NOVAE OPTICAL PROPERTIES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES STARS TELESCOPES VARIABLE STARS |
Title | X-ray Sources and their Optical Counterparts in the Galactic Globular Cluster M12 (NGC 6218) |
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